轮叶黑藻去除水体中氮磷能力研究

通过比较在不同梯度营养盐浓度下,沉水植物轮叶黑藻对水体中氮、磷的去除能力,研究得出：在不同营养条件下,轮叶黑藻对水体中总磷（TP）均有较好的去除效果,总氮（TN）处理浓度较高（15mg/L）时,轮叶黑藻对水体中的TN也有较好的去除效果;在一定的浓度范围内,轮叶黑藻的净化效果随水体中氮、磷等物质含量增加而增大,轮叶黑藻是一种很好的水体净化植物,在一些富营养化的水体中可以适当配置轮叶黑藻进行生态修复。     

5种沉水植物的氮、磷吸收和水质净化能力比较

选取轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、苦草(Vallisneria natans)、金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、穗状狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)、微齿眼子菜(Potamogeton maackianus)等5种乡土沉水植物为研究对象,在室内静水条件下对其氮、磷吸收和水质净化能力进行比较研究.结果表明,不同沉水植物试验前后的含水率差异较小,变化范围为89.8%~92.0%,但净增生物量差异较大且均存在显著性差异,变化范围(干重计)为1.52~12.92 g·m-2,其中净增生物量最高的轮叶黑藻是最低的微齿眼子菜的8.5倍.不同沉水植物试验前后植株氮、磷含量变化范围分别为26.54~34.44 g·kg~(-1)和2.54~4.01g·kg~(-1),其中金鱼藻的植株氮、磷含量相对偏高.不同沉水植物处理的水质TN、TP去除率范围分别为63.8%~83.1%和49.2%~70.8%,均显著高于CK处理的39.9%和36.9%,去除率大小顺序均为:轮叶黑藻金鱼藻苦草穗状狐尾藻微齿眼子菜CK.不同沉水植物处理的水质TN、TP去除率与净增生物量存在较高相关性,相关性系数分别为0.994(P0.01)和0.996(P0.01).不同沉水植物氮、磷直接吸收贡献率范围分别为1.5%~13.3%和2.2%~13.2%,扣除水体自身自净能力后沉水植物的增效作用贡献率范围分别为22.5%~29.9%和10.1%~20.6%,表明水质净化氮、磷去除过程中沉水植物的增效作用要大于直接吸收作用.     

水深对立体种植沉水植物污染物去除效果的影响

选取苦草和黑藻两种沉水植物作为实验材料,考察了水深对COD_(Mn)、总氮和总磷去除效果的影响。结果表明:经过14天处理,苦草和黑藻在1.5 m水深对水体中COD_(Mn)的去除率分别达到52%和56%;经过12天处理,两种沉水植物水样总氮含量均低于1.0 mg·L~(-1),1.2 m水深的除氮效率比0.3 m水深分别提高13%和20%;经过8天处理后,两种沉水植物在0.9 m至1.2 m水深总磷含量均低于0.05 mg·L~(-1),除磷效率均超过62%;水深对于沉水植物污染物去除效果的影响来自根/茎生长及植物表面生物膜量的增加,0.9 m和1.5 m水深表面有机质含量高于其他水深,分别占鲜重2.53 mg·g~(-1)和2.72 mg·g~(-1),有机质含量提高了约12%;水深为1.5 m时,苦草和黑藻的根长较1.2 m水深分别减小8%和40%,由此导致COD_(Mn)和总氮去除效果在1.5 m水深范围内没有明显变化;苦草和黑藻的最佳种植深度为0.9～1.2 m。     

不同沉水植物净水能力与植株体细菌群落组成相关性

选取苦草(Vallisneria natans)、密刺苦草(Vallisneria denseserrulata)、黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、伊乐藻(Elodea canadensis)、金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、竹叶眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)、篦齿眼子菜(Potamogeton pectinatus)和微齿眼子菜(Potamogeton maackianus)这8种亚热带地区常见的沉水植物为研究对象,在室内静水条件下对其氮、磷吸收和水质净化能力进行对比试验,并结合16S rRNA基因测序对沉水植物关联细菌群落组成进行测定,研究沉水植物对水体的净化能力与植株体菌群之间的相关性.结果表明,8种沉水植物对水体中的氮磷的去除主要通过植物增效作用,植物吸收富集作用去除率较低.其中密刺苦草对水体中TN、TP的去除率最高,达到了91. 58%和96. 81%.伊乐藻、金鱼藻对水中氮磷自身吸收能力高于其他组,密刺苦草和苦草的植物增效的净化能力最强.经分析,8种沉水植物对水体中氮磷的净化能力较强可能是因为植物关联的细菌大多具有降解作用.根瘤菌目(Rhizobiales)、伯克霍尔德氏菌目(Burkholderiales)、黄杆菌目(Flavobacteriales)、产碱杆菌科(Alcaligenaceae)、贪铜菌属(Cupriavidus)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillales)的细菌可能是引起密刺苦草增效的净化能力较强的优势菌群,异常球菌纲(Deinococci)、丛毛单胞菌科(Comamonadaceae)、腐螺旋菌科(Saprospiraceae)和生丝微菌属(Hyphomicrobium)的细菌可能是引起苦草增效的净化能力较强的优势菌群.     

不同水生植物对污水处理厂尾水的生态净化效果分析

通过构建小型水生生态系统,研究了旱伞草、美人蕉、伊乐藻、金鱼藻4种水生植物对太湖流域污水处理厂尾水中氮、磷等指标去除效能的差异。结果表明,4种水生植物对污水中的氮、磷等均有明显的去除效果,其中,挺水植物旱伞草和沉水植物金鱼藻的综合净化效能较强,综合净化能力从强到弱依次为金鱼藻、旱伞草、伊乐藻、美人蕉。     

静水与流水条件下沉水植物生长对上覆水和沉积物磷迁移的影响

沉水植物生长可有效降低河湖内源磷污染. 为探究沉水植物在静水(v=0 m/s)和流水(v=0.10 m/s)条件下对上覆水和沉积物磷迁移影响,选取苦草(Vallisneria natans)和黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)为研究对象,测定其生长期间上覆水、沉积物中各形态磷含量和沉水植物生物量,并监测环境因子变化. 结果表明:①苦草和黑藻生长期间上覆水和沉积物中各形态磷含量总体呈下降趋势,并在一定时期维持在较低水平. 相同流速下黑藻对上覆水磷的吸收效果优于苦草,苦草能抑制沉积物表面磷释放. ②试验20 d后,苦草和黑藻组上覆水各形态磷浓度显著低于对照组,试验结束时静水苦草组、静水黑藻组、流水苦草组和流水黑藻组上覆水TP(总磷)浓度相比对照组分别下降了0.13、0.15、0.19和0.25 mg/L. 静水条件下沉水植物以降低上覆水中DTP(溶解性总磷)为主,流水条件下以减少DTP和PP(颗粒磷)为主. ③试验结束时,苦草组和黑藻组沉积物TP含量在静水条件下分别下降了91.78、93.25 mg/kg,流水条件下分别下降了83.51、81.03 mg/kg;NaOH-P(NaOH提取磷)含量在静水条件下分别下降了57.76、55.86 mg/kg,流水条件下分别下降了24.52、19.24 mg/kg,沉积物从轻度污染逐步转为未受污染. ④试验50 d,苦草生物量在静水和流水条件下分别增加了353.08和402.03 g,黑藻生物量分别增加了415.00和477.08 g,沉水植物生物增长量在流水条件下显著高于静水组. 研究显示,苦草、黑藻生长均能有效吸收磷,在流水条件下可促进沉水植物生长和磷的吸收,同时改变了上覆水溶解氧(DO)浓度和pH等环境因子,从而影响磷在上覆水和沉积物的迁移及磷形态的转变.      

多种湿地植物组合对污水中氮和磷的去除效果

通过室内静水实验,研究了再力花(Thalia dealbata)、鸢尾(Iris tectorum)、菖蒲(Acorus calamus)、茭白(Zizania aquatica)、睡莲(Nymphaea tetragona Georgi)、大聚藻(Myriophyllum aquaticum)、马蹄莲(Zantedeschia aethiopica Spreng)7种不同生态型的湿地植物进行镶嵌组合后各组合对水体中氮、磷的去除效果.结果表明,不同生态型的湿地植物组合对污水中氮和磷的去除效果较好,8种组合中对总氮和氨氮去除效果最好的组合为睡莲+再力花(S+Z)和睡莲+马蹄莲+茭白+菖蒲(S+M+J+C),最大去除率分别为92.29%和95.50%.对总磷的去除效果最好的组合为睡莲+再力花+鸢尾(S+Z+Y),较无植物对照组的最大净化率提高了43.73%.不同水生植物组合后对氮、磷的净化效果差异较小,种湿地植物组合对总氮、氨氮和磷的去除率范围分别为83.19%～92.29%、86.50%～95.50%和85.67%～99.87%.运用隶属函数进行综合评价,筛选出对污水中氮和磷净化能力较强的组合为:睡莲+再力花(S+Z)、睡莲+马蹄莲+茭白+菖蒲(S+M+J+C)、睡莲+再力花+鸢尾(S+Z+Y)及睡莲+再力花+茭白+菖蒲(S+Z+J+C).     

公园湖泊净水植物筛选浅析

种植水生植物对净化污水有较好的作用,而不同的水生植物间也有不同的净化效果。美人蕉对水体富营养化去除效率最高,其它植物TN的去除效果以菖蒲最好,风车草对TP、NO3-N、COD的去除效果较好,。而再力花,大薸,苦草也都表现出较好的去污效果,但剑叶泽泻,宽叶泽泻的去污效果不明显。     

利用水生植物净化水体中的悬浮泥沙

针对特定的滨江城市水环境问题,利用湿地植物风车草(Cyperusalternifolius)、菖蒲(Gladiolushybridus)、菱(Vallisneriaspiralis)、金鱼藻(Ceratophyllumdemersum)、轮叶黑藻(Hydrillaverticillata)和亚洲苦草(Vallisneriaspiralis)构建的湿地植物生态物理模型进行了含沙水体泥沙净化的实验研究。结果表明,湿地植物系统对不同悬浮泥沙含量的水体具有不同的净化效果,净化效果最好的湿地植物分别是金鱼藻、黑藻、菱、菖蒲和风车草。随水体含沙量增加净化效果有所增强。不同粒径的悬浮泥沙在湿地植物群落中的沉降、吸附和过滤的效果不同。     

玉溪大河5种沉水植物的叶绿素荧光特征比较研究

利用基础型调制叶绿素荧光仪(Junior-PAM)研究了玉溪大河富营养化水体中5种优势沉水植物:苦草(Vallisneria natans)、篦齿眼子菜(Potamogeton pectinatus L.)、轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、菹草(Potamogeton crispus L.)和金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum L.)的量子产量及快速光曲线的变化。结果表明:5种沉水植物苦草、篦齿眼子菜、轮叶黑藻、菹草和金鱼藻最大光化学量子产量(F_v/F_m)明显下降,变化范围为0.519~0.698,低于0.84;各物种的开放PSⅡ反应中心原初光能捕获效率(F_v'/F_m')的大小依次为篦齿眼子菜轮叶黑藻菹草苦草金鱼藻,除篦齿眼子菜、轮叶黑藻、菹草与金鱼藻差异显著外,其它物种间差异不显著;各物种无光抑制的最大潜在相对电子传递速率(rETR_m)间差异显著,其大小依次为菹草金鱼藻轮叶黑藻篦齿眼子菜苦草;快速光曲线的初始斜率(α)的变化范围为0.216~0.483,除篦齿眼子菜与菹草间差异不显著外,其他物种间差异均显著;半饱和光强(E_k)的大小依次为菹草金鱼藻轮叶黑藻苦草篦齿眼子菜,且除苦草与轮叶黑藻差异不显著外,其他物种间差异均显著。研究表明:玉溪大河5种优势沉水植物在营养盐胁迫下光合作用受到明显抑制,其中,菹草和金鱼藻较耐强光,光合速率较高,而苦草则有较强的耐弱光能力。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.