除去空气污染物用的脱臭剂

将粉状粘土和二氧化硅与发泡剂(例如锯末或稻壳)混合并焙烧,而后适当涂上硅酮,使其具有疏水性,再按50～75∶25～50比与活性炭混合.实例:将含SiO_2和Al_2O_3各40％的粘土(按SiO_2计算500     

酸洗预处理对稻壳生物油品质的影响

稻壳通过热解能将其中的有机质转为生物油,但是稻壳中含有的金属会降低生物油的产率,且会影响生物油的品质。通过酸洗预处理,能有效脱除金属,抑制金属对稻壳热解的不良影响。利用不同种类无机酸和有机酸对稻壳进行酸洗预处理,并在550℃下进行热解获得生物油,探究酸洗预处理对稻壳热解的影响。结果表明,酸洗预处理能有效脱除稻壳中的金属含量,减少灰分。经过各种酸溶液酸洗后的稻壳热解所得的生物油产率均有提高,并且盐酸预处理获得最高的生物油产率31.18%。此外,酸洗预处理后生物油中糖类含量明显增加,并且无机酸的效果比有机酸更为明显,其中盐酸和硫酸酸洗后糖类含量由2.8%分别增加到48.29%和51.52%。除此之外,酚类物质也明显减少,酸、酮、醛等化合物则轻微减少。酸洗预处理能有效提高生物油产率,且能提高生物油中的糖含量,从而使得生物油品质得以提升。     

吸入二氧化硅的鼠类在免疫学和组织学方面的变化

矽肺是通过长期吸入结晶型二氧化硅粉尘而引起的一种慢性损伤性疾病。二氧化硅的毒性已被完全证实。但是,关于活体内出现的早期变化知道的还不多。作者将小鼠暴露在二氧化硅粉尘的环境中,研究其免疫学和组织学方面的变化。结果表明:1.实验组对抗原刺激的反应能力大为降低。作者用埃希氏大肠菌属做抗原,在接触粉尘3、9、15、21、27周后,实验组小鼠脾脏里的点彩细胞数,仅分别为相应对照组小鼠脾脏里点彩细胞数的百分之14、11、3、2和2。同时,血清中血球凝集效价也同样地降     

养猪舍不同发酵床垫料重金属Zn累积特征初探

为了研究养猪舍不同发酵床垫料及发酵床底部表层土壤中重金属Zn的累积特征与活性大小,以节约经济成本和适宜猪生长发育为前提选取3种发酵床垫料组合：FJ（40%稻壳＋60%菌糠）、FD（40%稻壳＋60%锯木屑）、FW（40%稻壳＋60%酒糟）,采用物质流分析（MFA）和潜在生态危害评价的方法进行研究。结果表明,一个在养猪周期过后,重金属Zn在垫料FD中累积量较大;而不同垫料对Zn活性大小的影响不同,FD中有效态Zn活性显著高于其他2种,所占比例高达25.01%,其次是FJ＆gt;FW（P＆lt;0.05）;表层土壤中,有效态Zn活性高低差异不显著（P＆gt;0.05）。所选取的3种垫料中,尽管Zn在FJ中累积量最小,渗漏到土壤中的全量Zn与有效态活性与其他2种垫料无明显差异,然而其潜在生态风险最小,因此从控制Zn污染角度出发,该配比垫料优于FD与FW。经过潜在生态危害评价分析,3种垫料在养殖结束后其潜在生态危害均未超过轻微生态危害临界值（Eir≤40）,在不断补充垫料的前提下发酵床可以使用约10年。     

改性介孔二氧化硅对硫化氢的吸附研究

以均匀沉淀法合成金属氧化物改性介孔二氧化硅,并通过气体穿透实验考察了其吸附H_2S气体的性能。实验表明,CuO负载量为40%(质量分数)、450℃下焙烧4h制备的改性二氧化硅具有最佳的吸附性能,其穿透时间为247.3min,穿透吸附量达50.5mg/g。     

农作物废料对海洋溢油吸附研究

根据海上围油栏围油原理,使用小型围油设备模拟出在围油栏除油后海上剩余溢油的质量M。收集稻壳、小米壳、小麦壳3种农作物废料作为吸油材料,室温下分别测出3种吸油材料对质量为M的溢油的饱和吸附时间。在吸附平衡的条件下,利用紫外分光光度计分别测出3种吸油材料吸附海水表面M质量溢油后的平衡吸附浓度ce。根据物理吸附理论,由平衡吸附浓度ce和平衡吸附量qe分别得出3种材料的Freundlich吸附等温式,从Freundlich吸附等温式比较了3种农作物废料的吸油性能。结果表明:稻壳的吸油性能最佳。     

高盐废水除硅的实验研究

高盐废水通常含有不同的阴离子和多种有机污染物，这使得传统的废水处理技术（包括生物法和物理法）无法有效处理高盐废水。本文以高盐废水为研究对象，研究废水中二氧化硅的去除效果，为后续开发高效、稳定、经济实用的除硅工艺奠定基础。     

硅肥抑制稻瘟病

水稻是含硅量多的植物,通常茎叶中二氧化硅含量可达10—20％。硅素是否为水稻生长所必需,由于培养无硅植物极为困难,故难以确认。随着水稻生产的发展,高产良种的推广应用及施肥水平的提高,水稻对硅素营养的需要引起了国内外的极大重视。据分折亩产500kg稻谷需吸收65kg二氧化     

金属盐催化生物质热解动力学特性研究

在论述国内外生物质热解技术研究进展的基础上,就金属盐对生物质的催化热解展开动力学研究。以秸秆、稻壳和稻草为原料,利用热重分析仪等实验设备进行热解实验,即在对典型的生物质及生物质和金属盐的混合物进行热解特性实验研究的基础上,分析反应速率与各项物理因素（如金属盐种类、浓度、升温速率等）之间的关系。实验结果表明,金属盐对生物...     

四川射洪硅化木国家地质公园景观特征及成因

四川射洪硅化木国家地质公园不仅硅化木化石数量多，分布集中，且与恐龙化石一起出现，十分罕见，具有重要的科考和旅游价值。硅化木的形成条件是必须有丰富的森林资源和高浓度的含可溶性二氧化硅的矿物质热液。     

Performance of lime-BHA solidified plating sludge in the presence of Na2SiO3 and Na2CO3

This research investigated the performance of lime-BHA (black rice husk ash) solidified plating sludge with 2 wt% NaO from Na(2)SiO(3) and Na(2)CO(3) at the level of 0, 30 and 50 wt%. The sludge was evaluated for strength development, leachability, solution chemistry and microstructure. The lime-BHA solidified plating sludge with Na(2)SiO(3) and Na(2)CO(3) had higher early strength when compared to the control. The addition of Na(2)SiO(3) and Na(2)CO(3) increased the OH(-) concentration and decreased the Ca(2+) and heavy metal ions in solution after the first minute. The XRD patterns showed that the addition of Na(2)SiO(3) resulted in the formation of calcium silicate hydrates, while the addition of Na(2)CO(3) resulted in CaCO(3). The heavy metals from the plating sludge, especially Zn, were immobilized in calcium zincate and calcium zinc silicate forms for the lime-BHA with and without Na(2)SiO(3) solidified wastes, while samples with Na(2)CO(3) contained Zn that was fixed in the form of CaZnCO(3). The cumulative leaching of Fe, Cr and Zn from the lime-BHA solidified plating sludge decreased significantly when activators were added, especially Na(2)CO(3).     

Ferron逐时络合比色法研究聚硅硫酸铁中铁的形态

通过实验制备了一种新型无机高分子絮凝剂聚硅硫酸铁（PFSS），用Ferron逐时络合比色法测定了PFSS中铁的形态，考察了熟化时间、Fe3+／SiO2摩尔比对铁的形态分布及转化规律的影响。不同Fe3+／SiO2摩尔比的PFSS中Fe（a）的量最多、占50％以上，Fe（c）在35％～50％之间，Fe（b）在0～5％之间。研究表明：铁的形态分布及其转化规律与溶液的高酸度及聚硅酸的存在有关。     

工业灰渣高温相平衡分析和数学处理

硅酸盐工业灰渣的基本化学成人是ＣａＯ、ＳｉＯ２，Ａｌ２Ｏ３等，目前主要用于生产水泥等建筑材料， 西方对工业灰渣ＣａＯ－ＳｉＯ２－Ａｌ２Ｏ３三元系高钙相平衡过程进行了分析讨论和数学处理。     

Evaluating Microbial Indicators of Environmental Condition in Oregon Rivers

Traditional bacterial indicators used in public health to assess water quality and the Biolog system were evaluated to compare their response to biological, chemical, and physical habitat indicators of stream condition both within the state of Oregon and among ecoregion aggregates (Coast Range, Willamette Valley, Cascades, and eastern Oregon). Forty-three randomly selected Oregon river sites were sampled during the summer in 1997 and 1998. The public health indicators included heterotrophic plate counts (HPC), total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC) and Escherichia coli (EC). Statewide, HPC correlated strongly with physical habitat (elevation, riparian complexity, % canopy presence, and indices of agriculture, pavement, road, pasture, and total disturbance) and chemistry (pH, dissolved O2, specific conductance, acid-neutralizing capacity, dissolved organic carbon, total N, total P, SiO2, and SO4). FC and EC were significantly correlated generally with the river chemistry indicators. TC bacteria significantly correlated with riparian complexity, road disturbance, dissolved O2, and SiO2 and FC. Analyzing the sites by ecoregion, eastern Oregon was characterized by high HPC, FC, EC, nutrient loads, and indices of human disturbance, whereas the Cascades ecoregion had correspondingly low counts of these indicators. The Coast Range and Willamette Valley presented inconsistent indicator patterns that are more difficult to characterize. Attempts to distinguish between ecoregions with the Biolog system were not successful, nor did a statistical pattern emerge between the first five principle components and the other environmental indicators. Our research suggests that some traditional public health microbial indicators may be useful in measuring the environmental condition of lotic systems.     

铁合金电炉烟尘的性质与低温固结研究

本文研究了硅铁电炉布袋除尘收集的烟尘性能，烟尘低温固结球团的性能和工艺方法。研究结果表明，硅铁电炉烟尘中ＳｉＯ２ 约占９０ － ９５ ％ ，其它组分含量较低，有利于进行回收利用。烟尘密度小、粒度细、表面活性差、成球性能差。采用添加粘结剂进行自然养护和低温固结处理，均能获得强度较好的固结球团，能够加入铁合金炉回收利用。     

我国南方某城市垃圾焚烧飞灰特性及固化/稳定化处置实验

我国南方某城市主要采用焚烧法处理生活垃圾,已建7个焚烧厂日产生飞灰量为101.62 t/d。文章分析了各个垃圾焚烧厂飞灰的化学组成和重金属浸出毒性,其主要成分为CaO、SiO2、MgO、Al2O3、Fe2O3、Na2O、SO3和Cl,所有焚烧飞灰都有至少一种重金属浸出浓度超标,属于危险废物。在飞灰处置出路亟待解决的背景下,实验探讨了飞灰稳定化工艺,结果表明10%的水泥添加量可以使飞灰中超标重金属(Cd、Pb和Zn)的浸出浓度满足危险废物鉴别浓度限值和安全填埋场入场浓度限值。同时,通过人体健康风险评价分析了飞灰豁免管理的可行性,并对近期和远期该城市焚烧厂飞灰的处理处置及管理提出建议。     

Soil solid-phase controls lead activity in soil solution

Lead pollution of the environment is synonymous with civilization. It has no known biological function, and is naturally present in soil, but its presence in food crops is deemed undesirable. The concern regarding Pb is mostly due to chronic human and animal health effects, rather then phytotoxicity. However, not much is known about the chemistry and speciation of Pb in soils. We determined the activity of Pb2+, in near neutral and alkaline soils, representative of alluvial, desertic and calcareous soils of Egypt, using the competitive chelation method. Lead activity ranged from 10(-6.73) to 10(-4.83) M, and was negatively correlated with soil and soil solution pH (R2 = -0.92, P < 0.01 and R2 = -0.89, P < 0.01, respectively). It could be predicted in soil solution from the equation: log(Pb2+) = 9.9 - 2pH. A solubility diagram for the various Pb minerals found in soil was constructed using published thermodynamic data obtained from the literature, and our measured Pb2+ activities compared with this information. The measured Pb2+ activities were undersaturated with regard to the solubility of PbSiO3 in equilibrium with SiO2 (soil). However, they were supersaturated with regard to the solubilities of the Pb carbonate minerals PbCO3 (cerussite) and Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 in equilibrium with atmospheric CO2 and hydroxide Pb(OH)2. They were also supersaturated with regard to the solubilities of the Pb phosphate minerals Pb3(PO4)2, Pb5(PO4)3OH, and Pb4O(PO4)2 in equilibrium with tricalcium phosphate and CaCO3. The activity of Pb2+ was not regulated by any mineral of known solubility in our soils, but possibly by a mixture of Pb carbonate and phosphate minerals.     

Quantitative,chemical, and mineralogical characterization of flue gas desulfurization by-products

The objective of this study was to demonstrate that simple fractionation and selective dissolution techniques can be used to provide detailed chemical and mineralogical analyses of flue gas desulfurization by-products. The material studied was a mine grout prepared as a 1:1 mixture (wt./wt.) of fly ash (FA) and filter cake (FC) with hydrated lime (50 g kg(-1)) added to improve handling. The hydrated lime was composed mostly of calcite (CaCO3), portlandite [Ca(OH)2], lime (CaO), and brucite [Mg(OH)2] (515, 321, 55, and 35 g kg(-1), respectively) and had low (<6 g kg(-1)) concentrations of most trace elements. The FC contained hannebachite (CaSO3 x 0.5H2O) (786 g kg(-1)) with smaller quantities (<10 g kg(-1)) of calcite, quartz (SiO2), brucite, and gypsum (CaSO4 x 2H2O). Except for B and Cu, trace element concentrations were comparable to those in the hydrated lime. The FA contained both magnetic (222 g kg(-1)) and nonmagnetic (778 g kg(-1)) fractions. The former was composed mostly of hematite (Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), and glass (272, 293, and 287 g kg(-1), respectively), whereas the latter was enriched in glass, quartz, and mullite (Al6Si2O13) (515, 243, and 140 g kg(-1), respectively). Etching with 1% HF showed that 60 to 100% of trace elements were concentrated in the glass, although some metals (Co, Cr, and Mn) were clearly enriched in the magnetic phase. The aged grout contained 147 g kg(-1) ettringite [Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12 x 26H2O] in addition to 314 g kg(-1) hannebachite and 537 g kg(-1) insoluble phases (mullite, quartz, hematite, magnetite, and glass).     

Effect of grinding and heating on Ni2+ uptake properties of waste paper sludge

Uptake properties of Ni2+ were examined for unmilled and milled paper sludge calcined at various temperatures to develop a new usage of waste paper sludge. Since paper sludge mainly consists of cellulose ([C6H(10)O5]n) fibers, calcite (CaCO3), kaolinite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4) and talc (Mg3Si(4)O(10)(OH)2), amorphous and crystalline CaO(MgO)-Al(2)O(3)-SiO(2) compounds are formed by calcining paper sludge. Wet and dry milling treatments were performed to accelerate solid-state reaction to form the above mentioned target compounds. The crystalline phases originally present decompose at increasing calcining temperature (up to 800 degrees C) in the order cellulose 相似文献   

太原市2010年生态足迹计算与分析

利用生态足迹的计算模型和分析方法,对山西省太原市2010年的生态足迹和生态承载力进行了研究和分析.结果表明,太原市人均生态足迹需求为6.0139hm2,人均生态承载力为0.394hm2,出现了5.619hm2的人均生态赤字,表明太原市面临的生态压力较大.在此基础上,提出了缓减太原市生态压力的若干建议.