基质比对厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化脱氮除碳的影响

采用SBR处理实际生活污水,在实现半亚硝化时,其出水加入定量的Na NO_2作为厌氧氨氧化过程厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)的进水.在温度为24℃、pH为7. 2±0. 2时,考察不同进水NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N对厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化脱氮除碳的影响.结果表明:(1)进水NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N为1. 4～1. 6时系统脱氮效能最佳,NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N和COD平均出水浓度分别为2. 14、1. 07和30. 50 mg·L~(-1),三者去除率分别为93. 62%、97. 79%和74. 75%,ΔNO_2~--N/ΔNH_4~+-N和ΔNO_3~--N/ΔNH_4~+-N分别为1. 60和0. 17,TN的去除是异养反硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌共同作用的结果.(2)随着进水NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N的逐渐增大,厌氧氨氧化对脱氮的贡献率逐渐减小,异养反硝化对脱氮的贡献率逐渐增加.(3)典型周期内,NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的降解过程均为零级反应,线性关系良好,比降解速率分别为0. 404 mg·(g·h)~(-1)和0. 599 mg·(g·h)~(-1),两者的比降解速率之比为1. 48,COD的比降解速率呈现逐渐增大的趋势.     

基质比对厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能的影响

采用厌氧氨氧化反应器(ASBR)处理模拟生活污水,在温度为30℃时,控制进水NO_2~--N浓度为(30.0±0.2)mg·L~(-1),pH为(7.2±0.2),考察了NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N分别为0.9、1.1、1.3、1.4、1.5和1.6时,对厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)脱氮效果的影响.结果表明,当NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N为1.4时,出水NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N及TN的浓度分别为0.8、1.5和7.7 mg·L~(-1),NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N及TN的去除率分别高达96.2%、95.4%和85.3%,此时脱氮性能最好,与发生厌氧氨氧化时NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N理论值1.32比较接近.     

基质暴露水平对ANAMMOX微生物活性及生物量的影响

基质暴露水平对ANAMMOX微生物的生长代谢有着重要意义,目前关于基质暴露水平对ANAMMOX污泥长期富集过程中生长特性的研究少有报道.采用两个连续流搅拌反应器,在逐步提升进水负荷的过程中,研究了高基质暴露水平培养方式(R1:出水NH_4~+-N和NO_2--N浓度均为40～60 mg·L~(-1))与低基质暴露水平培养方式(R~2:出水NH_4~+-N和NO_2--N浓度均为0～20 mg·L~(-1))对ANAMMOX微生物生长量和生物活性,以及反应器脱氮效能的影响及机制.结果表明,高基质暴露水平培养方式更有利于ANAMMOX反应器脱氮性能的提升.相比之下,高基质暴露水平培养方式下获得的NLR [0. 69 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)]和NRR [0. 41 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)]分别是低基质暴露水平培养方式的2倍;高基质暴露水平培养方式下,ANAMMOX污泥浓度(以VSS计)和总基因拷贝数分别达到1805 mg·L~(-1)和4. 81×1012copies,更有利于ANAMMOX微生物的快速富集培养;低基质暴露水平培养方式下,ANAMMOX污泥的活性更强[以N/VSS计,0. 27 g·(g·d)~(-1)],有利于富集生物活性更高的ANAMMOX污泥.     

K+强化高盐环境下厌氧氨氧化脱氮效能

针对含盐废水生物脱氮效能较低的问题,采用厌氧序批式反应器研究了K~+浓度变化对厌氧氨氧化污泥脱氮效能的影响.结果表明,适量的K~+可有效的提升反应器脱氮效能,K~+对厌氧氨氧化污泥脱氮效能的影响主要分为4个阶段:适应阶段,K~+浓度为(0~2 mmol·L~(-1)),K~+的突然添加破坏了原有反应平衡,但最终厌氧氨氧化菌适应了K~+的存在,由于K~+还未对厌氧氨氧化菌产生明显效果,NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N去除率略有上升;活性提升阶段(2~8 mmol·L~(-1)),K~+对厌氧氨氧化生物系统有促进作用,随着K~+浓度的提升,NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N去除率显著提升;活性稳定阶段(8~20 mmol·L~(-1)),厌氧氨氧化菌脱氮效能处于稳定状态,NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N去除率虽有下降,但还是高于未添加K~+时;抑制阶段(大于20 mmol·L~(-1)),此时厌氧氨氧化菌活性降低,K~+对厌氧氨氧化产生较大抑制,脱氮效能已低于0 mmol·L~(-1).在整个周期内K~+浓度8 mmol·L~(-1)时达到最佳去除效果,NH_4~+-N与NO_2~--N的平均去除率为89.24%和84.87%,NRR为1.113 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).     

不同运行策略下厌氧氨氧化的脱氮性能

采用厌氧氨氧化反应器(ASBR)处理模拟生活污水,考察低基质比、降温方式及pH对系统脱氮性能的影响.结果表明,温度为30℃时,控制进水NO_2~--N浓度为(30±0.2)mg·L~(-1),基质比(NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N)由0.9升至1.4,系统NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N去除率均值分别从54.4%和65.3%升至95.8%和92.5%;当基质比继续升高至1.6时,NH_4~+-N去除率基本不变,而NO_2~--N去除率降至54.6%,即基质比接近理论值1.32时,其厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能较强.当反应温度一次性从30℃降低至15℃时,NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的去除率由97.5%和98.5%分别降至35.2%和40.1%,当采用阶梯式降温方式(30℃→25℃→20℃→15℃)时,NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的去除率分别由97.7%和98.6%逐渐降至52.7%和62.4%.控制NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N为1.4,逐步升高pH由7.7至8.5时,NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的去除率先增大后减小,当pH为8.3时系统脱氮性能最佳.     

海洋厌氧氨氧化菌处理含海水污水的基质抑制及其动力学特性

采用ASBR反应器通过改变单一基质浓度分别研究了NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N对海洋厌氧氨氧化菌脱氮效能的影响及其动力学特性.结果表明,保持进水NO_2~--N为105.6 mg·L~(-1),当进水NH_4~+-N浓度提高至1 200 mg·L~(-1)时,海洋厌氧氨氧化反应器仍保持较好的脱氮能力,未受到明显的抑制作用,NO_2~--N的去除率稳定在80.70%左右;当进水NO_2~--N浓度提高至265.6mg·L~(-1)时,反应器开始受到明显的抑制作用,NH_4~+-N的去除率下降至63.01%左右,随着进水NO_2~--N浓度继续提高至305.6mg·L~(-1)时,NH_4~+-N的去除率进一步下降至43.93%左右.利用Haldane模型和Aiba模型拟合NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N抑制作用的动力学特性,得到了NRRmax、KS、Ki这3个动力学参数及出水基质浓度与总氮容积负荷(TNRR)之间的关系,根据进一步分析可知,Haldane模型更适合描述NH_4~+-N抑制作用下的动力学特性,Aiba模型更适合描述NO_2~--N抑制作用下的动力学特性,并得到NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的出水抑制浓度分别为3 893.625 mg·L~(-1)和287.208 mg·L~(-1),为海洋厌氧氨氧化菌处理含海水污水提供了理论依据.     

中常温变化对PN-ANAMMOX联合工艺脱氮效果的影响

通过接种成熟的亚硝化膜和厌氧氨氧化污泥,研究了中常温变化对PN-ANAMMOX联合工艺脱氮速率的影响及微生物群落的变化.结果表明,常温下能够实现PN-ANAMMOX联合脱氮,并且脱氮速率达到0.5 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).但是PN过程亚硝化速率下降,ANAMMOX菌活性未得到充分发挥,导致PN-ANAMMOX联合工艺脱氮速率远低于中温条件下的1.75kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),出水水质较差.温度的上升易导致NOB的快速生长,PN过程失稳,但是通过增加回流量可对NOB的活性进行有效地控制.QPCR分析结果进一步表明接种中温环境下的AOB和ANAMMOX微生物在常温条件下不利于生长,出现部分死亡;当恢复到中温的环境时,相应的功能微生物出现了快速地生长.因此,在PN-ANAMMOX联合工艺的运行过程中应尽可能地满足功能微生物适宜的温度.     

中试SAD-ASBR系统处理含盐废水的启动与工艺特性

采用ASBR(530 L)接种A~2/O厌氧污泥,考察了厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)的启动及其与反硝化耦合处理含盐废水的脱氮特性,并对菌群结构进行了分析.结果表明,温度35℃±1℃、反应时间为14 h,160 d可实现ANAMMOX的成功启动.稳定运行阶段,ANAMMOX与反硝化耦合(SAD)使得总氮(TN)去除率和去除负荷分别达91.1%和0.45 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1);污泥呈浅红色颗粒状,厌氧氨氧化菌为优势菌,且主要菌属为Candidatus Brocadia(10.6%).此外,采用按梯度逐步提高盐度的驯化方式,可实现SAD对高盐(Cl-浓度8 000 mg·L-1)模拟火电厂废水的高效脱氮除碳,COD和TN去除率分别达93.2%和90.0%.推测SAD中反硝化主要为NO_3~--N→N_2,部分反硝化(NO_3~--N→NO_2~--N)仅占30.3%.     

降温过程中生物膜CANON反应器的运行特征

本文以低温高氨氮废水为着眼点,通过不断地调节运行工况,探讨降温过程中全程自养脱氮(CANON)工艺的运行特征,以探索出低温环境下进水NH_4~+-N浓度较高时,CANON工艺获得稳定短程硝化和良好脱氮效果的方法.结果表明:①相较于直接将生物膜CANON反应器的温度条件由中温转变为低温(30℃±1℃→19℃),逐步降温驯化更有利于脱氮功能菌适应低温环境,且每次降温的幅度应尽量减小,同时还应配合运行工况的调节;②温度经25 d逐步降低至19℃左右,18 d后又继续降至15℃左右,NH_4~+-N和TN去除率均能分别长期稳定在90%、70%以上,甚至当温度下降至12℃时,TN去除率与去除负荷仍能分别达到72. 52%、0. 78 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1);③降温过程中驯化生物膜CANON污泥时,应优先考虑短程硝化控制.可通过维持一定的剩余NH_4~+-N浓度并严格控制DO浓度,以抑制NOB的活性,从而获得稳定的短程硝化效果.     

HRT对厌氧氨氧化协同异养反硝化脱氮的影响

采用SBR处理实际生活污水,在实现半亚硝化时,出水NH_4~+-N、NO-2-N及COD平均浓度分别为37.27、39.97和120mg·L~(-1),将其作为厌氧氨氧化反应器(ASBR)的进水.控制温度为24℃,pH为7.2±0.2,考察HRT分别为36、33、30和27h时对厌氧氨氧化协同异养反硝化脱氮的影响.结果表明:(1)HRT为33 h时系统脱氮效能最佳,总氮容积负荷(TNLR)和总氮去除负荷(TNRR)平均值分别为0.056 kg·(m3·d)~(-1)和0.050 kg·(m3·d)~(-1);NH_4~+-N、NO-2-N和COD平均出水浓度分别为1.36、0.47和49.79 mg·L~(-1),三者去除率分别为96.30%、98.83%和56.17%;ΔNO-2-N/ΔNH_4~+-N和ΔNO_3~--N/ΔNH_4~+-N分别为1.17和0.15,比厌氧氨氧化反应的理论值(1.32,0.26)小0.15和0.11,造成此偏差的原因是由于系统中存在异养反硝化.(2)随着HRT的逐渐减小,厌氧氨氧化对脱氮的贡献率逐渐减小,异养反硝化对脱氮的贡献率逐渐增加.本研究结果可为厌氧氨氧化技术在实际工程中的应用提供参考.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.