长江流域总磷污染:分布特征·来源解析·控制对策

针对长江流域总磷污染,开展总磷污染时空特征分析,选择长江流域总磷污染最严重的上游地区岷江和沱江为典型区,分析总磷来源,提出总磷污染控制对策.研究表明:2016年开始总磷成为长江流域主要污染因子,其中上游污染最重,中游污染最轻,总体呈降低趋势;长江流域枯/平水期总磷污染较重,丰水期污染较轻,说明流域主要污染负荷来自点源.总体来说,造成长江流域总磷较高的原因有:磷矿开采和磷化工的污染源高负荷排放,造成部分河段水质严重超标;基础设施建设滞后,城镇生活污染源排放影响河流水质;畜禽养殖废物资源化利用不足;生态流量不足,加剧水污染问题;水污染治理导向不全面和污染源监管措施不系统,影响总磷水质同步改善.针对长江流域总磷污染特征,按照"分区控制、分类治理""突出重点、精准施策"原则,提出长江流域总磷污染控制建议:①抓住长江流域上游重点片区,开展流域总磷污染整治. ②抓住磷化工、城镇生活和畜禽养殖等三类涉磷重点污染源的治理,控制磷污染负荷排放. ③抓住环境监管有效手段,进一步完善水环境标准和监管体系.      

基于APCS-MLR模型的沱河流域污染来源解析

水污染来源的精准识别一直是水环境管理的热点和难点问题,为了解沱河流域水质特征与污染来源,该研究基于16个监测点位月尺度水质数据,采用绝对主成分-多元线性回归（APCS-MLR）模型,解析污染来源及其主要贡献.结果表明:①COD是年度超标因子,总磷和氟化物在部分月份超标,水质从汛期至11月较差.②城镇生活与城市径流是影响沱河水质的主要驱动因子,其方差贡献率达24.7%,其次为环境背景值、农村生活源、畜禽养殖业+河道内源和种植业源,其方差贡献率分别为19.6%、9.9%、8.8%和7.6%.③从最主要的超标因子COD来看,城镇生活与城市径流是主要污染源,贡献率达60%;从总氮、总磷和氨氮指标来看,种植业、农村生活和畜禽养殖业为主要污染源,总计贡献率分别为56%、54%和57%.研究显示,加快污水管网的建设完善,控制城镇污染物的排放、收集和处理是沱河水质达标的当务之急,应重点加强对农田径流和畜禽养殖污染的有效管控.      

彰武水库流域农村生活面源污染负荷评估研究

为了明确彰武水库流域农村生活面源污染负荷,运用输出系数法估算了流域农村生活污水、生活垃圾和人体粪尿面源污染物的产生量和入河量,采用等标污染负荷法进行了污染评价,识别出了主要污染源和污染物,以及农村生活面源污染重点防治区域。结果表明:农村生活面源污染入河贡献依次为生活污水、生活垃圾和人体粪尿,污染负荷比分别为61.56%、27.74%和10.70%;污染物入河贡献依次为总氮、氨氮、总磷和COD,总氮和总磷为主要污染物;污染物主要来自于姚村镇、横水镇、城郊乡3个乡镇,其累计产生和入河污染负荷比均超过了50%,为彰武水库流域农村生活面源污染重点防治区域。     

蓄牧业对大伙房水库水质的影响

于 198 0 - 2 0 0 3年对大伙房水库及上游流域主要营养物 (N、P)等进行了分析。结果表明 :水库主要污染物为氮、磷。上游流域的种植、养殖、生活污水是水库氮、磷污染的主要因子。论述了水库营养物 (N、P)物流来源及平衡关系和污染份额。确立了水库汇水区内存在的问题和治理对策     

大伙房水库水体氮、磷污染分析

分析了大伙房水库水体中氮、磷污染物来源及份额，结果表明：1992～2005年均入库总氮、总磷量分别为1731t和84t，总氮、总磷主要水库上游的的种植业、养殖业、林业和生活污水。     

滇池流域高分辨率氮、磷排放清单

氮、磷富集是我国浅水湖泊水质恶化和水生态退化的关键原因之一,但以往流域尺度氮、磷排放清单不足以精确识别排放的空间异质性和满足地表过程数值模拟的分辨率要求.为了提高控源减排措施的针对性,以滇池流域为例建立其高分辨率氮、磷排放清单.通过现场调查、采样观测与资料收集,确定各污染源的活动水平和修正排放因子,基于GIS平台核算企业源(工业、第三产业)、生活源(城镇、农村)、城市源(暴雨径流)、农业源(种植业)等7种点源和非点污染源在110个子流域的氮、磷排放量(平均分辨率约5 km×5 km).主要结论包括:①2008年滇池流域氮、磷排放总量分别为10736 t和542 t,且以城镇生活点源为主,占72.7％和42.8％;②氮、磷排放空间异质性十分明显,子流域氮、磷排放总量分别为(97.6±291.7)t(1个标准方差)和(4.93±11.8)t,其中全流域70％的氮、磷排放量仅集中在占流域面积16.2％的10个子流域和37.9％的21个子流域,而排放量最大的是盘龙江上游(氮、磷分别占21.9％和20.2％);③各污染源的排放格局异质性也大,对于氮而言,除了滇池北岸城区和沿流域边界的外围子流域以城镇生活和种植业为最大污染源,东、南、西岸湖盆区大部分则以其他污染源为主;相比而言,磷排放的各子流域最大污染源差异性更大;④通过与传统分辨率结果的比较,高分辨率排放清单能够更为准确甄别排放格局异质性、污染类型等信息,更加有利于明确控源减排的措施、布局和规模.     

百花湖周边城市近郊小流域氮、磷输出时空特征

识别主要污染物与污染源对于贵阳周边流域水质的控制与管理具有重要的现实意义.于2010年7月~2011年4月连续进行的野外观测实验,研究了贵阳市重要的水源地百花湖水库周边的麦西河小流域氮、磷流失浓度特征,以便为贵阳市城市近郊小流域面源污染治理提供参考.流域有各种源和汇的存在,导致研究流域在不同时间,从上游到下游,各采样点氮输出变化较大.各采样点水体的不同形态氮含量和磷含量随时间变化总体上仍呈现出一定的规律,总氮、硝氮以2010年7月较高,氨氮、亚硝氮和总磷以2010年10月和12月较高.从上游到下游,各采样点水体中不同形态氮含量和磷含量差异减少.在流域下游的河口处,TN含量由3.297 mg·L-1下降为2.793 mg·L-1,TP从0.136 mg·L-1下降到0.098 mg·L-1,但与中游比较,变化不明显,氨氮含量还有所上升.从流域氮、磷输出时空变化特征来看,氮素特别是氨氮和硝态氮通过河道径流途径进入百花湖的风险较高.研究结果可为百花湖周边小流域氮、磷流失治理做参考.     

基于源汇过程模拟的鄱阳湖流域总磷污染源解析

近年来鄱阳湖磷污染问题突出,总磷超标且浓度逐年增加,成为制约鄱阳湖流域（江西）经济社会可持续发展的重要因素.为科学解析鄱阳湖总磷污染来源,耦合多污染源污染负荷估算方法和SPARROW模型,建立基于源汇过程模拟的流域污染源解析技术方法,针对鄱阳湖流域13种总磷污染源开展负荷估算、模拟校核和入湖时空贡献定量解析.结果表明:①鄱阳湖总磷负荷以陆域输入为主（占90.8%）,主要污染来源为农业和城镇生活源,贡献率分别为56.4%和30.6%;污染来源按贡献率的大小排序依次为种植业（29.3%）>城镇生活（24.6%）>畜禽养殖（17.2%）>水产养殖（9.9%）>内源释放（6.9%）>城市径流（6.0%）>农村生活（2.2%）>工业企业（1.6%）>其他源（0.46%）.②在空间贡献方面,总磷入湖负荷主要来自于滨湖区和赣江集水区,贡献率分别为33.5%和31.8%,其他集水区总磷贡献率较小（合计为25.5%）,湖体贡献率为9.2%;同时,不同子流域污染源贡献结构也存在空间差异性.③在时间贡献方面,总磷入湖负荷量呈季节性波动特征,贡献峰值多出现在6月,雨季（3—8月）陆源输入负荷占全年的70%.④所构建的基于源汇过程模拟的污染源解析模型可用于流域水污染来源成因精细化解析.研究显示,鄱阳湖总磷污染来源具有明显时空差异性,建议围绕滨湖区和赣江集水区等高贡献区域设立优先管控区,重点针对种植业、城镇生活、畜禽养殖和水产养殖源,制定磷污染源汇过程减排政策措施,以改善鄱阳湖水环境质量.      

大清河小流域城郊型面源污染现状与对策研究

文章以昆明市主要排污河道之一的大清河入滇池的小流域为研究对象,针对小流域范围内城郊型面源污染状况,通过详细的问卷调查和实地采样分析,初步得出研究区污染物产生的来源、产生特点和发生量。结果表明:生活污水排放、地表径流产污、农田排水是该研究区氮、磷污染物排放的三大来源;其中,总氮排放量有54.7%来源于生活污水,25.9%来源于农田化肥流失;总磷排放量有61.5%来源于生活污水,24.8%来源于地表径流。滇池周边地区面源污染物来源和特征有别于滇池全流域的各污染类型比值,面源污水已成为城郊区面源污染物的主要来源,是控制之要点。因地制宜,就地处理城郊型的农村生活污水,科学平衡施肥,降低地表径流排污浓度,是城郊型滨湖带小流域面源污染治理成功的关键。     

汾河流域磷赋存形态及来源解析

汾河是山西省工农业生产和人民生活用水的主要水源,水质质量对整个流域的健康程度起着至关重要的作用,因此解析流域水质及其污染源能为流域水环境治理和管理提供基础数据和技术支持。文章以汾河流域为研究区,通过现场实测结合模型构建,分析该流域磷污染的赋存特征,量化磷的污染来源。结果表明：汾河流域水体总磷浓度范围在0.011～0.433 mg/L,平均值0.187 mg/L,上游磷含量满足水质Ⅱ类考核指标,中下游基本满足Ⅳ类考核指标;汾河流域水体中无机磷浓度在0.000～0.304 mg/L,平均值0.093 mg/L,有机磷浓度范围在0.011～0.295 mg/L,平均值0.094 mg/L,其中上游以有机磷为主,中下游有机磷、无机磷占比相当,这与沿河产业分布密切相关。沉积物中磷含量为63.9～492 mg/kg,平均值为257 mg/kg,属于轻度污染。总磷的沉积物-水分配系数为313～36 182 L/kg,总体呈现上游高下游低的趋势,特别是流量相对静止、沉积物有机质含量相对较高的汾河水库出口Kp较高。利用SWAT模型对汾河流域的总磷污染现状及污染源进行解析,城镇居民生活污水排放是汾河流域总...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.