中国环境决策费用效益分析的工具选择及应用

当前中国的环境决策急需成熟的环境问题分析与相关政策评价的技术工具体系作支撑,而该体系的建立远非简单地照搬国际经验就可以做到。正是因为先前的匮乏,推进中国环境决策费用效益分析的方法工具体系建设才显得尤为必要。本文尝试建立一套以投入产出技术、可计算一般均衡模型、基于多主体的模拟仿真技术和成本效益分析等工具为支柱,能够从国家、地区、产业关联和产品服务等不同纬度,开展环境问题分析与相关政策效果预测及评估的工具应用体系。该体系具有通过宏观经济影响分析,评价环境政策对经济增长和社会分配等方面的影响,说明在既定政策下能否实现环境与经济协调发展的问题;通过成本效益分析,评价环境政策的技术经济可行性和相对于政策目标的政策效率问题;通过环境效果分析,评价政策的具体实施效果等多方面的作用。     

我国环境政策工具的分类与发展趋势

任何环境政策都是目标与手段的统一体。环境政策目标规定了环境政策作用的对象和预期的效果,本质上体现了政策主体根据主客观条件对环境政策预期效果的主观愿望。而环境政策工具则是将这种预期效果与主观愿望转化为现实的手段与方法,是环境政策主体促使政策对象采取期望行为的具体措施。因此,从政策实践的角度看,在确定环境政策目标的前提下,认真研究环境政策工具的相关内容则具有重要的现实意义。     

环境政策工具组合的原理、方法和技术

组合是环境政策的普遍现象和必然要求。任何政策工具存在先天缺陷和使用特性的局限，环境政策先天缺陷和局限被人文社会环境中的消极因素所放大和强化．削弱环境政策功能，妨碍政策工具的使用。环境政策组合是指政策工具以一定性质、方式、比例和过程结合在一起，形成结构合理、关系协调、运转灵活的政策工具群体的过程。环境政策工具组合能弥补单个政策工具诸多缺陷和局限；政策工具组合所产生的新特性和新功能，改善环境政策功能，扩大环境政策适用范围。辅助工具在政策工具组合中的功能至少有；活化激活功能，润滑功能，防护功能，缓冲功能。服务保障功能；辅助工具在政策工具组合中的作用，改变主导工具特性，改变主导工具对象的状态、动机和动力，改变主导工具存在方式、表现方式，改变主导工具的状态与性质，改变主导工具的调控状态、过程和规律。从主导工具使用前一中一后的3个阶段的背景环境、条件、预期政策对象、非预期政策对象、公众、历史传统等多个侧面，研究政策工具组合的协同过程、规律、效应和协同性的政策工具组合的实现方式和实现途径。     

环境政策思路形成和选择规律

本文探讨了环境政策思路的基本内涵、实质、初始状态、激发、展开、形成、选择和完善等有关问题 ,分析了环境政策思路每个环节的成因、过程、机制、状态、特征、趋势和影响因素 ,试图建立环境政策思路形成的分析工具和方法论。     

环境科学一般问题

X一01 9602547国外环境政策工具的经济分析/杨发明(浙江大学工商管理学院)//环境科学进展/中科院生态环境研究中心一1996,4(1)一63~68 环信X一4 文章论述了以下几个问题:一、环境问题与经济学。二、基本原理假定:社会成本原则;资源的最优配置原则;非完全信息及不确定性原则和公平性原则。三、环境政策工具的经济分析:在环境保护方面的政策工具大致有两种,即强制控制方法和市场化方法。无论是哪一种政策工具,它的目标是净社会效益的最大化(社会效益=环境改善的效益一减污成本+其它附加效益)。四、政策工具的比较分析:法规工具与经济工具;税…     

生态农业模式的环境经济学分析及政策研究

从环境经济学角度分析生态农业模式,并以此为基础提出适当的环境经济政策调控手段促进其发展。通过案例（四川省大足县稻田养鱼生态模式）分析研究,作者试图建立一种以环境经济学分析为工具,寻求适当的生态农业发展环境经济促进政策的理论方法框架。      

环境政策的费用效益分析初探

已有的研究在环境价值评估方面取得了较大进展,这可作为费用效益分析的基本工具,但对环境政策的费效分析仍显匮乏,且主要集中于整体分析,没有深入到干系人,政策建议的意义不大。单一追求货币化可能会使费效分析走向极端,建议将费用和效益分类,以多维的向量形式表达。基于干系人的分析可以使政策改进首先在最薄弱的环节进行,福利最低的受体最先享受增加的收益,效率和公平在环境政策中同时得以实现。     

环境政策综合调控机制及理论

本引用系统控制论、协同学等学科的原理和方法，构建环境政策综合调控系统，对综合调控系统的成分、关系、结构、相互作用、功能等予以解析，揭示在利益冲突背景和博弈过程中环境政策综合调控过程、动态、演变等规律特征，建立环境政策综合调控的模型、标准和程序，为环境政策综合调控确定和把握准确的位置、对象、时机、方式、范围、力度、速度、步骤、工具等指明方向。本探讨了微观环境政策运行机理和微观综合调控机制，为环境政策的分析、制定和实施，提供了微观技术手段和分析工具。     

建立中国可持续发展综合决策法规机制的思考

将环境需求融合进其他政策中是确立实现可持续发展战略的一个重要工具，在分析融合思想的进化基础上，登促国家把环境需求融汇进其他政策中是一个理性选择，从而实现可持续发展战略，最后提出一些把环境需求融合进其他政策中建立法制机制的特别建议。     

环境政策思路形成和选择规律

本文探讨了环境政策思路的基本内涵、实质、初始状态、激发、展开、形成、选择和完善等有关问题，分析了环境政策思路每个环节的成因、过程、机制、状态、特征、趋势和影响因素，试图建立环境政策思路形成的分析工具和方法论．     

Enhancing our understanding of the role of environmental policy in environmental innovation: adoption explained by the accumulation of policy instruments and agent-based factors

The empirical literature reports conflicting findings on the relation between environmental policy and environmental innovation: environmental policy both encourages and impedes environmental innovation, resulting in competing theoretical explanations. To find a way out of this counterproductive debate requires new and complementary insights into the effects of different policy instruments. This research therefore advances an approach in which a set of specific policy instruments as well as firms’ behavior regarding CHP (cogeneration of heat and power) adoption are considered as two distinct factors explaining environmental innovation in the Dutch paper and board industry. Using a longitudinal research design, the focus was not on any single policy instrument but on the accumulation of policy instruments. In addition, we studied intra-organizational factors influencing the adoption decision.Overall, we can conclude that paper and board factories perceive governmental environmental policies to be relevant, but that this constitutes just one of the factors influencing adoption processes, next to intra-organizational factors. The relative importance of such policies varies over time and per adoption process. The role of top-down regulation appears to be limited, whereas interactive regulation turned out to be important for several factories in the latest period of adoption. Positive economic instruments were important in almost all adoption processes, but were not and will never be the most important reason for adoption. The most important reason for CHP adoption appears to be high energy prices in combination with cost price reduction or the threat of additional regulation. For future policies, we recommend the implementation of a specific mixture of policy instruments, attuned to the specific industry and reinforcing each other. Moreover, goals should be consistent over time to avoid risk-averse behavior.     

The intermediary role of an industry association in policy-making processes: the case of the Dutch paper and board industry

In the policy-making process concerning energy and environmental issues, cooperation between government and firms is a means to create a more efficient energy and environmental policy. Intermediary organizations can play an important role in this policy-making process. Aim of this study is to get insight into the role of one specific intermediary organization: the industry association. In this paper, we focus on the Dutch paper and board industry. Important policy themes for this industry are waste water, waste, and energy efficiency. We distinguished four types of governmental policy instruments: top-down regulation, interactive regulation, negative economic instruments, and positive economic instruments. We analyzed the role of the industry association in the policy-making process for all of these four instruments. The results clearly show different (relative) roles of the industry association in different steps of the policy-making processes and for different types of instruments.     

The impact of Swedish SO2 policy instruments on SO2 emissions 1990–2012

Sulphur dioxide (SO₂) emissions cause acidification and human health problems which are, despite present policy instruments, projected to remain even after 2030 in Europe. Additional instruments are needed to solve the problems, and impact analysis of already used policy instruments would contribute to the development of new effective instruments. We present a study on how much of the decoupling of SO₂ emissions from economic growth 1990–2012 that was due to SO₂ policy instruments in general and to what extent it is possible to estimate the impact of individual instruments. Focus is on Sweden, a country with problems reaching its SO₂-related environmental policy targets and with detailed data available.We applied decomposition analysis combined with an analysis of the chronological development of emission factors and mandated emission limits. Our use of official emission inventory data and publicly available data on the development of SO₂ policy instruments increase the usefulness of our results to policy makers.The results indicate that at least 26–27% (corresponding to ∼35–36 ktonne annually) of the decoupling 1990–2012 was due to SO₂ policy instruments. 4–5% (∼6–7 ktonne) of the decoupling was caused by one environmental permit decision and stricter sulphur emission limit for marine oils. Most of the total impact of SO₂ policy instruments could not be causally connected to an individual instrument, because many events and developments overlap in time.The implications of the results are that: a) SO₂ policy instruments should still be important to reduce SO₂ emissions in many countries; b) a lower boundary total emission impact of SO₂ policy instruments can be estimated, but with current knowledge and data the impacts of individual instruments are rarely possible to estimate. Research on how to increase the precision in total impact estimates of SO₂ policy instruments is needed to improve future impact analyses. More detailed emission inventory data would improve impact analysis of individual instruments.     

欧盟不同环境领域环境政策发展趋势分析

在回顾欧盟环境政策发展历程的基础上,重点论述了2000年以来欧盟在水环境保护、空气污染防治、噪声污染防治、固体废物管理、化学品与杀虫剂管理、野生动植物保护和土壤保护等领域的政策发展趋势,以及为实施其环境政策所引入的各种辅助手段.     

武汉市环境责任险实践评析和政策路径

在环境污染事故高发、未来全国环境政策将更多地借助于市场力量的背景下,评析了在武汉市实施环境污染责任险的必要性,分析了武汉市环境污染责任险实践中所存在的问题,并提出了未来政策改革的建议。指出近期内武汉市应主要在重点行业、饮用水源地推进政策试点,相关部门应积极配合、联合研发政策推行所需的关键支撑技术和信息平台,并积极培育政策向成熟发展所需配套的法律及政策环境。     

Evidence,politics and power in public policy for the environment

Despite a recent emphasis on ‘evidence based policy’ accompanied by an abundance of ‘green’ policy instruments, experience from the European Union and OECD countries shows that decisions which truly aim to balance environmental considerations with social and economic ones remain thin on the ground. Moreover, many policies seem to fall short of, or directly contradict what the available ‘evidence’ suggests is required. This is a synthesis paper bringing together literature from the fields of political science, geography, sociology and science and technology studies to outline some of the obscurities relating to the use of scientific evidence in environmental decision-making. In this paper, we suggest that an exploration of three key inter-related issues is necessary to develop a richer understanding of why evidence and policy interact as they do. These are the nature of evidence itself; the normative, moral or ethical ‘politics’ of policy-making; and the operation of power in the policy process. Our primary goal is to bring various literatures together to better conceptualise the evidence–policy relationship. In so doing, we outline specific challenges for knowledge producers who set research priorities, and design and direct research projects. We also highlight significant implications for policy decision-making processes.     

危机事件影响下环境政策变迁的过程、模式及机制研究

全球化和高速发展的城市化使得人类与生态之间的矛盾愈加严重,环境危机事件发生的频率不断上升,如何应对危机成为当今社会公共管理的主要议题。本文从环境危机事件的内涵与制度学诱因出发,通过梳理国内外相关理论和实证研究,对危机影响下环境政策变迁的过程、模式以及机制进行评述。研究表明,制度供求不匹配所带来的制度非均衡是导致环境危机出现的根本原因之一;环境危机事件有利于打破原有环境政策渐进性过程的路径依赖性,通过改变政府、公众、企业及其他利益相关体的机会格局与资源条件从而为主要政策变迁提供可能性。因此,危机事件影响下的环境政策变迁过程是自上而下和自下而上两种政策途径综合作用的结果。中国正处于“非稳定状态”的环境危机多发阶段,需要借鉴国外理论模型进行本土化研究。加强多学科之间的融合和有关理论的实际应用,为具有不同经济制度发展水平的地区制定区域可持续发展政策提供决策支持。     

基于环境库兹涅茨模型的河南省经济与环境关系分析研究

文章在综述国内外学者对环境库兹涅茨曲线研究的基础上,选取河南省1997年-2011年的经济与环境数据,建立了计量模型,分析了经济增长与多个环境指标之间的关系。实证研究表明,河南省经济增长与环境状况之间尚未呈倒“U”曲线特征,工业“三废”处于倒“U”型的上升阶段,工业COD和工业SO2分别呈现倒“N”型和“N”型的波浪形状。河南省总体环境压力依然较大,对河南省环境保护工作提出了政策建议。     

Trade-offs and performances of a range of alternative global climate architectures for post-2012

Quantitative assessments help to highlight the main features of climate policies by better identifying their strengths and weaknesses. In this study, we develop a grading system for assessing thirteen proposals for post-2012 climate policy. We believe that these proposals contain appropriate policy instruments which will be considered for discussions about how to design the post-2012 climate agreement. Our grades are based on four criteria: environmental effectiveness, cost effectiveness, distributional considerations and institutional feasibility. We analyze the grades with two complementary methods: principal component and cluster analysis. Our results entail three policy implications. Firstly, the higher the number of policy instruments a proposal comprises, the more difficult might be its implementation. Secondly, proposals which include a meaningful effort by the U.S. tend to fail in environmental effectiveness and institutional feasibility. Thirdly, we identify that the “first best” and the “second best” approaches belong to a stable policy group, and both may be considered as suitable candidates for post-2012 climate policy.