环境污染第三方治理模式下电镀企业废水处理设施运营成本效率评价

环境污染第三方治理是我国生态文明体制改革的重要改革事项，在电镀企业推行环境污染第三方治理对于当前持续深入打好污染防治攻坚战具有重要意义。以广东省深圳市具有代表性的20家电镀企业废水处理设施作为评价对象，运用New Cost DEA(新成本数据包络分析)模型对电镀企业废水处理设施运营成本效率进行了评价。结果表明：电镀企业废水处理设施运营的成本效率处于中等偏下水平，主要受到配置效率的影响；采用第三方治理委托治理和委托运维模式的电镀企业废水处理设施运营的成本效率均优于采用传统治理模式的电镀企业，其中采用第三方治理委托治理模式的成本效率优于委托运维模式；成本效率进一步分解结果表明，电镀企业具体要从技术效率、投入要素价格因素和配置效率三方面来提升废水处理设施运营成本效率。该研究成果可以为包含电镀企业在内的企业推行环境污染第三方治理提供依据。     

环境污染第三方治理委托代理模型研究

针对当前环境污染第三方治理激励机制尚不完善的现实困境,选取目前环境污染第三方治理过程中政府委托的环境污染第三方治理项目作为研究对象,为了改进环境污染第三方治理激励机制,探究第三方环保服务公司综合实力等对最佳激励强度和政府投资人期望收入的影响,进而得出最佳激励强度与政府投资人期望收入的关系,构建了信息不对称情况下的环境污染第三方治理委托代理模型并做出分析。     

上海市环境污染第三方治理研究

环境污染第三方治理打破了传统的污染治理模式,是环境污染治理的一项重大改革.从中央到地方,各级政府出台了一系列环境污染第三方治理的相关政策文件.目前上海已在七大领域对第三方治理进行试点,在对金山区的调研基础上,分析了上海市环境治理现状,从治理模式以及治理绩效等角度对上海市环境污染第三方治理进行探讨,分析发现了污染企业治污积极性不高,环保企业生存压力大等问题,并从政府,污染企业和环保企业三个方面提出了相关建议.     

杭州市推行环境污染第三方治理典型案例分析研究

杭州市推行环境污染第三方治理涌现了不少典型案例.这些案例包括:解决环境基础设施增量和存量的PPP模式及TOT模式,激发社会资本进入第三方市场的国企改革试点创新模式,保障农村治水成效的农村污水设施第三方运维模式,咨询领域的政府购买服务模式,工业园区第三方治理模式,破解城市难题的专业化规范化的运维模式,以及企业第三方治理模式等.这八个典型案例适用于不同的领域和对象,在借鉴和推广时应当根据不同责任主体、不同领域与行业特点,开展差异性、竞争性的第三方治理.     

环境污染第三方治理模式下法律责任承担问题研究

环境污染第三方治理模式由于引入第三方这一新兴主体而产生责任承担上的诸多问题,在传统模式的思维下继续认定相关主体的责任承担方式会导致责任承担间的冲突。环境污染第三方治理模式的特殊性在于排污企业与第三方环境服务公司在治污过程中角色扮演上的不同,就会导致原责任承担主体上的变动与交叉,所以厘清排污企业与第三方在此模式下的定位是明晰相关责任主体的前提。因为第三方治理模式本身存在区分与差异,因此在不同的治理模式下分别探讨各个责任的承担方式更为合理。具体来说,在不同的第三方治理模式下,排污企业和第三方都会成为法律意义上的"排污者"。因此首先在明确作为第三方治理模式之基础的合同性质前提下,分别在不同的治理模式框架下,在确定谁是"排污者"的条件下探讨颇具争议的行政责任和民事责任,是解决责任承担不明较为合理、系统的方式。     

支撑环境污染第三方治理的标准体系构建研究

采用系统论及系统工程方法论,结合我国环境污染治理标准制定情况,构建了科学合理的支撑环境污染第三方治理的标准体系。标准体系包含4个子体系及22个专业领域,体系的建立可为形成环境污染第三方治理相关的共性技术、管理与服务标准提供理论参考。通过标准梳理工作,确定未来迫切需要制定一整套环境污染第三方治理绩效评价的相关标准。该研究成果能够强化环境污染第三方治理效果,完善环境污染第三方治理机制体制,对规范环境污染第三方治理技术与服务市场化应用具有一定的参考价值。     

基于委托代理理论的环境污染第三方治理问题探讨

根据我国可持续发展的需要,近年来对环境保护的重视程度越来越高,国务院办公厅在2014年颁布的《关于推行环境污染第三方治理的意见》,使环境污染第三方治理这一治污新机制应运而生,出现在公众的眼前.但是由于该治理模式在我国应用时间较短,对该治理模式的研究尚未成熟,所以在实践中仍面临诸多问题.本文旨在基于委托代理理论分析其在我...     

解读环境保护第三方服务的困境及法制完善

生态环境污染及其治理是一个全球性的问题,各国均开始意识到治理污染环境的重要性。基于此背景之下的第三方服务机构应运而生,并运用契约的方式,使环境污染的治理主体范围得以进一步推展,实现了科学分配政府部门、排污公司以及相关环境服务企业等不同机构的职能与责任。本文从三个方面论述环境保护第三方服务的困境及法制完善策略,从而有效发挥出第三方服务机构的良好作用。     

包头市环境污染治理设施第三方运营利弊分析及对策建议

第三方运营管理模式是环境污染治理设施运营管理深入发展的必然趋势。本文就包头市区域性、集约式污染治理设施以及环境污染重点行业企业污染源治理设施实施第三方运营的制约因素和有利因素开展研究,为包头市推行环境污染源治理设施的治理集约化、产权多元化、运营市场化在制度机制建设和政策措施保障等方面提出合理化建议,从而使第三方运营的管理模式更好的为包头市环保工作服务。     

环境污染第三方治理的应用与面临的挑战

随着我国环境管理模式的转变,近年来工业污染第三治理再次受到热议。本文通过梳理污染第三方治理模式,深入探讨发展环境污染第三方治理对我国环境管理模式转型的影响与意义,提出我国应明确划分环境污染治理责任、加强政府监管部门执法能力、完善第三方治理主体的评价体系,积极引导我国环境污染第三方治理健康发展。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.