印楝素对亚洲玉米螟的生物活性及蛋白质合成的影响

室内生物测定表明,印楝素对玉米螟幼虫具有明显的毒杀作用和抑制生长发育的活性.浓度3×10-6 ~15×10-6印楝素处理幼虫,均出现活动性降低、化蛹延迟、蛹出现畸形的现象,甚至形成永久性幼虫,且与处理浓度有一定的相关性.同时发现,经印楝素处理后,亚洲玉米螟48h蛹蛋白质的含量和组分与对照相比出现明显的差异,含量与处理浓度有较好的相关性.SDS-PAGE结果显示, 经3×10-6 ~15×10-6印楝素处理,昆虫的蛹均出现分子量Mr55×103、50×103两种新蛋白组分,减少了21. 6×103、20×103两种蛋白组分;另外10×10-6和15×10-6印楝素处理还减少了22×103蛋白组分, 15×10-6处理还出现9×103新蛋白组分; 这6种差异蛋白可能是印楝素分子作用的相关蛋白. 图2表1参20     

辛硫磷农药在青菜和土壤中的残留动态

辛硫磷是一种高效广谱杀虫剂,具有触杀和胃毒作用,对鳞翅目幼虫击倒尤快,适用于防治菜青虫、小莱蛾等青菜害虫。它对哺乳动物毒性甚低。紫外光对该农药有分解作用。 国务院决定停止生产六六六后,化工部提出辛硫磷等12种农药为取代农药。本课题按农牧渔业部农药残留协作组统一分工,研究辛硫磷在青菜和土壤中的残留动态,为制定辛硫磷在青菜上的安全使用标准提供依据。     

基于卤虫致死试验分离淡色生赤壳菌YLZ42杀虫活性代谢产物

淡色生赤壳菌具有优良的生防潜力.本实验室前期从广西玉林土壤中分离到一株对小菜蛾等多种农业害虫具有毒杀作用的淡色生赤壳菌YLZ42.采用杀虫活性追踪的方法,用改进后的卤虫致死试验(Brine shrimp lethality test,BSLT)进行活性评价,通过硅胶柱层析、萃取、薄层制备、液相制备的手段进行分离纯化,并探索活性化合物的生物活性和稳定性.分离到杀虫活性化合物纯品,高分辨率质谱显示该活性化合物相对分子质量为788,其对卤虫24 h的LC_(50)为86.89 mg/L.该化合物在温度低于30℃,pH 6-8以及光照和紫外光照条件下活性稳定.该杀虫活性化合物的氢谱与已报道过的分子量为788的化合物均不相同,有望开发为新的微生物源杀虫剂.     

利用OasisTMHLB固相提取小柱提取环境中的内分泌分裂剂(Endocrine Disruptors)

OasisTM HLB固相提取小柱在环境分析方面已获得了广泛的应用.小柱可以对不同类别的各种农药残留物质或环境污染物进行高效提取,包括酸性除草剂及代谢物(如:2 ,4-D,trifluralin等)、三嗪类除草剂及代谢物(如:atrazine等)、磺酰脲素类除草剂( 如:thifensulfuron methyl)、苯氧酸类农药、取代酚类农药(如:trichlorophenol)、乙酰胺类除草剂及代谢物(如:alachlor,metolachlor等)、有机磷类杀虫剂(如:acephate)及多环芳烃(如:phenathrene)等环境污染物.     

转基因抗虫水稻生态安全性研究进展

我国转基因抗虫水稻的商业化种植已成为国内外广泛关注的热点问题.本文系统综述了转基因抗虫水稻的遗传转化、基因漂流、靶标害虫的抗性风险、对非靶标生物和稻田节肢动物群落的影响以及B t杀虫蛋白在土壤中的残留等方面的研究进展.现有研究表明,B t水稻对二化螟、三化螟和稻纵卷叶螟等主要靶标害虫具有较高的抗性水平,对稻飞虱、叶蝉、捕食性天敌等非靶标生物的生长发育和稻田节肢动物群落的稳定性无明显影响.靶标害虫的抗性和转基因水稻与杂草稻、野生稻之间的基因漂移风险是转基因抗虫水稻商业化种植的主要环境安全问题.参60     

氨基甲酸酯(Carbamate)类农药的分析

氨基甲酸酯(Carbamate)是一种从氨基甲酸(Carbamic acid)衍生出来的商业化农药.由于氨基甲酸酯具有高效及广谱活性,在世界范围内被广泛用于保护农作物免受虫害.由于在全世界范围内,越来越多的饮用水源被氨基甲酸酯污染,很多执法机构及科学组织成员对氨基甲酸酯及其降解产物和代谢产物极其重视,他们寻找象谷物、水果及蔬菜这样的农作物在直接施用这种农药后,是怎样通过灌溉系统流到蓄水层或表层水中去的,并且如果农作物在施药后收割的太早,会有残留的氨基甲酸酯及其副产物留在产品上.为了有效地保护饮用水源,EPA(美国国家环保局)及其它国际组织正在限制农药的使用并且要求     

八氯二丙醚的研究现状与展望

八氯二丙醚是一种农药增效剂,多用于农药喷雾剂、蚊香等。八氯二丙醚在环境中滞留时间长,属于类持久性有机污染物,可能具有致畸、致癌、致突变作用。近10年来国内外学者对环境中的八氯二丙醚进行了比较多的调查和研究。首先对八氯二丙醚的性质、应用情况进行了阐述,然后分析八氯二丙醚的研究现状及可能来源,最后对未来八氯二丙醚的研究的重点和发展趋势进行了展望。文献分析表明：（1）目前国内外的研究集中报道八氯二丙醚在环境中的含量（如农药、蚊香、茶叶、大米、蔬菜、水果等）,缺乏八氯二丙醚的环境行为及其在环境中的迁移、转化及降解机理的研究,更缺乏农产品中八氯二丙醚残留的快速检测研究。（2）报道八氯二丙醚对动物及昆虫的毒性及毒理学试验、杀虫活性研究,缺乏八氯二丙醚对人体暴露风险的研究。     

在线净化液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱联用快速测定水果中12种苯甲酰脲类农药残留

苯甲酰脲类杀虫剂是一类能抑制靶标害虫的几丁质合成而导致其死亡或不育的昆虫生长调节剂,近年来在蔬菜和水果病虫害的防治上应用的越来越广泛.尽管该类药物毒性较低但其残留仍对人类有一定的危害,各国均对此类药物规定了最大残留限量.目前苯甲酰脲类农药的检测方法主要有高效液相色谱法、液相色谱串联质谱法等.高分辨质谱仪可提供高质量准确度、高质量分辨率的全扫描数据,抗干扰能力强,特异性高,在农兽药残留筛查中应用的越来越多.在线净     

气相色谱快速检测双孢菇及其培养基质中的辛硫磷残留

正辛硫磷属高效低毒有机磷杀虫剂,以触杀和胃毒作用为主,无内吸作用,杀虫谱广,对鳞翅目大龄幼虫和地下害虫以及仓库和卫生害虫有较好效果[1].本文采用气相色谱法建立了快速、准确测定在双孢菇及其培养基质中辛硫磷残留的分析方法,为建立食用菌上辛硫磷的残留限量、例行监测提供基础数据,对保证食品和环境安全具有重要意义.1材料与方法 1.1供试材料与仪器辛硫磷(Phoxim)标准品,乙腈、正己烷为分析纯;乙二胺-N丙基硅烷吸附剂(PSA)、十八烷基硅烷(C18)粉末制剂.     

36种典型除草剂对绿藻的毒性研究

近年来,农药对生态系统的初级生产者——藻类的毒性及其生态毒理学研究引起了国内外学者的广泛关注。除草剂在生产中广泛应用,对藻类的毒性作用最强,其毒性效应远高于杀虫剂和杀菌剂。论文选择市场上具有典型代表性的36种除草剂原药,分析解读除草剂在国内的登记情况,以及在作物、旱田和水田的使用情况;明晰对藻类生长抑制急性毒性效应。结果表明:1)除草剂的作用方式和化学类别对绿藻毒性影响显著;对于抑制植物细胞分裂和作用于植物叶绿体的除草剂对绿藻毒性均较高,以人工合成植物生长素为代表的除草剂对绿藻毒性均较低;2)相同作用方式,不同化学类别的除草剂,对单一绿藻的毒性差异明显。在水稻上获得登记的除草剂对藻类毒性整体低于在旱田获得登记的除草剂对藻类的毒性。开展多种农药对水生生态毒性的研究,为农药的合理安全使用、农药在淡水环境中的生态效应评价以及保护淡水生态系统提供科学依据。     

Exploring the diversity of neem bioactives as eco-benign pesticides: a reappraisal

Biological activity of neem seeds, leaves and bark is well-established as feeding deterrent and growth disrupter against insects and other arthropods. Neem is a valuable natural pesticide with low toxicity for vertebrates. However, it has not yet achieved a prominent place among pesticides due to its unstability. Recent studies have focused on newer formulations like microencapsulation, inclusion complexes, microemulsion, and granular formulations to enhance efficacy shelf life. Several studies have been undertaken on the effects of neem on predator, parasitoids, and other beneficial organisms as well as impact on the environment. Biotechnological interventions have been carried out for mass production of the active molecule. Once stable formulations of the active molecules are developed, the farming community will benefit the most due to the low toxicity and marked efficacy of neem insecticides.     

Larvicidal activity of neem and karanja oil cakes against mosquito vectors, Culex quinquefasciatus (say), Aedes aegypti (L.) and Anopheles stephensi (L.)

Larvicidal effect of neem (Azadirachta indica) and karanja (Pongamia glabra) oil cakes (individuals and combination) was studied against mosquito species. Both the oil cakes showed larvicidal activity against the mosquito species tested. The combination of neem and karanja oil cakes in equal proportion proved to have better effect than the individual treatments. The combination of the two oil cakes recorded an LC95 of 0.93, 0.54 and 0.77% against the mosquitoes, Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi respectively The increase in efficacy of the combination treatment over individuals in all the mosquito larvae tested was found to range about 4 to 10 fold in terms of LC50 and 2 to 6 fold in terms of LC95.     

Host plant resistance to insects: an eco-friendly approach for pest management and environment conservation

Host plant resistance (HPR) to insects is an effective, economical, and environment friendly method of pest control. The most attractive feature of HPR is that farmers virtually do not need any skill in application techniques, and there is no cash investment by the resource poor farmers. Considerable progress has been made in identification and development of crop cultivars with resistance to the major pests in different crops. There is a need to transfer resistance genes into high-yielding cultivars with adaptation to different agro-ecosystems. Resistance to insects should form one of the criteria to release varieties and hybrids for cultivation by the farmers. Genes from the wild relatives of crops, and novel genes, such as those from Bacillus thuringiensis can also be deployed in different crops to make HPR an effective weapon to minimize the losses due to insect pests. HPR will not only cause a major reduction in pesticide use and slowdown the rate of development of resistance to insecticides in insect populations, but also lead to increased activity of beneficial organisms and reduction in pesticide residues in food and food products.     

海藻多糖稀土配合物对蔬菜有机磷农药残留的降解作用

以小白菜、甘蓝、芹菜为试验材料,采用大田试验研究了海藻多糖稀土配合物对蔬菜中有机磷农药残留的影响.试验结果表明,叶面喷施海藻多糖稀土配合物对小白菜、甘蓝、芹菜中毒死蜱、氧化乐果、敌敌畏等有机磷农药残留具有明显的降解作用;对甘蓝中毒死蜱和氧化乐果的降解效果优于小白菜,但对芹菜中毒死蜱的降解效果远不及甘蓝和小白菜,表现出一定的作物选择性.叶面喷施海藻多糖稀土配合物对敌敌畏等磷酸酯类有机磷农药的降解作用比毒死蜱、氧化乐果等硫代磷酸酯类有机磷农药的降解强烈,表现出一定的农药选择性;另外,喷水对叶片表面残存农药具有一定的冲洗作用,可减少叶面农药的残留量;叶面喷施海藻多糖稀土配合物对甘蓝和小白菜中有机磷农药的降解率远高于叶面喷水.以上结果表明海藻多糖稀土配合物确实具有降解有机磷农药残留的作用.在蔬菜生产中将海藻多糖稀土配合物作为农药残留降解制剂是可行的,有利于蔬菜安全生产和提高蔬菜产品的食用安全性。     

Toxicological attributes of plant chemicals and their biochemical impacts on cholinesterase and protein levels in relation with conventional insecticides against mosquito larvae of Karachi city

In order to control mosquito, different chemicals were applied against the larvae of Culex fatigans (Diptera Culicidae). The tested chemicals were Lambda cyhalothrin, chlorpyrifos, Azadirachta indica (Spindales meliaceae) neem extract, and Sueda monoica extract. All chemicals were found to have significant efficacy against Culex fatigans mosquito larvae. In terms of efficacy, the biochemical effects after treatment with such chemicals were found to vary. Total protein levels and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were the parameters examined. Chlorpyrifos, Lambda cyhalothrin, and neem elevated AChE activity levels whereas the plant extract S. monoica decreased enzymic activity. Total protein levels were decreased by Lambda cyhalothrin and chlorpyrifos whereas protein was increased by neem extract and S. monoica.     

生态茶园建设与病虫害综合防治

综述了在茶树病虫害综合防治中生态学原理和农田生态系统科学理论的运用。强调以生态防治，即农业防治和生物防治为主，借助于各种农业技术和现代生物科学手段，在综合防治中尽量少用化学农药，以减少对环境的污染、农药残留及对天敌的伤害，维持茶园生态平衡。     

Removal of fluoride by thermally activated carbon prepared from neem (Azadirachta indica) and kikar (Acacia arabica) leaves

The present investigation deals with fluoride removal from aqueous solution by thermally activated neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves carbon (ANC) and thermally activated kikar (Acacia arabica) leaves carbon (AKC) adsorbents. In this study neem leaves carbon and kikar leaves carbon prepared by heating the leaves at 400 degrees C in electric furnace was found to be useful for the removal of fluoride. The adsorbents of 0.3 mm and 1.0 mm sizes of neem and kikar leaves carbon was prepared by standard sieve. Batch experiments done to see the fluoride removal properties from synthetic solution of 5 ppm to study the influence of pH, adsorbent dose and contact time on adsorption efficiency The optimum pH was found to be 6 for both adsorbents. The optimum dose was found to be 0.5g/100 ml forANC (activated neem leaves carbon) and 0.7g/100 ml forAKC (activated kikar leaves carbon). The optimum time was found to be one hour for both the adsorbent. It was also found that adsorbent size of 0.3 mm was more efficient than the 1.0 mm size. The adsorption process obeyed Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The straight line of log (qe-q) vs time at ambient temperature indicated the validity of langergren equation consequently first order nature of the process involved in the present study. Results indicate that besides intraparticle diffusion there maybe other processes controlling the rate which may be operating simultaneously. All optimized conditions were applied for removal of fluoride from four natural water samples.     

超声辅助乳化液相微萃取分析绿茶饮料和番茄汁中有机磷农药残留

农药施用于田间,必然会残留于环境中。农药残留的分析方法多种多样。为探究灵敏度高、重现性好的样品前处理方法,建立了超声辅助乳化液相微萃取,结合气相色谱和火焰光度检测器测定绿茶饮料和番茄汁中5种有机磷农药的方法,对萃取条件进行了优化,如萃取溶剂种类和体积、超声频率和时间、盐效应。在优化后的萃取条件下,5种有机磷农药实现良好分离,空白添加实验结果表明在0.1~10μg·L-1之间,线性相关系数在0.9985~0.9994之间,检测限在0.005~0.020μg·L-1之间,相对标准偏差(n=5)在4.3%~9.4%之间。在绿茶饮料和番茄汁实际样本检测中,目标分析物含量均低于检出限。样本添加回收试验的回收率均大于88.5%,相对标准偏差(n=3)在2.2%~9.8%之间,结果表明该方法用于液体样本中农药残留检测真实可靠。     

Development and validation of a spectrophotometric method for soil adsorption study of malathion on three Indian soils

In view of the widespread use of pesticides in agriculture and its associated toxic effects on environment and human beings, the fate of these chemicals in soil is of major concern. The pesticide adsorption process is one of the major factors affecting its persistence and movement in the soil. With a view of studying the fate of malathion in soil, the adsorption of this insecticide was studied on three Indian soils by using batch equilibrium method. To carry out the adsorption study, a new simple, sensitive, and rapid method was developed, based on microwave-assisted alkaline hydrolysis of insecticide to the dimethyl dithiophosphate and its subsequent reaction with copper(I) perchlorate in acetonitrile. On mixing the reagents, a yellow color developed, which was stable for 120?min and was measured at 419?nm. The adsorption of malathion was studied by using Freundlich's adsorption equation and n _f values were observed less than 1 in all the soils. The leaching behavior of the insecticide was studied in terms of ground ubiquity score, which was below 1.8, classifying malathion as non-leacher pesticide, and hence it is not hazardous.     

农药在稻田使用对地下水的风险评估研究进展

农药风险评估可为农药登记和农药的环境安全管理提供重要的科学依据。水稻生产过程中病虫草害严重,农药使用品种多、频次高,田水存留时间长,对地下水污染风险高。开展农药在稻田使用对地下水的风险评估研究具有重要的现实意义。文章详细介绍了欧盟和美国的水稻-地下水风险评估研究进展,包括风险评估程序、暴露评估模型及暴露场景等。总结了我国农药在稻田使用对地下水风险评估的研究现状,并分析了我国研究的不足之处。在此基础上,提出了加强我国农药在稻田使用对地下水风险评估的建议。