中国生态补偿制度建设历程及展望

本文通过回顾我国生态补偿的政策与法律实践,分析生态补偿的体制与财政机制,指出生态补偿制度建设存在的问题,提出了制定《生态补偿条例》等建议。     

围海造地生态补偿机制探析

为缓解人地矛盾,维持社会经济发展,围海造地已成了许多沿海区域扩增建设用地的首选.但围海造地工程在带来巨大利益的同时,也给海洋生态坏境带来了一系列的负面影响,造成了新的不平衡.本文在围海造地环境影响分析及其生态补偿问题研究的基础上,从环境法的视角出发,对中国围海造地生态补偿制度的构建提出建议,最终达到使中国围海造地生态补偿制度的总体法律体系框架及具体的制度内容得以较为全面的完善与健全的目的.     

构建中国生态保护补偿制度创新路线图——《关于健全生态保护补偿机制的意见》解读

2016年3月22日,中央全面深化改革领导小组审议通过了《关于健全生态保护补偿机制的意见》(以下简称《意见》)。近日,《意见》已全文发布,这是我国首份针对生态保护补偿机制的国家文件,是全国各领域健全生态保护补偿机制的行动纲领。本文深入总结了2005年以来我国生态保护补偿政策实践,认为在森林、草原、湿地、流域等方面均取得积极进展和初步成效,《意见》的出台正逢其时,为我国生态保护补偿绘制了制度创新路线图,为今后生态保护补偿具体行动提供了目标指引。     

农业生态补偿的国际经验及启示研究

由于长期的粗放型农业经营模式,中国农业生态系统遭到了极大破坏.根据农业发达国家经验,农业生态补偿是保护农业生态环境,推动农业可持续发展的重要途径.对美国、欧盟、日本等国家的农业生态补偿做法进行经验总结,包括土地休耕计划、农业环境补贴、生态农业认证等.基于国际先进经验,提出相关政策建议,包括健全农业生态补偿法律法规、完善农业生态补偿的投融资模式、明晰自然资源产权关系、因地制宜制定补偿标准等.     

我国跨流域调水生态补偿法律制度的构建

构建跨流域调水生态补偿法律制度,是协调调水沿线各方利益关系、推进生态文明建设的制度保障。本文从分析我国跨流域调水生态补偿的特征出发,探讨了跨流域调水生态补偿政策法规进展,分析了跨流域调水生态补偿法律制度存在的问题,进而阐明市场经济条件下构建跨流域调水生态补偿法律制度的设想,并从补偿主体和受偿主体、生态补偿标准以及制度和机制建设方面明确了我国跨流域调水生态补偿法律制度建设的具体措施。     

国内外生态补偿机制的对比分析与研究

建立和完善生态补偿机制,是新时期中国生态环境保护政策创新的重要内容,也是新时期中国推进生态文明建设的必然选择.文章首先介绍了生态补偿的概念和内涵,重点阐述了国外的欧盟、美国、德国-捷克以及国内的浙江省、深圳市和苏州市在生态补偿机制方面的做法和经验,在此基础上提出对常州市的借鉴和启示,主要包括:依靠政府的大力推动、完善生态补偿政策和法律法规的制度,为常州市生态补偿相关管理制度和办法的制定提供理论基础.     

完善国家主体功能区框架下生态保护补偿政策的思考

建立和完善生态保护补偿机制,是有效保障国家主体功能区制度关于限制和禁止开发区得到有效保护的根本性制度之一,也是落实《中华人民共和国环境保护法》、中共中央国务院《关于加快推进生态文明建设的意见》《生态文明体制改革总体方案》《关于贯彻实施国家主体功能区环境政策的若干意见》等文件精神的重要举措。通过分析目前生态保护补偿政策存在的问题,从补偿原则、补偿责任主体、补偿标准、补偿资金管理和补偿方式五个方面提出进一步完善生态保护补偿政策的顶层设计建议,供决策部门参考。     

《生态补偿条例》立法构想

制定《生态补偿条例》是建设生态文明和法治中国战略决策的具体实施之一。生态补偿概念的界定是生态补偿立法的理论前提。《生态补偿条例》的结构安排应当满足我国生态补偿实践的制度需求,对生态补偿领域、标准、方式、资金等问题进行规范。     

流域生态补偿法律问题研究

流域生态补偿是指实现流域内环境保护和水资源开发利用中的公正性的一项重要法律制度。在我国这项法律制度主要包括上中下游跨区域调水的生态补偿、上中下游生态环境效益补偿以及下游滞洪区退田还湖的生态补偿等三项主要内容。在我国生态环境建设实践中,上述三项生态补偿内容暴露出较多的问题;这些突出问题严重影响着我国生态环境建设实践,阻滞着流域内可持续发展的实现。进一步加强流域生态补偿法律制度建设是我国流域生态补偿有效实施的关键。     

生态利益的法律补偿制度与机制分析

生态利益法律补偿制度指的是运用经济手段实现生态资源环境保护及恢复的一项重要的资源保护制度,我国目前的生态利益法律补偿机制呈现出多元化、多层次的特点,生态利益法律补偿制度是人们通过反思工业给生态环境带来的深重灾难之后所制定的一套环境资源管理制度,因此,在社会主义发展的新时期,对于我国现存的生态利益法律补偿制度进行研究,有助于对我国的生态利益法律补偿制度建设指明发展方向,从而推动我国生态利益法律补偿制度的建设.     

Agro-ecological engineering in China: a way towards sustainableagriculture

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Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.