气相色谱法测定地下水中氯化苄

建立了气相色谱法测定地下水中氯化苄的方法。选用ＧＤＸ５０２大孔树脂或Ｃ１８小预处理柱吸附浓缩地下水中氯化苄，用苯洗脱，洗脱液注入色谱仪进行分析。方法回收率为８６４９８１％，变异系数＜８％。     

H103大孔树脂吸附苯酚性能研究

通过静态吸附试验,研究了不同条件下H103大孔树脂对水中苯酚的吸附性能。结果表明,树脂对水中苯酚的吸附速率较快,60min内基本达到平衡。树脂对水中苯酚的吸附量随其初始浓度的增加而增加,并呈线性关系。Freundlich模型能很好地描述H103大孔树脂对苯酚的吸附性能。动态处理某精细化工含酚废水结果表明,在室温下,固定床流速为3BV/h时,水中苯酚去除率接近91.9%,CODcr去除率≥69.3%。采用5%NaOH再生,再生率为86.5%,实现了酚的回收。     

无火焰原子吸收法测定岩矿及煤——金聚团中Pt和Pd

采用Ｃ４１０哌啶树脂分离除去溶液中的贱金属元素,痕量贵金属Ｐｔ和Ｐｄ被定量吸附,交换最佳酸度为０．５－１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ介质,树脂的Ｐｔ、Ｐｄ用３％硫脲－０．１ｍｏｌ／ＬＨＣｌ热溶液定量脱脱。本法可用于岩矿和煤－金聚团（ＣＧＡ）焙灰中基本元素的分离,测定痕量Ｐｔ和Ｐｄ。     

大孔树脂去除水中微囊藻毒素初步试验

通过对几种大孔树脂的去除水中微囊藻毒素MC效果的比较，发现BS树脂对MC-RR和MC-LR的去除效果都很好，优于其他型号的树脂，静态吸附实验的结果显示，适当减小溶液的pH有利于树脂吸附MC，在pH：5，BS树脂对MC-RR和MC-LR均有比较好的去除效果。     

离子交换树脂光度法测定微量铁的研究

研究了以阳离子交换树脂为显色载体，利用直接吸附在树脂上有色络合物－Fe(II)邻二氮菲的吸光度，借以检测水和火腿肠中铁的新方法，本法具有比原子吸收法更高的灵敏度，稳定性和选择性，并对成络及树脂吸附条件作了较详细研究。     

静态离子交换原子吸收法测定环境水样中的铬(Ⅵ)和总铬

本文提出了用苯乙烯强碱型阴离子交换树脂对环境水样中Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）交换吸附后，与基体分离，用ＮａＨＳＯ３进行还原洗脱，火焰原子吸收法测定洗脱液中Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）的方法，同时研究了在强氧化剂过硫酸铵存在下，用上法测定环境水样中总铬的条件。结果表明，该法简单快速，能达到一次分离阴、阳离子干扰和富集微量的铬，灵敏度为０．０３６μｇ／ｍｌ１％吸收，相对标准偏差２．８％，回收率９８～１０３％。     

PAN-S树脂富集钴的分光光度法测定研究

研究了PAN—S浸渍树脂对Co^2＋的吸附性能。Co^2＋吸附pH值范围为4．7—9．2,最佳pH值为5．4;达到最大吸附容量需25min,树脂对Co^2＋平衡吸附容量是98mg／g干树脂,达到最大吸附容量平衡时用0．1mol／L的HNO,洗脱,洗脱率达98％。该方法建立了PAN—S-树脂富集一分离钴离子的分光光度测定方法,结果令人满意。     

硝酸镧改性聚丙烯酸对水中氟离子的吸附试验探讨

以丙烯酸为原料,乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂制得聚丙烯酸树脂(PAA),用于制备表面粗糙、介孔丰富的镧(Ⅲ)改性聚丙烯酸复合树脂(La-PAA)。试验表明,当500 mg/L氟离子溶液pH值为5、吸附时间为300 min时,La-PAA对氟离子的去除率在90%以上。Langmuir方程能较好地拟合氟离子在La-PAA上的吸附等温线,最大吸附量为159.24 mg/g,吸附动力学过程符合准二级动力学方程。     

废水中微量Cr^6＋测定中的试样前处理

采用离子交换树脂预处理工业废水方法测定微量Ｃｒ＾６＋，排除了Ｃｒ＾３＋、Ｆｅ＾３＋、Ｈｇ＾２＋等阳离子干扰，减除水中浊度、色度、免去冗长预处理手续，使原方法简便易行，回收率达９０％以上。     

吸附法在含烃CO2废气回收中的应用

介绍了吸附分离ＣＯ２废气中的轻烃的工业化装置设计，讨论了工艺流程、设备选型和技术经济问题。     

Effects of anticholinesterase drugs on biomarkers and behavior of pumpkinseed, Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758)

The presence of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment has recently received great attention, as potential adverse effects may arise from their presence. Inhibition of cholinesterases (ChE) has been widely used as an environmental biomarker of exposure to organophosphates (OP) and carbamate (CB) pesticides. However, other widespread anthropogenic contaminants - including pharmaceutical drugs - can exert toxic effects through ChE inhibition. Studies with aquatic species have shown that inhibition of ChE is associated with behavioral changes. Bearing this in mind, this work aimed to study the effects on individual behavior and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of selected tissues of Lepomis gibbosus, after exposure to the anticholinesterasic drugs neostigmine and pyridostigmine. Results revealed that neostigmine significantly decreased the activity of AChE in the head (LOEC = 100 mg L(-1)), but not in dorsal muscle. On the other hand, pyridostigmine significantly decreased the activity of AChE in both the head (LOEC = 0.001 mg L(-1)) and dorsal muscle homogenates (LOEC = 100 mg L(-1)). The impairment of this enzymatic form was attained at ecologically relevant concentrations (in the case of pyridostigmine, for head AChE), which is an interesting finding, specially considering that these toxic effects occurred for a pharmaceutical compound. Contrarily, there were no significant differences in the behavior of L. gibbosus in any parameter, for neither drug. These results suggest that the behavioral parameters analyzed (scototaxis and lethargy) in L. gibbosus could not be regarded as suitable markers to assess the effects of drugs such as neostigmine and pyridostigmine. In contrast, the pattern of response elicited by cholinesterasic inhibition showed the usefulness of this toxicological parameter for the assessment of pharmaceuticals in the environment, namely anticholinesterasics.     

The Use of Mytilus Galloprovincialis Acetylcholinesterase and Glutathione S-Transferases Activities as Biomarkers of Environmental Contamination Along the Northwest Portuguese Coast

With the aim of using Mytilus galloprovincialis acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione S-transferases (GST) activities as biomarkers of environmental contamination in risk assessment studies along the northwest Portuguese coast, the objective of this study was to provide background information related to: (1) baseline values of these enzymatic activities both in reference and contaminated areas and their responsiveness as indicators of exposure to environmental contaminants; (2) the importance of seasonal variations of such biomarkers in M. galloprovincialis along this area. For this, the activity of these enzymes was seasonally determined in mussels collected from four sites, including a reference and three stations with different contamination sources along the referred area. Statistically significant differences on both enzymatic activities were found among the four sampling stations, at the four sampling periods. In comparison to the reference station, lower AChE and higher GST activity values were found in mussels collected in stations potentially contaminated by pesticides and domestic/industrial effluents and in mussels collected in the vicinity of an oil refinery and an industrial/mercantile harbour, respectively. The results obtained in this work highlighted the potential suitability of these biomarkers to be used as components of environmental monitoring programs in risk assessment studies along the northwest Portuguese coast. Since a seasonal variation in both enzymatic activities was found, the possible implications of such variability in the use of these enzymes as environmental biomarkers are also discussed.     

A review on applicability of naturally available adsorbents for the removal of hazardous dyes from aqueous waste

The effluent water of many industries, such as textiles, leather, paper, printing, cosmetics, etc., contains large amount of hazardous dyes. There is huge number of treatment processes as well as adsorbent which are available for the processing of this effluent water-containing dye content. The applicability of naturally available low cast and eco-friendly adsorbents, for the removal of hazardous dyes from aqueous waste by adsorption treatment, has been reviewed. In this review paper, we have provided a compiled list of low-cost, easily available, safe to handle, and easy-to-dispose-off adsorbents. These adsorbents have been classified into five different categories on the basis of their state of availability: (1) waste materials from agriculture and industry, (2) fruit waste, (3) plant waste, (4) natural inorganic materials, and (5) bioadsorbents. Some of the treated adsorbents have shown good adsorption capacities for methylene blue, congo red, crystal violet, rhodamine B, basic red, etc., but this adsorption process is highly pH dependent, and the pH of the medium plays an important role in the treatment process. Thus, in this review paper, we have made some efforts to discuss the role of pH in the treatment of wastewater.     

Feasibility of On-line Measurement of Sewage Components Using the UV Absorbance and the Neural Network

The objective of this study was to test the feasibility of a new method to improve the accuracy in the estimation of sewage components. Adding to the regression of sewage components with UV (ultraviolet) absorbance values, a proposed method considered an unclear but existing relationship among characteristic of sewage production. Sewage production showed very defined profiles due to the daily human activities. So the main idea was the combination of measuring the UV absorbance values and analyzing the characteristics of the sewage production. For this purpose, 446 sewage samples taken at every 2-h interval for 51 days at a wastewater treatment plant were statistically analyzed using neural network (NN). NN was trained with 350 data sets (about 29 days) of UV absorbance values, flow rate and time. And as a result, it could predict 96 data (12 days) as a validation, indicating that estimation accuracies were improved to higher level than those of the linear regressions. The proposed method could estimate concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphate (TP) within practical accuracies as well as total suspended solid.     

The effect of changes to the method of estimating the pollen count from aerobiological samples

Pollen data have been recorded at Novi Sad in Serbia since 2000. The adopted method of producing pollen counts has been the use of five longitudinal transects that examine 19.64% of total sample surface. However, counting five transects is time consuming and so the main objective of this study is to investigate whether reducing the number to three or even two transects would have a significant effect on daily average and bi-hourly pollen concentrations, as well as the main characteristics of the pollen season and long-term trends. This study has shown that there is a loss of accuracy in daily average and bi-hourly pollen concentrations (an increase in % ERROR) as the sub-sampling area is reduced from five to three or two longitudinal transects. However, this loss of accuracy does not impact on the main characteristics of the season or long-term trends. As a result, this study can be used to justify changing the sub-sampling method used at Novi Sad from five to three longitudinal transects. The use of two longitudinal transects has been ruled out because, although quicker, the counts produced: (a) had the greatest amount of % ERROR, (b) altered the amount of influence of the independent variable on the dependent variable (the slope in regression analysis) and (c) the total sampled surface (7.86%) was less than the minimum requirement recommended by the European Aerobiology Society working group on Quality Control (at least 10% of total slide area).     

Implementation of Neural Networks for Classification of Moss and Lichen Samples on the Basis of Gamma-Ray Spectrometric Analysis

Mosses and lichens have an important role in biomonitoring. The objective of this study is to develop a neural network model to classify these plants according to geographical origin. A three-layer feed-forward neural network was used. The activities of radionuclides ((226)Ra, (238)U, (235)U, (40)K, (232)Th, (134)Cs, (137)Cs and (7)Be) detected in plant samples by gamma-ray spectrometry were used as inputs for neural network. Five different training algorithms with different number of samples in training sets were tested and compared, in order to find the one with the minimum root mean square error. The best predictive power for the classification of plants from 12 regions was achieved using a network with 5 hidden layer nodes and 3,000 training epochs, using the online back-propagation randomized training algorithm. Implementation of this model to experimental data resulted in satisfactory classification of moss and lichen samples in terms of their geographical origin. The average classification rate obtained in this study was (90.7 +/- 4.8)%.     

A new mussel certified reference material (CRM 477) for the quality control of butyltin determination in the marine environment

The analytical techniques used for the determination of butyltin compounds in biological tissues are generally based on a succession of steps (e.g., extraction, derivatization, separation, detection) which are all prone to systematic errors. An interlaboratory programme performed at the EU level and based on a stepwise approach has enabled one to identify and remove most of these errors and to improve considerably the state of the art so that certification of a mussel reference material has been made possible. This paper describes the preparation of this mussel reference material containing monobutyltin (MBT), dibutyltin (DBT) and tributyltin (TBT), the homogeneity and stability studies and the analytical work performed for the certification of the contents of MBT [Sn(C4H9)3+], DBT [Sn(C4H9)2(2+)] and TBT [Sn(C4H9)3+]. The results obtained by a group of expert EU laboratories are discussed along with the methods used to certify the mass fractions (based on dry mass) of monobutyltin (1.50 +/- 0.28 mg kg-1 as MBT cations), dibutyltin (1.54 +/- 0.12 mg kg-1 as DBT cations) and tributyltin (2.20 +/- 0.19 mg kg-1 as TBT cations). The paper also describes an attempt to certify the content of triphenyltin in this material which, although reasonable agreement was found among the participants' results, failed owing to the instability of this compound. This new material will be of great support to ensure the quality control of butyltin determination in shellfish, as carried out in environmental monitoring programmes.     

CDOM fluorescence as a proxy of DOC concentration in natural waters: a comparison of four contrasting tropical systems

Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) fluorescence or absorption is often proposed as a rapid alternative to chemical methods for the estimation of bulk dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration in natural waters. However, the robustness of this method across a wide range of systems remains to be shown. We measured CDOM fluorescence and DOC concentration in four tropical freshwater and coastal environments (estuary and coastal, tropical shallow lakes, water from the freshwater lens of two small islands, and soil leachates). We found that although this method can provide an estimation of DOC concentration in sites with low variability in DOC and CDOM sources in systems where the variability of DOC and CDOM sources are high, this method should not be used as it will lead to errors in the estimation of the bulk DOC concentration.     

Characterization and pollution potential assessment of Tunceli, Turkey municipal solid waste open dumping site leachates

Environmental monitoring of leachate quality from an open municipal solid waste dumping site in Tunceli, Turkey was studied in this research. The most commonly examined pollution parameters were determined on a seasonal basis. The annual average 5-day biological oxygen demand (BOD₅) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) values of station points were measured as 70 and 425 mg/L, respectively, and also the average BOD₅/COD ratio (a measure of biodegradability) was calculated as 0.20. The low ratio of biodegradability and slightly alkaline pH values in the leachate samples indicated that the site was characterized by methanogenic conditions. The mean ammonium-nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺-N) and corresponding phosphate (orthophosphate) values were assayed as 70 and 11 mg/L, respectively. The average solids content in the leachates was measured as 4,681 mg/L (total solids) and 144 mg/L (suspended solids). Very low concentrations of iron, manganese, copper, and zinc in the leachate samples were found and the concentration of cadmium was measured below detection limits. Excessive amount of nutrients and high organic and inorganic pollutant content in the leachates pose serious pollution potential to the environment. Since no drainage system or bio treatment exists in this open dumping site, high permeability of natural soil at the site and in the surrounding area and very fractured and crackled rocks under natural soil are indicators of high groundwater pollution potential in this site.     

利用激光雷达太阳光度计等多种遥感手段立体监测一次沙尘事件夏俊荣

利用位于北京以及河北香河的两台地基Mie散射激光雷达、星载激光雷达、太阳光度计以及颗粒物监测仪等一系列仪器对发生在2008年5月底的一次沙尘事件进行立体监测并分析.结果表明,这起较严重的沙尘是由蒙古国输送而来,影响范围很广,持续时间较长,有三次明显的峰值,对应三次沙尘的来袭;沙尘的每次来袭都对应有先升温后降温的现象,并伴随有相对湿度的急剧下降;沙尘入侵前北京香河两地以细粒子为主,入侵后代之以粗粒子为主.