中国大都市区域的城乡协调发展研究 --以浙江省宁波市为例

工业化与城市化是伴生的,工业化对城市化有促进作用,工业化的发展阶段不同,城市的规模和结构也不一样,城乡关系也会因为工业化的演进而演变。随着城市的扩张,城乡之间的关系将从二元结构向城乡转型直至城乡融合阶段演变。在不同的阶段,要素流在城乡之间呈现不同的流向,对城乡的发展也起着不同的作用,同时还会影响到产业的地域分布。本文从处于工业化中期阶段的宁波市特殊的区位和区域环境出发,分析了宁波市的城乡发展格局,指出宁波市城乡之间存在着分工不明确、产业竞争严重等问题,尤其是平面化的城镇体系严重影响其中心城市功能的发挥。针对存在的问题,文中提出将宁波市建设成为长三角最大的后勤中心、提升中心城区的功能和产业结构、农村城镇之间实行网络化发展、以及用工业化理念来经营农业等对策和措施。     

江苏镇江地区聚落体系的空间集聚性多级分形特征

为定量研究市域尺度上的聚落体系的分形特征,以ArcGIS9.3软件为平台,选取江苏镇江地区团聚状聚落体系为研究对象,通过计算豪斯道夫维数分析了聚落体系规模分布的分形特征,通过计算关联维数和集聚维数,从聚落要素的空间相关性和聚落随机集聚的向心性两方面,分析了聚落体系空间结构的分形特征,对聚落体系的空间集聚性的多级分形特征作了重点探讨。结果表明：镇江地区团聚状聚落体系在规模分布和空间结构上都具有比较明显的分形特征,表现出自相似结构;镇江地区团聚状聚落体系的空间集聚性存在多级分形的特征,中心村的空间集聚能力强于城市和镇;地形和聚落体系的发育程度是影响聚落体系的空间集聚性主要原因。因此,在以后的工作中可以利用分形思想进行聚落体系规划,有效地利用地理空间资源     

Sex Structure of Scotch Pine Populations in the Dry Steppe

it has been determined that the sex structure of the population is of great importance for pine adaptation to extreme environmental conditions. As environmental conditions deteriorate, differentiation of populations with respect to sex becomes more apparent, the proportion of trees of mixed type decreases, and the number of male trees increases. A tendency toward correlation between tree habitus, needle and shoot sizes, and the sex structure of population is noted. The prevalence of male trees in populations exposed to increasing stress reflects the rearrangement of such populations aimed at the more efficient use of natural resources.     

Current Status of Manufacturing Hazardous Waste in Shanghai

It is difficult to manage the manufacturing hazardous waste （MHW） which is generated from a huge amount of complicated sources and causes very serious pollution. Therefore more and more attention has been paid to MHW pollution. Shanghai, as an industrial and economic center and an international metropolis in China, has a vast industrial system spanning a multitude of sectors, which generates MHW not only in a huge magnitude but also in a large variety of types from complicated sources, resulting in severe pollution. In 2003, the production of MHW in Shanghai is about 3.96 × 10^5 ton, involving 33 indices. Most of MHW in Shanghai is treated and disposed of, but a significant portion is not handled properly and effectively. This paper carries out infield investigation on the current status of MHW production and treatment in Shanghai, and puts forward scientific proposals that Shanghai should facilitate cleaner production and minimize haz- ardous waste; strictly enforce hazardous waste registration system, strengthen monitoring the certified enterprises; strengthen intent disposal center construction and realize hazardous waste reclamation; accelerate establishing the technical criteria and the management policy, promote the research and development on the treatment and disposal technology, and strengthen information management, thus realizing integrated management on MHW pollution.     

Current Status of Manufacturing Hazardous Waste in Shanghai

Abstract

It is difficult to manage the manufacturing hazardous waste (MHW) which is generated from a huge amount of complicated sources and causes very serious pollution. Therefore more and more attention has been paid to MHW pollution. Shanghai, as an industrial and economic center and an international metropolis in China, has a vast industrial system spanning a multitude of sectors, which generates MHW not only in a huge magnitude but also in a large variety of types from complicated sources, resulting in severe pollution. In 2003, the production of MHW in Shanghai is about 3.96 × 10⁵ ton, involving 33 indices. Most of MHW in Shanghai is treated and disposed of, but a significant portion is not handled properly and effectively. This paper carries out in-field investigation on the current status of MHW production and treatment in Shanghai, and puts forward scientific proposals that Shanghai should facilitate cleaner production and minimize hazardous waste; strictly enforce hazardous waste registration system, strengthen monitoring the certified enterprises; strengthen intent disposal center construction and realize hazardous waste reclamation; accelerate establishing the technical criteria and the management policy, promote the research and development on the treatment and disposal technology, and strengthen information management, thus realizing integrated management on MHW pollution.     

长江中游城市群城市人居环境竞争力格局及优化路径

从人居环境与城市竞争力的关联性入手,将生态、居住、生产环境纳入一个分析框架。运用AHP与多级模糊综合评价相结合的方法,构建城市人居环境竞争力指标体系,对长江中游城市群城市人居环境竞争力进行评估并解析了其空间分异特征。此外,依托Arcgis平台,运用空间聚类分析法,基于人居环境竞争力特征进行区域归类,并借助箱型图,对城市人居环境竞争力领域及区域类别特征进行了探索。研究表明:(1)竞争力分布中,浙赣线江西段沿线城市生态、休闲环境竞争力等级最高,京广线沿线城市的居住、公共服务环境竞争力等级最高,居住、公共服务竞争力空间格局具有高度相似性。区域中心及副中心城市在经济发展环境竞争力领域具有显著优势。(2)综合竞争力二级以上等级的城市主要分布于环鄱阳湖地区,包括九江、景德镇、上饶、鹰潭、南昌,以及省会城市武汉、长沙。(3)四类空间的城市人居环境竞争力优劣格局十分清晰。第1类区域围绕省会等区域中心、副中心城市分布,生态环境具有最优竞争力,居住、公共服务、经济发展环境最劣;第2类区域多为区域中心、副中心城市,强势竞争力集中于居住、公共服务、经济发展环境领域,而休闲环境为最劣势;第3类区域多为临山型城市,具有最优异的休闲环境竞争力;第4类区域以老工业城市居多,在生态环境、公共服务环境拥有相对优异的竞争力。最后,以因地制宜、突出特色为出发点,基于格局、类别特征等提出了涵盖现实特征、发展定位、重点措施等内容的长江中游城市群城市人居环境竞争力提升路径选择。其中,第1类区域定位为生态优异的山水园林城市;第2类应以营造城市外部开放空间为重心,推进公共服务设施智慧转型,打造为智慧高效的综合都市;第3类区域建议以良好的休闲环境作为特色人居环境建设的切入点,有序推进对居住、生产、生活空间的综合整治,致力建成休闲舒适的中小田园城市;第4类区域按照老工业基地调整改造规划要求,重塑城市形象,建成安居乐业的可持续发展城市。     

长江三角洲城市群循环经济发展水平的空间格局分析

开展循环经济,走可持续发展道路是提升长江三角洲城市群全球竞争力的必由之路。在参考大量城市循环经济评价指标体系的基础上,从社会经济发展、减量化、再循环再利用、生态环境质量4个方面,选取18项代表性指标,建立了城市循环经济水平评价指标体系。采用中国城市统计年鉴2006年的统计数据,运用层次分析法（AHP）确定各指标的权重,计算得出长江三角洲城市群各城市循环经济综合指数,并对其空间格局和影响因素进行分析。研究结果表明：①各城市循环经济发展水平差异显著;②各城市循环经济发展水平由城市群外围向中心逐渐递增;③随着人均地区生产总值的上升,循环经济水平呈不规则“W”变化。循环经济发展政策、产业结构、经济发展水平和乡镇企业的规模和数量是影响长江三角洲城市群各城市循环经济发展水平的主要因素。最后,对长江三角洲城市群循环经济发展提出了几点对策建议.     

Change of Flood Patterns in China under the Influences of Climate Change and Human Activities

Based on the flood affected area （FA） data of the provinces in China from 1950 to 2005, the article discusses the change of the flood patterns in China, and investigates its relationship with climate change and human activities. The flood center shifted from North China and the Yangtze-Huaihe basin in the 1950s towards the south, north and west of China, and located in the south of the Yangtze River and South China after the 1990s. The FA in the western provinces was continuously on the rise since the 1950s. There are two characteristics for the future flood pattem in China. The pattern of ＂flood in the south and drought in the north＂ depends on the north-south shift of the maximum rainfall region in eastern China. The flood intensification to the west of Hu Huanyong＇s line mainly results from the increase of rainfall, extreme precipitation and the melting of glaciers under the background of human activity magnification.     

长江三角洲都市连绵区可持续发展战略研究

长江三角洲都市连绵区已成为我国经济最发达的地区之一,但与国外发达国家都市连绵区相比面临着一系列资源、环境、产业结构与行政管理等方面的问题。港澳回归并和珠江三角洲结合以及多条新的南北通道出现将使长江三角洲地区在全国的地位遭到进一步的挑战。有鉴于此,提出一系列实施长江三角洲都市连绵区可持续发展的战略：（1）建设上海国际经济中心城市;（2）加速城市化进程,促进都市连绵区最终形成;（3）加大支柱产业、跨国公司、高新技术产业与园区和基础设施投入;（4）加强长江三角洲都市连绵区内部的分工与协作;（5）加强政府对区域发展的调控能力;（6）开展跨行政区规划,促进长江三角洲的持续发展。     

长江三角洲都市连绵区可持续发展战略研究

长江三角洲都市连绵区已成为我国经济最发达的地区之一 ,但与国外发达国家都市连绵区相比面临着一系列资源、环境、产业结构与行政管理等方面的问题。港澳回归并和珠江三角洲结合以及多条新的南北通道出现将使长江三角洲地区在全国的地位遭到进一步的挑战。有鉴于此 ,本文提出一系列实施长江三角洲都市连绵区可持续发展的战略 :(1)建设上海国际经济中心城市 ;(2 )加速城市化进程 ,促进都市连绵区最终形成 ;(3)加大支柱产业、跨国公司、高新技术产业与园区和基础设施投入 ;(4 )加强长江三角洲都市连绵区内部的分工与协作 ;(5)加强政府对区域发展的调控能力 ;(6)开展跨行政区规划 ,促进长江三角洲的持续发展     

基于DEA模型的环鄱阳湖区城市群空间网络结构绩效分析

基于多中心网络城市理论和集群网络结构竞争理论，在构建城市群网络空间绩效分析框架和评价指标体系的基础上，采用DEA的BCC模型和Malmquist指数模型，对2008~2010年环鄱阳湖区城市群42个城市空间网络联系效率进行了分析。研究表明：（1）从效率总体比较来看，环鄱阳湖区内的大部分城市处在空间网络联系的生产前沿面上，不在生产前沿面上的城市逐渐向生产前沿面靠近；（2）从效率分解来看，环鄱阳湖城市群空间网络绩效的变化是技术效率和技术水平共同作用的结果，其中，技术水平起的作用更为明显；（3）从效率空间差异分布看，环鄱阳湖区城市群空间网络绩效呈现核心区大于边缘区、边缘区大于外围区的规律，而城市群空间网络发展速度呈现外围区最高，核心区次之，边缘区最低的规律     

我国自然保护区建设中的环境剥夺问题

近年来我国各地大量增长的自然保护区实质上是一种环境剥夺现象。受环境考核体系与推行可持续发展战略需要．加大自然保护区建设力度是地方政府能够采取的比较成熟的环境保护手段。但是．通过博弈模型，可以推导出．受地方财政刚性预算约束．政府在地方自然保护区建设与管理中不能对环境区原有居民落实各项补偿．也难以投入必需的保护性管理费用。于是．在自然保护区管理中．保护区居民与管理机构之间博弈形成的纳什均衡是：居民违反有关规定，尽可能延续以往开发利用环境资源的经济活动。以抗衡自然保护区建设对他们“靠山吃山、靠水吃水”经济模式的压制；管理机构则实施开发性管理，以求自身努力。增加经济收入以保障自然保护区各项基础研究和管理活动。由于经营活动迎合了增加地方财政收入的地方政府经济发展目标。因此。在目前的自然保护区建设中普遍存在各种形式的开发性经营管理活动。但是．由于一些制度缺陷．在这种开发性管理战略中，一些环境区变相为政府权力支配下的环境资源．并借用可持续开发管理名义进一步转变成为某些地方机构与组织的私有环境资产。其后果是使自然保护区制度偏离了政策目标，也使环境区居民丧失了传统的环境支撑作用。对此论点．研究通过对近十年地方自然保护区建设数量的情况分析予以了经验验证。     

Space-time analysis of the changing patterns of population pressure on the ecological environment in China

This paper examines the temporal change and spatial variation of population pressure on the ecological environment in China. We have collected sufficient data from the statistical yearbooks of 31 provincial administrative areas in 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010. Using a geographic information system (GIS) and relevant models, we analyzed the trend of the population pressure on ecological environment and the change of the gravity center of ecological environment quality. We conclude that: (1) generally, population pressure on the ecological environment in China was becoming higher during 1990–2010, especially in some areas where the population and environment were in serious imbalance and the ecological environment experienced severe pollution; (2) during a certain period, population pressure on the ecological environment was becoming lower in some areas, but the ecological environment was getting worse; (3) the areas with super-high population pressure on the ecological environment were Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai; (4) the gravity center of population pressure on the ecological environment and the center of ecological environment quality move differently during the study time period, but the general trend was similar – both of them were moving from west to east. Based on the analysis, this paper also provides some policy suggestions on the control of ecological environment quality.     

三峡库区支流常年库区航道通航尺度研究

随着长江经济带国家战略及沿江区域经济发展战略的实施,长江航运发展面临重大机遇。三峡水库的运行为三峡库区众多支流的航运发展提供了良好环境,作为连接重庆、武汉两大区域航运中心的连接段,库区干支航道的能力提升和标准提高显得尤为迫切。系统核查了三峡库区支流自然条件及航道发展现状,分析了三峡蓄水对支流航道条件的影响及蓄水后库区支流航道存在的问题,依据现有标准规范明确的航道尺度确定方法,论证提出了三峡库区15条主要通航支流河口段航道的通航尺度。最后,提出了加强观测分析与模型论证,加大基础设施建设与航道治理力度,以及跟踪观测三峡库区泥沙累积性淤积对航道的影响等建议。     

长江经济带城市黑臭水体空间分布格局及影响因子

满足人民群众对优美生态环境的需要是建设美丽中国的核心要务,而城市黑臭水体是危害城市居民生产生活和身心健康的重要污染源。该研究以长江经济带城市黑臭水体为研究对象,综合运用GIS技术与地理探测器方法,识别其空间特征及分布规律,探究不同因子对黑臭水体空间格局的影响差异并提出整治建议。研究表明:(1)长江经济带城市黑臭水体空间分布呈凝聚型分布,且空间分异较为明显。核密度表现为多单核中心独立、次级中心带状及零星分布特征。(2)黑臭水体重心位置处在湖北和湖南省中部城市区域,其系统具有明显无标度区,分形特征显著,空间结构复杂性强。(3)不同类型黑臭水体均属正值空间相关性,呈"上游冷、中下游热"的冷热点区差异格局。(4)空间结构的地理探测影响因素在全域范围内贡献力不明显,分区影响因子匹配凸出。工业废水排放量、居民生活用水量、排水管道长度等是显著影响因素。建议应从严守生态规矩、建立黑臭水体治理体制机制、完善识别评定技术标准体系、创新实践整治、丰富理论研究等方面推进城市黑臭水体治理和消除。     

The cradle of the city: the environmental imprint of Brussels and its hinterland in the High Middle Ages

As a popular assumption, the cities are considered to exert a major impact on their hinterland. In fact, little is known about this imprint on the earlier period. This paper will thus try to delineate as far as possible urban and rural contributions to the imprint by using a cause and effect analysis. The paper argues that the birth of second generation cities like Brussels is the result of a demographic and economic process occurring in the rural environment. Above all in a second phase, once the process of human concentration within the city initiated and the town became a market center and a consumer power, rural developments changed under the urban imprint: at that moment the city imposed a certain spatial structure on the rural system with intensive and high profitability cultures replacing extensive practices.     

Change of Flood Patterns in China under the Influences of Climate Change and Human Activities

Abstract

Based on the flood affected area (FA) data of the provinces in China from 1950 to 2005, the article discusses the change of the flood patterns in China, and investigates its relationship with climate change and human activities. The flood center shifted from North China and the Yangtze–Huaihe basin in the 1950s towards the south, north and west of China, and located in the south of the Yangtze River and South China after the 1990s. The FA in the western provinces was continuously on the rise since the 1950s. There are two characteristics for the future flood pattern in China. The pattern of “flood in the south and drought in the north” depends on the north–south shift of the maximum rainfall region in eastern China. The flood intensification to the west of Hu Huanyong’s line mainly results from the increase of rainfall, extreme precipitation and the melting of glaciers under the background of human activity magnification.     

基于MODIS的雅鲁藏布江流域干旱动态监测及对植被胁迫作用的研究

基于MODIS数据利用垂直干旱指数模型和重心模型分析了2011年4月~2012年4月的雅鲁藏布江流域干旱动态变化,并就干旱对植被的胁迫作用做了进一步探讨。研究发现：（1）干旱强度减弱区主要分布于雅鲁藏布江流域的中部,而干旱强度增强区则主要集中于该流域的上游及下游地区;（2）2012年4月份雅鲁藏布江流域的总体干旱强度相比2011年4月有所加重,轻度干旱、重度干旱区均有所增长,而湿润区则有一定减小。干旱强度加重较大的区域主要分布于拉萨河流域及＞3 000～4 000 m、＞4 000～5 000 m高度带;（3）雅鲁藏布江流域的NDVI与PDI的重心迁移具有很好的负相关性,说明其干旱动态变化对植被具有较明显的胁迫作用     

Analysis of the Difference of the Basic Pension by Regions

Nowadays, the disparity of the basic pension in local regions of China can be described as follows: the low level of the unification of the basic pension systems, the large disparity of the level of the basic pension, and unfairness of the enterprises’ payment for the basic pension in different local regions in China. These have already brought many negative influences, which have greatly held back the development of the society and national economy. We should build the basic pension system in all local regions of China as a whole, which can cover all people and decrease the disparity in different local regions in China.     

Analysis of the Difference of the Basic Pension by Regions

Abstract

Nowadays, the disparity of the basic pension in local regions of China can be described as follows: the low level of the unification of the basic pension systems, the large disparity of the level of the basic pension, and unfairness of the enterprises' payment for the basic pension in different local regions in China. These have already brought many negative influences, which have greatly held back the development of the society and national economy. We should build the basic pension system in all local regions of China as a whole, which can cover all people and decrease the disparity in different local regions in China.