水和废水中酞酸酯类化合物气相色谱分析方法研究

本文采用定容萃取气相色谱法测定水和废水中酞酸酯类化合物，对不同的色谱柱、检测器、萃取溶剂、盐浓度和干扰等因素进行比较。本方法简便、准确，本方法检出限为１０～６０ｍｇ／Ｌ，相对标准偏差小于５６％，线性范围：ＧＣＥＣＤ为１０１０００μｇ／Ｌ，ＧＣＦＩＤ为１０μｇ／Ｌ１０ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

海河下游水体中DO与NH_3-N、COD_(Mn)相关关系探讨

本文应用近年来海河下游监测数据对ＤＯ与ＮＨ３Ｎ和ＣＯＤＭｎ进行一元线性回归，得到两回归方程：ＮＨ３Ｎ＝－１２８ＤＯ＋１０５４；ＣＯＤＭｎ＝－１１３ＤＯ＋１６９２。并经相关系数和回归系数显著性检验，表明在９９９％的置信水平下ＤＯ与ＮＨ３Ｎ和ＣＯＤＭｎ线性相关均极其显著     

空气—乙炔原子吸收分光光度法测定大气污染源中的镉含量

本文研究了硝酸高氯酸体系消解火焰原子吸收法测定烟尘颗粒物中镉的方法。方法的检测限为３×１０－６ｍｇ／ｍ３（采样体积１０ｍ３）。实际样品测定的相对偏差小于１０％，加标回收率大于８８％     

meso-四(3-氯-4-甲氧基苯基)卟啉二阶导数分光光度法测定废水中痕量汞(Ⅱ)

本文基于Ｈｇ（Ⅱ）ｍｅｓｏ四（３氯４甲氧基苯基）卟啉（Ｔ（３Ｃｌ４ＭＯＰ）Ｐ）Ｔｗｅｎ８０显色体系,提出一种高灵敏度二阶导数分光光度法测定工业废水中的痕量汞（Ⅱ）,研究了汞配合物的形成条件。在ｐＨ７２～７９的中性介质中和Ｔｗｅｅｎ８０的存在下,沸水浴加热６ｍｉｎ,反应进行完全。汞（Ⅱ）量在１８～１０４μｇ／Ｌ范围内符合比尔定律,二阶导数分光光度法测定汞（Ⅱ）的表观摩尔吸光系数ε４５２６,４６１６＝９８８×１０６Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１ｃｍ－１,检出限为１８ｎｇ／ｍｌ。方法用于工业废水中痕量Ｈｇ（Ⅱ）的测定,结果满意。     

锌、铝的激光-时间分辨荧光测定

本文报道了以７碘８羟基喹啉５磺酸作荧光增强剂的Ｚｎ、Ａｌ激光时间分辨荧光测定方法。方法检出限分别为２５μｇ／Ｌ和１０μｇ／Ｌ。用牛肝粉标准品（ＮＢＳ１５７７ａ）进行了验证     

硫酸-甲醛分光光度法测定废水中的联苯胺

本文拟定一种新的分光光度法分析废水中的联苯胺。水中的联苯胺经有机溶剂萃取后，与硫酸甲醛溶液反应，生成浅褐色溶液，直接进行分光光度测定。检测下限０２μｇ／ｍｌ，联苯胺浓度在０２～２μｇ／ｍｌ时显线性；回收率为９５６％。     

应用全差示光度法测定水和废水中的微量氰化物

在ｐＨ８０时,ＣＮ－与３甲基１苯基５吡唑啉酮、吡啶及氯胺Ｔ反应形成稳定的蓝色产物,最大吸收波长为６１７ｎｍ,表观摩尔吸收系数为１２×１０５Ｌ／ｍｏｌ·ｃｍ。实验了采用全差示光度法测定微量氰化物的条件。通过蒸馏富集,建立了改进的吡唑啉酮法测定氰化物的分析方法,并对实际样品进行了测定。本方法的检出限为０００１ｍｇＣＮ－／Ｌ,检测范围为０００１～０２５ｍｇＣＮ－／Ｌ,可应用于水和废水中微量氰化物的测定。     

使用常规HPLC系统,应用U.S.EPA方法300.0进行离子色谱法检测无机阴离子

使用常规ＨＰＬＣ系统，应用ＵＳＥＰＡ方法３０００进行离子色谱法检测无机阴离子①ＬａｋｓｈｍｙＭ．ＮａｉｒａｎｄＲａａｉｄａｈＳａａｒｉＮｏｒｄｈａｕｓＵＳＥＰＡ公布了几个法规性方法，为污染物的分析提供了权威性的检测程序，其中之一是ＵＳ?..     

二溴羟基苯基荧光酮-OP胶束荧光熄灭法测定地面水中的微量铁(Ⅲ)

本文基于Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）二溴羟基苯基荧光酮（ＤＢＨ—ＰＦ）ＯＰ体系的荧光熄灭效应,提出一种测定微量铁（Ⅲ）的新荧光方法,在ｐＨ３８４８的缓冲介质范围内和ＯＰ存在下,Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）与ＤＢＨＰＦ形成１∶３的络合物,络合物的最大激发波长和发射波长分别是３６５ｎｍ和５６０ｎｍ。铁（Ⅲ）量在０１６～１８０μｇ／Ｌ范围内与△Ｆ成线性关系,检测限为０１６μｇ／Ｌ,方法用于地面水中微量铁的测定,结果满意。     

用八种淡水鱼类监测四种污染物的急性毒性

本文采用鲢鱼、鲫鱼、鲤鱼、金鱼、鳊鱼、草鱼、鳙鱼和罗非鱼等八种淡水鱼类为试验生物，研究了丙烯腈、乙腈、硫氰酸钠和二甲基甲酰胺等四种污染物对这八种鱼类的急性毒性效应和不同鱼类的敏感性。试验结果表明，丙烯腈、乙腈、硫氰酸钠和二甲基甲酰胺对八种鱼的９６ｈＬＣ５０值分别为５６１９６４ｍｇ／Ｌ，３４５４６３４６ｍｇ／Ｌ，１０４０６７８２ｍｇ／Ｌ，６５５１１６１９４ｍｇ／Ｌ，八种鱼类对这些污染物的敏感性基本接近，常用的生物监测试验用鱼（链鱼和鲤鱼）可以较好地代表我国主要的淡水鱼类     

Assessment of ground water quality for drinking purpose, District Nainital, Uttarakhand, India

The ground water quality of District Nainital (Uttarakhand, India) has been assessed to see the suitability of ground water for drinking and irrigation applications. This is a two-part series paper and this paper examines the suitability of ground water including spring water for drinking purposes. Forty ground water samples (including 28 spring samples) were collected during pre- and post-monsoon seasons and analyzed for various water quality constituents. The hydrochemical and bacteriological data was analyzed with reference to BIS and WHO standards and their hydrochemical facies were determined. The concentration of total dissolved solids exceeds the desirable limit of 500 mg/L in about 10% of the samples, alkalinity values exceed the desirable limit of 200 mg/L in about 30% of the samples, and total hardness values exceed the desirable limit of 300 mg/L in 15% of the samples. However, no sample crosses the maximum permissible limit for TDS, alkalinity, hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate, nitrate, and fluoride. The concentration of chloride, sulfate, nitrate, and fluoride are well within the desirable limit at all the locations. The bacteriological analysis of the samples does not show any sign of bacterial contamination in hand pump and tube-well water samples. However, in the case of spring water samples, six samples exceed the permissible limit of ten coliforms per 100 ml of sample. It is recommended that water drawn from such sources should be properly disinfected before being used for drinking and other domestic applications. Among the metal ions, the concentration of iron and lead exceeds the permissible limit at one location whereas the concentration of nickel exceeds the permissible limit in 60 and 32.5% of the samples during pre- and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. The grouping of samples according to their hydrochemical facies indicates that majority of the samples fall in Ca–Mg–HCO₃ hydrochemical facies.     

长江口南通地区农村集中式饮用水源水质状况调查

对南通市24座乡镇地表水厂以及199座乡镇地下水厂的水源水质状况进行了调查.结果表明,地表水水源地中有14座水厂达标,其取水量占地表水取水总量62.8%.水体中主要污染物是NH3-N、石油类、Imn.全市乡镇地下水厂饮用水源水质达标水厂为56座,其取水量占地下水取水总量的26.2%.全市地下水中主要污染物为NH3-N、...     

Turbidimetric determination of chloride in different types of water using a single sequential injection analysis system

A sequential injection analysis system for the turbidimetric determination of chloride in different types of water is proposed. The determination is based on the reaction of chloride with silver ions and the subsequent measurement of the turbidity caused by silver chloride precipitation. In this method, the use of toxic reagents, such as mercury thiocyanate, commonly employed in most spectrophotometric techniques for chloride determination, is avoided. The main feature of the developed system is the use of a single configuration to carry out the determination over a wide concentration range (2-400 mg L(-1)) by changing only the aspirated sample volume. This characteristic allows the determination of chloride in ground, surface and wastewaters using the same manifold. In addition, a considerable saving of precipitating reagent is achieved due to non-continuous consumption. The results obtained with the developed system were statistically indistinguishable from those of the potentiometric titration reference method. Relative standard deviations for ten consecutive injections were lower than 3.7%, with a sampling frequency of between 55 and 57 determinations per hour.     

Hydro-chemical Survey of Groundwater of Hisar City and Assessment of Defluoridation Methods Used in India

Ground water quality of Hisar city was assessed for its suitability for drinking purposes. Samples collected from the Bore-wells (forms a part of municipal water supply) and handpumps (direct consumption) were analyzed for the various physico-chemical parameters including pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved salts, total hardness, total alkalinity, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride and sulfate. The concentrations of magnesium, sodium, potassium, sulfate and especially of chloride were found moderately higher than the WHO standards for the drinking water. Further a comparison of fluoride (F⁻) levels in groundwater of various cities and towns of Haryana state was performed. The relatively higher concentrations of F⁻ in groundwater of Haryana raise the risk of fluorosis and hence groundwater must be used with proper treatment. Promising defluoridation methods using locally available materials and technologies are discussed for the prevention and control of fluorosis. Data were assessed statistically to find the suitable markers of ground water quality as an aid to monitoring groundwater quality.     

Agricultural Chemicals in the Alluvial Aquifer of a Typical County of the Arkansas Delta

Statistical methods and a Geographic Information System (GIS) were used to investigate potential indicators of ground water vulnerability to agricultural chemical contamination in a representative area of the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer. A total of 47 wells were sampled for analysis of nitrate, phosphorus, potassium, and 13 pesticides commonly-used in the area. Ten soil and hydrogeologic variables and five ground water vulnerability indices were examined to explain the variations of chemical concentrations. The results showed that no individual soil or hydrogeologic variables or their linear combinations could explain more than 25% of the variation of the chemical concentrations. A quadratic response surface model with the values of confining unit thickness, slope, soil permeability, depth to ground water, and recharge rate accounted for 62% of the variation of nitrate, 43% of P, and 83% of K, suggesting that the interactions among soil and hydrogeologic variables were significant. Observed trends of decreasing nitrate and P concentrations with increasing well depth and/or depth to ground water seemed to correlate with carbonate equilibrium in the aquifer and more reduced environment with depth. In view of uncertainties involved, it was recognized that the limitations associated with input data resolution used in GIS and the formulation of leaching indices limited their use for predicting ground water vulnerability. Misuse of pesticides could be another factor that would complicate the relationships between pesticide concentrations and the vulnerability indices.     

Evaluation of the presence-absence (P-A) test: A simplified bacteriological test for detecting coliforms in rural drinking water of India

One thousand three-hundred and ninety-four drinking water sources comprising ground water, surface water and piped supplies were tested in order to compare the presence-absence (P-A) test with standard MPN method to detect coliforms as indicators of water quality. Out of 1394 samples, 1074 (77.04%) and 1030 (74.88%) were positive by the MPN and P-A test, respectively. The P-A test detected 96% of the positives detected by the MPN test. The P-A test may be effectively used as a rapid screening method to detect coliform contamination in less polluted sources such as ground water and piped supplies.     

A hydrochemical profile for assessing the groundwater quality of Jaipur City

A study was conducted to evaluate the water quality of Jaipur City. Groundwater samples from hand pumps and tube wells of eleven sampling stations were analyzed during monsoon session with the help of standard methods of APHA. The analytical results shows higher concentration of total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, total hardness and nitrate, which indicate signs of deterioration but values of pH, calcium, magnesium, sulphate and fluoride are within permissible limit as per WHO standards. From the Hill-Piper trilinear diagram, it is observed that the majority of ground water from sampling stations are calcium-magnesium-chloride-sulphate type water. The values of sodium absorption ratio and electrical conductivity of the ground water were plotted in the US salinity laboratory diagram for irrigation water. Most of the samples fall in C3S1 quality with high salinity hazard and low sodium hazard. Chemical analysis of groundwater shows that mean concentration of cation (in meq/l) is in order magnesium > sodium > calcium > potassium while for the anion (in meq/l) it is chloride > bicarbonate > sulphate > nitrate > carbonate > fluoride.     

Fluorine distribution in aquatic environment and its health effect in the Western Region of the Songnen Plain, Northeast China

Endemic fluorosis was investigated and studied in the west region of the Songnen plain, Northeast China in 2001–2002. The results showed that the fluorine distribution in aquatic environment was that the fluorine concentrations in the lake water and unconfined ground water were higher than that in the river water and confined ground water. The lake water (Alkali lake) is connected with unconfined ground water. In unconfined ground water, from the east and southeast areas to the west and the northwest areas of the plain, fluorine concentration fluctuated with high and low alternatively. The fluorine in the water comes from the weathering of rocks and minerals in the mountains and hills around the Songnen Plain. The main influence factors of the fluorine distribution in aquatic environment are discussed. Unconfined ground water containing high fluorine is used as drinking water. In this region, the fluorine concentration in drinking water is evidently correlated to the morbidity of dental and skeletal fluorosis. High fluorine concentration in drinking water has endangered human health.     

常州市老城区水体有机污染分布特征及原因初探

为了老城区河道的合理整治,采用总有机碳（TOC）分析仪对常州市老城区3条河流及区域内浅层地下水的14个采样点水样进行3个月的总有机碳含量检测。老城区水环境受到不同程度的有机污染,某些地下水的TOC含量高于地表水,原因为地表水补给地下水,且老城区水体污染源主要来源于周边地区的生活污水,并受到关河、雨水等的影响,这为常州市老城区水污染治理提供了依据。     

Ground water discharge and the related nutrient and trace metal fluxes into Quincy bay,Massachusetts

Measurement of the rate and direction of ground water flow beneath Wollaston Beach, Quincy, Massachusetts by use of a heat-pulsing flowmeter shows a mean velocity in the bulk sediment of 40 cm d^–1. The estimated total discharge of ground water into Quincy Bay during October 1990 was 1324–2177 m³ d^–1, a relatively low ground water discharge rate. The tides have only a moderate effect on the rate and direction of this flow. Other important controls on the rate and volume of ground water flow are the limited thickness, geographic extent, and permeability of the aquifer. Comparisons of published streamflow data and estimates of ground water discharge indicate that ground water makes up between 7.4–12.1% of the gaged freshwater input into Quincy Bay. The data from this study suggest the ground water discharge is a less important recharge component to Quincy Bay than predicted by National Urban Runoff Program (NURP) models.The high nitrate and low nitrite and ammonia concentrations in the ground water at the backshore well sites and low nitrate and high nitrite and ammonia concentrations in the water flowing from the foreshore suggests that denitrification is active in the sediments. The low ground water flow rates and low nitrate concentrations in the foreshore samples suggest that little or no nitrate is surviving the denitrification process to affect the planktonic community. Similarly, oxidizing conditions in the aquifer and low trace metal concentrations in the ground water samples suggest that the metals may be precipitating and binding to sedimentary phases before impacting the bay.