聚苯乙烯微塑料和纳米塑料对萼花臂尾轮虫有性生殖的毒性影响

为探索不同粒径聚苯乙烯微塑料和纳米塑料对轮虫繁殖的影响规律,以萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)为受试生物,探究了3种粒径(100 nm、0.5 μm和1 μm)聚苯乙烯塑料对轮虫有性生殖的影响. 结果表明:①暴露于粒径较小的聚苯乙烯纳米塑料对轮虫的急性毒性较大. ②与对照组相比,暴露于20 mg/L的100 nm聚苯乙烯纳米塑料和0.01、0.1、1、10和20 mg/L的1 μm聚苯乙烯微塑料均导致轮虫种群增长率显著降低(P<0.05). ③聚苯乙烯微塑料和纳米塑料暴露对萼花臂尾轮虫混交率和受精率均有显著影响. ④暴露于10和20 mg/L的100 nm聚苯乙烯纳米塑料均显著抑制萼花臂尾轮虫7 d休眠卵产量(P<0.05),而暴露于0.1 mg/L的1 μm聚苯乙烯微塑料以及0.01、0.1、1、10和20 mg/L的0.5 μm聚苯乙烯微塑料均显著增加轮虫7 d休眠卵产量(P<0.05). 研究显示,在评价聚苯乙烯微塑料和纳米塑料对萼花臂尾轮虫有性生殖影响时,轮虫混交率和休眠卵产量可以作为合适的毒性测试指标.      

微囊藻毒素对褶皱臂尾轮虫的毒性效应和种群增长影响

 研究了微囊藻毒素(MC-LR)对咸淡水褶皱臂尾轮虫的急性毒性效应.采用克隆培养法,通过编制生命表计算内禀增长率(rm)、周限增长率(l)、净生殖率(R₀)和世代时间(T),研究MC-LR的浓度在1～20mg/mL之间对轮虫种群增长参数的影响.结果表明,MC-LR的24h LC₅₀为124.87mg/mL;各实验组轮虫的存活率和繁殖率及种群增长参数均低于对照组,其中以R₀的改变最明显,对照组是实验组的2.4～3.8倍;实验组轮虫的雄体发生率是对照组的2倍以上.研究还显示了轮虫对MC-LR有较强的耐受能力;MC-LR能降低轮虫的生命周期、繁殖和种群增长率;MC-LR能诱导轮虫雄性个体的发生.     

环境激素氯氰菊酯对萼花臂尾轮虫繁殖的影响

以2 d种群增长率为指标研究了环境抗雄激素氯氰菊酯对萼花臂尾轮虫的急性毒性;以3 d种群动态参数(种群增长率、混交率、混交雌体受精率和携卵雌体/非携卵雌体)、7 d休眠卵产量和休眠卵孵化率为指标研究了低剂量氯氰菊酯(0.001～0.316 mg.L-1)对萼花臂尾轮虫繁殖的影响;以2 d种群参数分析了在氯氰菊酯中形成休眠卵孵化后的生长性能;以3 d种群参数为指标分析了母体暴露氯氰菊酯,对其后代繁殖的影响.结果表明氯氰菊酯浓度对数与种群增长率呈直线负相关.氯氰菊酯半数效应浓度(EC50)、最低可观察效应浓度(LOEC)和无可观察效应浓度(NOEC)分别为14.22、10和3.16mg.L-1;0.0316 mg.L-1氯氰菊酯组7 d休眠卵产量较对照组下降了41.23%,休眠卵孵化率亦较对照组显著下降;氯氰菊酯试验组中形成的休眠卵孵化后的种群增长率和混交率显著下降;萼花臂尾轮虫母体暴露0.316 mg.L-1氯氰菊酯其后代种群增长率比对照下降了15.96%.试验表明,萼花臂尾轮虫2 d种群增长率对氯氰菊酯较不敏感;低剂量氯氰菊酯可降低休眠卵产量、休眠卵孵化率及孵化后种群增长率,从而减少萼花臂尾轮虫后代早期对种群增长的贡献.     

2种海水轮虫对UV-B辐射敏感性的比较

运用生态毒理学方法研究了褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)和壶状臂尾轮虫(B.urceolaris)对UV-B辐射的敏感性。结果表明:UV-B辐射对轮虫有较大的伤害作用,且当辐射强度达一定阈值会对其产生急性致死作用。UV-B辐射对褶皱臂尾轮虫24、48和96 h的半致死剂量分别为4.393、2.694和1.720 kJ/m2,对壶状臂尾轮虫24、48和96 h的半致死剂量分别为5.856、4.516和1.730 kJ/m2;而UV-B辐射对2种轮虫的急性致死强度阈值均为(50±10)μW/cm2。由此可以看出,在实验所用的UV-B辐射强度剂量范围内,褶皱臂尾轮虫在UV-B辐射处理后的24和48 h对UV-B辐射的敏感性要大于壶状臂尾轮虫,而在处理后的96 h,2种轮虫对UV-B辐射的敏感性则无显著差别。     

太湖不同湖区轮虫群落结构季节变化的比较研究

2006年7月～2007年6月对太湖不同湖区(河口区、梅梁湾、太湖湖心区和贡湖湾)轮虫的季节变化进行了比较研究.整个研究期间,河口区、梅梁湾、太湖湖心区和贡湖湾轮虫种类数分别为23、15、14和21;河口区轮虫的年平均密度最高,为475个·L-1,梅梁湾最低,为164个·L-1,太湖湖心区为189个·L1-,贡湖湾为338个·L-1.4个湖区优势种不同,河口区轮虫优势种为萼花臂尾轮虫(B.cdyciflorus),梅梁湾为角突臂尾轮虫(B.angularis),太湖湖心区和贡湖湾优势种都是针簇多肢轮虫(P.trigla).食物的不同以及大型浮游甲壳动物的抑制作用,可能是太湖4个湖区轮虫群落结构不同的重要原因.相关分析表明,轮虫数量与枝角类数量、枝角类生物量和桡足类生物量极显著负相关;轮虫数量与透明度显著正相关.结果表明,太湖4个不同湖区轮虫群落结构不同.     

壶状臂尾轮虫摄食生态的实验研究

研究了壶状臂尾轮虫(Brachionus urceus)在不同的温度、盐度、饵料种类、pH和光照条件下滤水率(F)和摄食率(G)的变化情况.结果表明:(1)温度对壶状臂尾轮虫的摄食有显著影响(P<0.05).壶状臂尾轮虫摄食的适宜温度范围为25～30℃,最适摄食温度为25℃;(2)盐度对壶状臂尾轮虫的摄食也有显著影响(P<0.05).壶状臂尾轮虫适宜的摄食盐度范围为20～30,最适摄食盐度为20;(3)壶状臂尾轮虫对5种不同藻类食物F的顺序为:小新月菱形藻(Nitzschia clostertum)>>小球藻(Chlorella sp.)>牟氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros muelleri Lermumerman)>金藻8701(Isochrysis galbana Park 8701)>扁藻(Tetraselmis chuii);G的顺序为:小球藻>小新月菱形藻>金藻8701>牟氏角毛藻>扁藻;(4)壶状臂尾轮虫适宜的摄食pH范围为6.0～8.0,最适摄食pH为7.0; (5)在条件允许的情况下,黑暗有利于壶状臂尾轮虫的摄食.     

抗生素利福平对萼花臂尾轮虫生命表参数的影响

以萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)为受试动物,研究了在不同斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)密度(1.0×10⁶,2.0×10⁶,4.0×10⁶个/mL)下,不同浓度(2.0,4.0,6.0,8.0,10.0μg/mL)的利福平溶液对萼花臂尾轮虫实验种群增长参数的影响.结果表明,与空白对照组及助溶剂对照组相比,1.0×10⁶个/mL藻密度下,各浓度的利福平显著提高了轮虫的后代混交率;2.0×10⁶个/mL藻密度下,2.0,4.0,10.0μg/mL的利福平显著提高了轮虫的內禀增长率,各浓度的利福平均提高了轮虫的后代混交率;4.0×10⁶个/mL藻密度下,各浓度的利福平均显著提高了轮虫的內禀增长率和后代混交率.藻密度为1.0×10⁶个/mL时,利福平浓度与轮虫的生命期望、世代时间、平均寿命和后代混交率间具有显著的剂量-效应关系;藻密度为2.0×10⁶个/mL时,利福平浓度与轮虫的后代混交率间具有显著的剂量-效应关系;藻密度为4.0×10⁶个/mL时,利福平浓度与轮虫的世代时间、净生殖率、內禀增长率和后代混交率间有显著的剂量-效应关系.     

长江口的轮虫分布及其在环境监测中的意义...

1990年3月,在长江口布设24个轮虫采水取样站。记录13种,优势种是萼花臂尾轮虫Brachinus calyoifloru和矩形龟甲轮虫keratella quadrata.这些种类在长江口的分布与盐度梯度紧密相关.在淡水区13种都出现,盐度0.5～5之间发现3种,盐度在5～18之间区域发现一种,盐度18以上区域未发现轮虫。     

褶皱臂尾轮虫摄食生态的实验研究

研究了褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)在不同温度、盐度、饵料种类、pH值和光照条件下滤水率(F)和摄食率(G)的变化情况。结果表明:(1)温度对褶皱臂尾轮虫的摄食有显著影响(P0.05)。褶皱臂尾轮虫摄食的适宜温度范围为25~30℃,最适摄食温度为25℃;(2)盐度对褶皱臂尾轮虫的摄食也有显著影响(P0.05)。褶皱臂尾轮虫适宜的摄食盐度范围为20~30,最适摄食盐度为30;(3)褶皱臂尾轮虫对5种不同藻类食物滤水率F的顺序为:牟氏角毛藻(Chaetocerosmuelleri Lermumerman)小新月菱形藻(Nitzschia clostertum)金藻8701(Isochrysis galbanaPark 8701)小球藻(Chlorellasp.)扁藻(Tetraselmis chuii);摄食率G的顺序为:小球藻金藻8701牟氏角毛藻小新月菱形藻扁藻;(4)褶皱臂尾轮虫适宜的摄食pH值范围为8.0~9.0,最适摄食pH值为9.0;(5)在条件允许的情况下,适宜的光照有利于褶皱臂尾轮虫的摄食。     

活性炭纤维固定化菌对微囊藻毒素MC-LR的去除研究

研究了藻蓝蛋白提取过程中微囊藻毒素MC-LR的释放分布规律,并用活性炭纤维对一株微囊藻毒素降解菌株进行了固定化,考察了不同活性炭纤维预处理方法、活性炭纤维用量、pH值、温度以及MC-LR浓度对固定化藻毒素降解菌去除MC-LR的影响.结果表明,藻蓝蛋白提取过程中MC-LR主要分布在超滤滤液中,占MC-LR总含量的81.2%.固定化藻毒素降解菌去除 MC-LR的效率明显高于非固定化藻毒素降解菌. 藻毒素降解菌用(1+9)盐酸预处理后的活性炭纤维固定化,其去除效果最佳.MC-LR去除的最适条件为:活性炭纤维用量为10g/L,温度为35℃, pH值为8.0.固定化藻毒素降解菌对pH值,温度具有一定的耐受性,能够在pH5~pH9、10℃~35℃范围内有效地去除MC-LR.     

Parasitoid-induced mortality of Araneus omnicolor (Araneae, Araneidae) by Hymenoepimecis sp. (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) in southeastern Brazil

All species included in the Polysphincta genus-group develop as ectophagous parasitoids of active spiders, killing their hosts prior to pupation. However, little information regarding natural history and ovipositing behavior of most species are available. In this study we inspected 85 webs of Araneus omnicolor to evaluate the frequency of parasitism and host size preferences of the wasp Hymenoepimecis sp. We also described the web characteristics of normal and parasitized spiders and the wasp ovipositing behavior. About 41% of the adult females of A. omnicolor inspected were parasitized. The highest incidence of parasitism was observed among relatively small females while no egg or larva was found in large individuals. Araneus omnicolor builds a strong web composed of an orb and barrier threads, where the spider rests within a curled leaf. The parasitoid larva builds its cocoon within this refuge, and modified cocoon webs were not observed. The ovipositing behavior of Hymenoepimecis sp. was very similar to that of Hymenoepimecis argyraphaga parasitizing Leucauge argyra, including the position of the sting, the killing of a previously attached larva, and the expelling of the egg from the base of the ovipositor.     

Interactive effects of ozone and powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea) on bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria)

Interacting effects of ozone at 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 ppm and powdery mildew infection were studied with respect to the growth, flowering and fruit-setting of bottle gourd, and ozone injury, fungal colonization, conidia size and germination. Intermittent exposure in closed-top chambers to ozone at 0.1 or 0.2 ppm, and infection by Sphaerotheca fulginea, each caused significant suppressions of plant growth, flowering and fruit-setting. Fungal colonization was increased by exposures to 0.05 ppm ozone, but decreased by 0.2 ppm ozone. Less browning and necrosis (symptoms of ozone phytotoxicity) appeared on the leaves of mildew-inoculated plants exposed to ozone at 0.1 and 0.2 ppm. Conidia collected from plants exposed to 0.1 and 0.2 ppm were smaller, contained fewer fibrosin bodies and showed poor germination in-vitro. Fumigations with ozone at 0.05 ppm increased the germination of conidia collected from the exposed plants or of the conidia directly exposed to ozone on glass slides in microgas exposure cabinets. Distortion and wall rupturing of the conidia were induced by exposure to ozone at 0.2 ppm for 12 h. Ozone at 0.05 ppm and S. fuliginea jointly suppressed the root and shoot growth of bottle gourd significantly more than the sum of individual effects (synergistic interaction). The fungus infection partially protected the plants from injury by ozone at 0.2 ppm, and exposure to ozone at 0.2 ppm inhibited fungal development. Antagonistic reductions of damage to bottle gourd growth by simultaneous mildew infection and ozone at 0.2 ppm were observed. The study revealed that powdery mildew infection may become severe on bottle gourd grown in areas polluted with mild level of ozone (0.05 ppm) whereas, at 0.1 ppm O₃ or more, the disease will be suppressed.     

两种典型氯酚对鲫鱼脑组织应激蛋白HSP70的诱导

将鲫鱼(Cracian carp)分别暴露于五氯酚(PCP)、2,4,6-三氯酚(2,4,6-TCP)10d后,运用SDS-PAGE和Western Blot方法检测鱼脑组织内应激蛋白HSP70的诱导表达情况.结果表明,在整个实验浓度范围内(PCP为0.001,0.005,0.01,0.025mg/L,2,4,6-TCP为0.005,0.01,0.05,0.1mg/L),随着PCP和2,4,6-TCP浓度的增加,HSP70的相对灰度值都呈现先诱导后抑制的大体趋势;HSP70对PCP暴露更为敏感,在0.001mg/L时对鱼脑HSP70有较显著诱导作用(P<0.005).     

碳质纳米材料与枝孢菌KR14的相互影响研究

碳质纳米材料(Carbon Nanomaterials, CNMs)因具有独特的电学及光学等性质而引起了人们的广泛关注,从而被大量使用并释放到环境中,进而影响生态系统环境及生物化学过程,但目前有关CNMs与环境微生物相互作用的研究鲜见报道.因此,本文研究了枝孢菌KR14(Cladosporium sp.)与3种CNMs(单壁碳纳米管(SWCNTs)、石墨烯(Graphene)和氧化石墨烯(GO))的相互作用.结果表明,CNMs的加入促进了3种非特异性酶(漆酶、锰过氧化物酶和木质素过氧化物酶)活性增加,其中,对锰过氧化物酶(MnP)活性的促进作用最为显著,18 d最高增加26.1%.在3种类型的CNMs中,SWCNTs对MnP活性刺激最佳,GO最弱.木质素降解实验和电化学分析表明,CNMs可作为电子导体提高真菌胞外电子传递效率,进而提高KR14对木质素的降解.X射线光电子能谱(XPS)结果表明,除GO外,SWCNTs和石墨烯的氧碳比(O/C)均上升,二者表面发生变化.拉曼光谱(Raman)和傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)结果表明,SWCNTs的I_D/I_G显著提高,无序性增加;石墨烯出现2D峰,即与KR14相互作用后有一定程度堆叠;KR14可引起CNMs结构转变.本研究结果有助于深入理解和评价环境中CNMs与真菌之间的相互作用关系及CNMs对真菌降解木质素和环境碳循环的影响.     

Discrimination of flicker frequency rates in the reptile tuatara (Sphenodon )

By investigating the mechanisms that underlie the perception of environmental cues, we may begin to understand how the sensory system governs behavioral responses. This is the first empirical study to examine learning and visual sensitivity in a reptile species, the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). We established a non-intrusive psychophysical method by employing an instrumental paradigm in order to examine discrimination learning and the ability to distinguish different flicker frequencies in the tuatara. Seventeen tuatara were trained under an operant conditioning task to respond to various discriminative stimuli flickering between 2.65 and 65.09 Hz. Tuatara were able to learn the operant task and discriminate between a constant light and flicker frequency rates between 2.65 and 45.61 Hz, but not at 65.09 Hz. We demonstrated a reliable psychophysical method where these reptiles could learn a basic operant task and discriminate visual stimuli in the form of flicker frequency rates. The tuatara’s ability to perceive flickering light is comparable to that of avian, mammalian, and other reptilian species. This method is thus suitable for more comprehensive examinations of vision and additional sensory abilities in other reptiles. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Intrageneric differences in the four stereoisomers of stenusine in the rove beetle genus, Stenus (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae)

Most species of the rove beetle genus Stenus employ the spreading alkaloid stenusine as an escape mechanism on water surfaces. In the case of danger, they emit stenusine from their pygidial glands, and it propels them over the water very quickly. Stenusine is a chiral molecule with four stereoisomers: (2′R,3R)-, (2′S,3R)-, (2′S,3S)-, and (2′R,3S)-stenusine. The percentile ratio of these four isomers is only known for the most common species of the genus: Stenus comma. With the intention of determining the stereoisomer ratios of five additional species from the two subgenera, Stenus and Hypostenus, we used GC/mass spectrometry measurements with a chiral phase. The results showed that the ratio differs among the genus. These findings can be a basis for chemotaxonomy. It is also possible that the biological function of stenusine, e.g., as antibiotic or fungicide, varies with changing stereoisomer composition.

New material of the enigmatic reptile Khurendukhosaurus (Diapsida: Choristodera) from Mongolia

New material of the enigmatic diapsid Khurendukhosaurus is described from the Mongolian type locality, Khuren Dukh, providing additional data on the vertebral column, pelvis, and hind limb. It confirms the choristoderan status of the genus and permits a more detailed phylogenetic analysis that supports a relationship between Khurendukhosaurus and the long-necked Asian Hyphalosauridae. The existence of tall caudal neural spines implies that Khurendukhosaurus was a deep-tailed swimmer. This and the open sacral costocentral sutures suggest a primarily aquatic lifestyle. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Institutional abbreviations  MNHN BL, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; MPC, Mongolian Paleontological Center; PIN, Paleontologicheski Institut, Akademii Nauk, Moscow; HMNS, Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences, Okayama, Japan.     

农地土壤重金属Pb和Cd有效性测定方法的筛选与评价

作物重金属累积主要受土壤中重金属有效性的制约,由于土壤种类和污染特征的差异,目前尚无公认的有效态测定方法.为筛选建立适宜土壤铅（Pb）和镉（Cd）有效性评价的方法,本文选择重庆市4种性质差异较大的典型农地土壤：酸性紫色土、中性紫色土、石灰性黄壤和钙质紫色土,系统比较了氯化钙（CaCl₂）、醋酸铵（NH₄OAc）、盐酸（HCl）、乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐（EDTA）和二乙基三胺五乙酸（DTPA）这5种化学提取方法与梯度扩散薄膜技术（DGT）对供试土壤Pb和Cd的提取能力,并以黑麦草为指示植物开展盆栽试验,探讨不同提取剂提取量与植物Pb和Cd累积能力的相关性,进而综合评价不同方法的适宜性.结果表明,不同提取方法对Pb和Cd的提取量存在明显差异：酸性紫色土和石灰性黄壤中以HCl-Pb提取态含量最高,中性紫色土和钙质紫色土中则以EDTA-Pb提取态含量最高;除钙质紫色土以EDTA-Cd提取态含量最高外,其余3种土壤则是以HCl-Cd提取态含量最高.考虑提取量与植物吸收量之间的相关关系,在相同类型土壤上,可选择除CaCl₂外的5种提取方法作为Pb的评价方法,Cd则是6种提取方法均较适合.在不同类型土壤中,EDTA-Pb提取态和DGT-Cd提取态含量与黑麦草地上部Pb和Cd含量相关性最高,相关系数分别为0.941和0.919,说明EDTA提取适用于不同类型土壤间Pb生物有效性的比较与评价,而Cd则以DGT技术最好,化学提取剂中以HCl较为适宜.     

A new basal galeomorph shark (Synechodontiformes, Neoselachii) from the Early Jurassic of Europe

Palaeospinacids are a group of basal galeomorph sharks and are placed in the order Synechodontiformes (Chondrichthyes, Neoselachii) ranging from the Permian to the Eocene. Currently, there is a controversy concerning the identity of diagnostic characters for distinguishing palaeospinacid genera because of very similar dental morphologies and the scarcity of articulated skeletal material. The most notable character for distinguishing species within the Palaeospinacidae is, however, the dental morphology. The main dental character uniting all palaeospinacids is the very specialised pseudopolyaulacorhize root vascularisation. A re-examination of articulated neoselachian skeletons from the Lower Jurassic of Lyme Regis (England) and Holzmaden (S Germany), and recently discovered specimens from the Upper Jurassic of the Solnhofen area and Nusplingen (S Germany) has yielded several hitherto unrecognised complete skeletons of the palaeospinacids Synechodus and Paraorthacodus enabling a re-evaluation of characters. These specimens indicate that the number of dorsal fins and the presence or absence of dorsal fin spines represent important features for identifying palaeospinacids. Synechodus bears two dorsal fins without fin spines, whereas Paraorthacodus only has a single dorsal fin lacking a fin spine directly in front of the caudal fin. All palaeospinacids from the Early Jurassic have two spines supporting the dorsal fins and are consequently assigned to a new genus, Palidiplospinax nov. gen. Three species are placed into the new taxon: Synechodus enniskilleni, S. occultidens and S. smithwoodwardi.     

农田土壤产二甲基硫醚(DMS)细菌的筛选及其特性分析

从农田土壤中筛选到4株能在改性基础培养基上以甲硫氨酸为唯一碳源和氮源生长代谢的产DMS细菌,分别命名为AQ1、BB1、BB2和BB3.通过对其形态特征、生理生化特性及16S rRNA序列分析,确定4株产DMS细菌分别为硝基还原假单胞菌AQ1(Pseudomonas nitroreducens)、恶臭假单胞菌BB1(Pseudomonas putida)、恶臭假单胞菌BB3(Pseudomonas putida)和附着剑菌BB2(Ensifer adhaerens).研究结果表明,BB3菌株产DMS的能力显著高于其它菌株(p0.05),该菌株在温度为35℃,pH为7.0时,产DMS的能力最强;添加淀粉、硝酸钾和氯化铵显著提高了BB3菌株产DMS的能力,而添加葡萄糖和蔗糖显著抑制了该菌株产DMS的能力(p0.05).