Bacterial antibiotic resistance levels in Danish farmland as a result of treatment with pig manure slurry

Resistance to tetracycline, macrolides and streptomycin was measured for a period of 8 months in soil bacteria obtained from farmland treated with pig manure slurry. This was done by spread plating bacteria on selective media (Luria Bertani (LB) medium supplemented with antibiotics). To account for seasonal variations in numbers of soil bacteria, ratios of resistant bacteria divided by total count on nonselective plates were calculated. Soil samples were collected from four different farms and from a control soil on a fifth farm. The control soil was not amended with animal manure. The occurrence of tetracycline-resistant bacteria was elevated after spread of pig manure slurry but declined throughout the sampling period to a level corresponding to the control soil. Higher load of pig manure slurry yielded higher occurrence of tetracycline resistance after spreading; however, the tetracycline resistance declined to normal occurrence defined by the tetracycline resistance occurrence in the control soil. Concentrations of tetracycline in soil and in pig manure slurry were measured using HPLC. No tetracycline exceeding the detection limit was found in soil samples. Manure slurry concentrations of tetracycline for three of the farms were 42, 81 and 698 microg/l, respectively. For streptomycin and macrolides, only minor variations in resistance levels were detected. Results obtained in this study thus indicate that tetracycline resistance levels in soil are temporarily influenced by the addition of pig manure slurry. The results indicate also that increased amount of pig manure slurry amendment may result in increased levels of tetracycline resistance in the soil.     

Kinetics of radiocesium released from contaminated soil by fertilizer solutions

(137)Cs is one of the major artificial radionuclides found in environments; but the mechanisms behind fertilizer-induced (137)Cs desorption from soil remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the kinetics and mechanisms underlying the various cations and anions that cause Cs release from soil under acidic conditions. NH(4)H(2)PO(4) (1M), 0.5M (NH(4))(2)SO(4), 1M NH(4)Cl, 1M KCl or 1M NaCl solutions were added to (137)Cs-contaminated soil. The power function model well described the short term (137)Cs desorption with the solutions. The rate coefficients for (137)Cs release from soil in NH(4)H(2)PO(4), (NH(4))(2)SO(4), NH(4)Cl, and KCl solutions were 7.7, 7.3, 6.8, and 6.1 times higher than the rate observed in a NaCl solution, respectively. The NH(4)H(2)PO(4) and (NH(4))(2)SO(4) solutions induced significantly greater (137)Cs release from the contaminated soil than the NH(4)Cl, KCl and NaCl solutions. After four times repeated extractions with the fertilizer solutions, the total amount of (137)Cs extracted by (NH(4))(2)SO(4) and NH(4)Cl solutions reached equilibrium, while that extracted using an NH(4)H(2)PO(4) solution continued to increase. The combined effect of phosphate and protons was the major mechanism behind (137)Cs release from contaminated soils, when an NH(4)H(2)PO(4) solution was used.     

鄱阳湖生态区长期施肥对稻田土壤碳汇效应与固碳潜力的影响

在施肥条件下确定平衡状态时，土壤有机碳含量水平对于正确评价土壤的固碳潜力和制定合理的有机物质分配措施具有重要意义。分析了前人研究的江西省有机碳储量数据并采用Jenny模型对长期不同施肥下有机碳动态数据进行模拟。结果表明，鄱阳湖生态区有机碳储量占全省的46%，以鹰潭地区最高，九江地区最低。施肥明显增强了土壤的碳汇作用，单施有机肥或有机无机肥配施（70F+30M、50F+50M、30F+70M、NPKM、NPK+S、NPK+P和NPK+C）处理的土壤有机碳含量明显高于施化肥处理，以南昌县的30F+70M、进贤县的NPKM和余江县的NPK+P处理最高，其平衡时有机碳含量和固碳潜力分别较施化肥处理提高了3061%和6115%、3017%和5496%、3826%和7479%。因此，提高鄱阳湖生态区农田有机碳密度和固碳潜力最有效方法是有机无机肥配施，其配施方式以猪粪配施化肥相对最好，配施比例以70%有机肥配施30%化肥为宜     

Development of a rapid method for direct detection of tet(M) genes in soil from Danish farmland

A method for direct detection of antibiotic resistance genes in soil samples has been developed. The tetracycline resistance gene, tet(M), was used as a model. The method was validated on Danish farmland soil that had repeatedly been treated with pig manure slurry containing resistant bacteria. The tet(M) gene was directly detected in 10-80% of the samples from the various farmland soils and could be detected in all samples tested after selective enrichment. To validate the obtained results, the method was applied to garden soil samples where lower prevalence of resistance was found. RESULT: A detection limit of 10(2)-10(3) copies of the tet(M) gene per gram of soil (in a Bacillus cereus group bacterium) was achieved. tet(M) gene was detected in soil samples with the highest prevalence on farmland treated with pig manure slurry.     

四川省畜禽粪便排放时空分布及污染防控

掌握畜禽粪便的时空分布,有利于高效防控其污染环境的可能。采用排污系数法,估算出2000～2015年间四川省畜禽粪便、COD及氮磷产生量,在此基础上,分析了2015年四川省畜禽粪便的排放时空分布特征与畜禽粪便、氮、磷污染情况。结果表明：（1）2000～2015年,四川省畜禽粪便平均产生量约2.10亿t猪粪当量,其中猪、牛、家禽是当地环境威胁的主要畜禽种类;（2）2015年四川省产沼气潜力可观,但大部分地区受到畜禽粪便污染,其中德阳市、雅安市两地预警级别达Ⅵ级,对环境影响严重;（3）2015年四川省氮、磷耕地负荷的平均值分别为78.45 kg/hm2和13.57 kg/hm2,均低于欧盟的限量标准（氮170 kg/hm2、磷35 kg/hm2）,但大部分地区面临氮、磷污染风险。其中成都市、德阳市、雅安市氮、磷污染风险均较高,自贡市、泸州市等氮、磷污染风险整体不高,但畜禽养殖量近50%环境容量,这些地区应做好畜禽养殖总量控制及污染物消减措施。 关键词： 畜禽养殖;粪便污染;时空分布;污染防控;四川     

Ventilation for control of indoor air quality: A case study

Dilution of indoor air contaminants with less contaminated outdoor air is the most common strategy for control of indoor air quality. Unfortunately this strategy frequently imposes a substantial energy burden. If the contaminants are associated with occupants and their activities, a ventilation control system based on the carbon dioxide level in the controlled space is shown to relieve this energy burden. A test was carried out in the Fridley, MN, Junior High School Music Department to obtain air quality, energy, and subjective response data on an Automatic Variable Ventilation System. A control system with both CO₂ and temperature inputs was devised to control the use of outdoor air. Infiltration measurements lead to a quantitative measure of ventil3tion efficiency. This in turn led to recommendations for air circulation patterns in rooms. The measured ventilation efficiency enabled energy and CO₂ models to fit measured data. Energy savings of approximately 20% were found for this application. Subjective response of the occupants also was measured. A special questionnaire, subjected to statistical analysis, showed that the subjects felt warmer with increased CO₂ in the room air.     

Estimation of 14CO2 flux at soil-atmosphere interface and distribution of 14C in forest ecosystem

To realize the dynamical behavior of 14C among exchangeable carbon reservoirs in terrestrial environment, a method for in situ determination of 14CO2 flux at soil-atmosphere interface and a high flow rate CO2 sampler were developed. This method allowed us to collect integrated quantity of CO2 for determining 14C activity over an extended time period under environmental conditions with minimal site disturbance. The 14CO2 flux from ground surface was estimated to be 1.59 x 10(-5) Bq m (-2) S (-1) in a forest floor with the method. The specific activities of 14C in environmental materials such as some biological and air samples were also determined in the vicinity of the place, where the flux measurement was made, to discuss the behavior of 14C in the forest ecosystem. The results indicated that fresh pine needles had a similar 14C specific activity to the atmospheric CO2 at the same height due to its fairly rapid equilibrium, 14C specific activity in the atmospheric CO2 has a concentration gradient near the ground surface and, at least in this site, CO2 with high 14C specific activity was generated by decomposition of soil organic matter which may be accumulated in soil as a result of former nuclear weapons tests.     

富营养化水体中铵态氮对金鱼藻生长的影响

通过控制pH（7和9）范围以区分分子态氨(NH3)和离子态氨(NH+4)，研究了不同浓度铵态氮(NH+4 N)对金鱼藻生长的影响。研究结果表明：金鱼藻〖JP+1〗相对生长速率的变化范围为每天-010~003。在分子态氨浓度小于022 mg/L时，铵态氮对金鱼藻的毒性是由离子态氨和分子态氨共同作用。在分子态氨达到最大浓度439 mg/L时，〖JP〗金鱼藻的生长速率显著减少，直至死亡。随着铵态氮浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长，金鱼藻体内碳氮比下降,叶绿素含量下降，光合作用减弱,相对生长速率下降。试验结果为合理利用金鱼藻来改善水质提供科学依据，同时也为研究分子态氨对沉水植物的胁迫作用提供参考。     

Effect of tetracycline residues in pig manure slurry on tetracycline-resistant bacteria and resistance gene tet(M) in soil microcosms

Effects of tetracycline residues from pig manure slurry on the prevalence of tetracycline-resistant bacteria and the tetracycline resistance gene, tet(M), were studied in soil microcosms. Four types of soil microcosms were established for a period of 152 days, supplemented with combinations of pig manure slurry and a tetracycline-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, CG110, containing the tetracycline resistance gene tet(M) (on the conjugative transposon, Tn916). The prevalence of both tetracycline-resistant aerobic bacteria and tetracycline-resistant enterococci declined rapidly until day 45 where no significant differences in the levels of tetracycline-resistant bacteria in any of the four types of microcosms could be detected. tet(M) could be detected in microcosms supplemented with either pig manure slurry and/or E. faecalis CG110 (tet(M)) for the whole period (152 days). tet(M) could be detected longer than tetracycline-resistant enterococci could be isolated (limit of detection 100 CFU/g soil) probably due to viable but not culturable (VBNC) bacteria with tet(M), horizontal gene transfer of tet(M) to indigenous soil bacteria or presence of "free" DNA. The concentration of chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline were almost stable through out the experimental period, but the tetracycline concentrations had no effect on prevalence of tetracycline-resistant bacteria. The presented microcosm approach simulated natural farmland conditions well and supported results from previous field studies.     

The interaction of heavy metals with urban soils: sorption behaviour of Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn with a typical mixed brownfield deposit

This study investigated the sorption characteristics and release of selected heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn) from a typical urban soil material from a derelict brownfield site in Western Scotland, UK. The study aimed to evaluate contaminant interactions with an urban substrate, comprising a mix of mineral soil and residue materials (e.g. brick, concrete, wood). This type of material has received little consideration in the literature to date. Soil samples were subject to a sequence of test involving batch equilibration and dynamic leaching, in single (non-competitive) and multi-element (competitive) solutions. The batch experiments were carried out in unadjusted and close to soil field pH conditions (pH 2 and 7, respectively). The equilibrium adsorption capacity for heavy metals was measured and extrapolated using the Langmuir isotherm. The parameters of the isotherms x(m) (the maximum amount adsorbed per unit mass of adsorbent (mg/g)) and b (adsorption constant (m(3)/g)) were calculated for Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb as single-element and multi-element solutions. The adsorption from the single-element solution was more effective than adsorption under multi-element conditions, due to competitive effects. For example, the adsorption of copper from a single-element solution was over four times greater than for a multi-element solution. In the case of Cr and Zn, migration of metal from soil to solution was observed. Adsorption capacity at pH 2 followed the order Cr>Cu>Pb>Cd and at pH 7 Cd>Zn, with precipitation affecting Cu and Pb behaviour. During the column leaching experiment, most of the heavy metals were irreversibly bound to the soil, but in the case of Cr some movement from soil into solution was observed. The results also showed that Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were removed from the solution and adsorbed on the soil. No significant difference in the metal removal from single- and multi-element solutions was observed. Overall, the urban residue behaved in a similar manner to mineral soils despite a significant component of anthropogenic solid materials.     

Uptake of deuterium by dead leaves exposed to deuterated water vapor in a greenhouse at daytime and nighttime

Dead leaves were exposed to deuterated water vapor (D(2)O) as a substitute of tritiated water (HTO) in a greenhouse at daytime and nighttime to examine uptake and release of tritium by dead leaves because they cover a wide area of the forest floor and are therefore a major target material to be exposed when HTO is atmospherically derived to the forest. The dead cedar needles showed faster uptake and faster release rates during and after the exposure than the fresh ones, and the equilibrium concentration of the dead cedar needles was about two times higher than the fresh ones, indicating a quick response and a high buffering potential of dead leaves. The relation between uptake of D(2)O and number of stoma was examined for dead deciduous leaves; the species with larger number of stoma accumulated more D(2)O at the daytime and nighttime exposures. However, drying of the dead leaves suppressed D(2)O uptake greatly at daytime, suggesting stomata's opening and closing controls the D(2)O uptake of dead leaves.     

Evaluation of exposure reduction to indoor air pollution in stove intervention projects in Peru by urinary biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites

Burning biomass fuels such as wood on indoor open-pit stoves is common in developing regions. In such settings, exposure to harmful combustion products such as fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)), carbon monoxide (CO) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is of concern. We aimed to investigate if the replacement of open pit stoves by improved stoves equipped with a chimney would significantly reduce exposure to PAHs, PM(2.5) and CO. Two stove projects were evaluated in Peru. Program A was part of the Juntos National Program in which households built their own stoves using materials provided. In Program B, Barrick Gold Corporation hired a company to produce and install the stoves locally. A total of 30 and 27 homes participated in Program A and B, respectively. We collected personal and kitchen air samples, as well as morning urine samples from women tasked with cooking in the households before and after the installation of the improved stoves. Median levels of PM(2.5) and CO were significantly reduced in kitchen and personal air samples by 47-74% after the installation of the new stoves, while the median reduction of 10 urinary hydroxylate PAH metabolites (OH-PAHs) was 19%-52%. The observed OH-PAH concentration in this study was comparable or higher than the 95th percentile of the general U.S. population, even after the stove intervention, indicating a high overall exposure in this population.     

Chemical availability of 137Cs and 90Sr in undisturbed lysimeter soils maintained under controlled and close-to-real conditions

Chemical availability of 137Cs and 90Sr was determined in four undisturbed soils in a lysimeter study three and four years after deposition to the soil surface. The study was part of a larger project on radionuclide soil-plant interactions under well-defined conditions. The soil types were loam, silt loam, sandy loam and loamy sand, and were representatives of important European soil and climatic conditions. The lysimeters were installed in greenhouses with climatic and hydrological control, and were contaminated with 137Cs and 90Sr in an aerosol mixture simulating fallout from a nuclear accident. Soil samples were taken from several depths in each soil in 1997 and 1998 and the samples were sequentially extracted with H2O, NH4Ac, NH2OH.HCl, H2O2 and HNO3. Extractability of 137Cs decreased in the order: HNO3 > R-esidual > or = NH4Ac > H2O2 > or = NH2OH.HCl > or = H2O. More than 80% was found in the acid digestible or residual fractions, and 11-17% in labile fractions. Soil type differences were small. Extractability of 90Sr decreased in the order: NH4Ac > NH2OH.HCl > HNO3 > H2O2 approximately H2O. 31-58% was found in easily available fractions. Differences between soil types were quite small. The results suggest that availability of 137Cs for plant uptake and migration is low, whereas availability of 90Sr is rather high.     

Variation of indoor radon progeny concentration and its role in dose assessment

Instantaneous measurements of equilibrium equivalent concentration of radon (EEC(Rn)) were taken over a period of 1 year in 2004 in a typical house at Amritsar city, located in the northwest part of India. A method based on absolute beta counting subsequent to grab aerosol sampling was used. During that year, EEC(Rn) varied between 1.56B qm(-3) and 22.77B qm(-3) with average value of 8.76Bb qm(-3). EEC(Rn) decreased with the transition from winter to summer and vice versa, having a negative correlation with outdoor temperature. The use of mechanical ventilation, under normal living conditions during summer, caused an extra decrease in the concentrations. The variations with temperature and mechanical ventilation are discussed. Some major issues related to the uncertainties in dose calculations caused by the lack of knowledge of equilibrium factor and ignoring the effect of life style on the radon and its progeny concentrations are discussed.     

长江中下游地区畜禽承载力评估与预警分析

为评估长江中下游地区畜禽养殖的环境风险和承载潜力,以《畜禽养殖业产污系数与排污系数手册》和《畜禽粪污土地承载力测算技术指南》中的相关参数为基础,采用2016年的统计数据,测算了长江中下游地区的畜禽粪便总量、耕地畜禽粪污氮磷负荷和耕地畜禽养殖环境容量。结果表明：（1）2015年长江中下游地区畜禽粪便总量为44 784.09万t,单位耕地畜禽粪污氮、磷负荷分别为71.18、12.71 kg/hm2,畜禽养殖环境容量76 561.60万头猪当量（N）、106 208.50万头猪当量（P）,环境风险指数为0.68（N）、0.84（P）,养殖风险中等,具有一定发展潜力,增量规模分别为实际养殖总量的47%（N）、19%（P）;（2）分省域来看,畜禽粪便资源丰富程度由高到低依次为湖南、湖北、安徽、江西、江苏、浙江和上海;耕地氮负荷由大到小依次为湖南、湖北、江西、安徽、江苏、上海和浙江;耕地磷负荷由大到小依次为湖南、湖北、江西、江苏、安徽、上海和浙江;上海、江苏、浙江、安徽、湖北和湖南畜禽养殖环境风险中等,具有发展潜力,可适当增加养殖数量;江西畜禽养殖环境风险较严重,不具有发展潜力,需要进行总量控制;（3）分市域来看,约59%的市畜禽养殖环境风险中等,约28%的市畜禽养殖环境风险较严重,约10%的市畜禽养殖环境风险较小,仅3%的市畜禽养殖环境风险严重。需按照重点调控区、约束发展区、适度发展区、潜力增长区和重点发展区进行优化,并根据区域种植业结构进行动态调整。     

岷江上游植被在汶川地震中的损毁及灾后恢复状况

岷江上游是四川盆地和长江干流的重要生态屏障，其植被资源在汶川地震中遭受了严重破坏。以震前（2006年）和震后（2008年和2010年）的遥感影像数据为基础，研究了该区域植被在地震中的受损情况及灾后恢复状况。研究表明：受地震影响，岷江上游森林、灌木、草地和荒漠植被面积在2006～2008年分别下降23 124、15 409、7 482 和2 656 hm2，降幅依次为273%、253%、104%和412%，而沼泽面积变化不大；经过灾后恢复，森林、灌木、草地和荒漠植被面积在2008～2010年分别恢复12 104、21 283、10 554 和2 847 hm2，分别占受损面积的52%、138%、141%和107%，而沼泽面积变化依然不大。植被的这些变化对区域的生态服务功能产生了深远影响。对合理开发利用区域资源、妥善处理经济建设和生态环境保护矛盾以及科学保障长江流域的生态安全都具有一定的指导意义     

Correlation of the partitioning of dissolved organic matter fractions with the desorption of Cd,Cu, Ni,Pb and Zn from 18 Dutch soils

Eighteen Dutch soils were extracted in aqueous solutions at varying pH. Extracts were analyzed for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn by ICP-AES. Extract dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was also concentrated onto a macroreticular resin and fractionation into three operationally defined fractions: hydrophilic acids (Hyd), humic acids (HA) and fulvic acids (FA). In this manner, change in absolute solution concentration and relative percentage for each fraction could be calculated as a function of extraction equilibrium pH. The soils were also analyzed for solid phase total organic carbon and total recoverable metals (EPA Method 3051). Partitioning coefficients were calculated for the metals and organic carbon (OC) based on solid phase concentrations (less the metal or OC removed by the extraction) divided by solution concentrations. Cu and Pb concentrations in solution as a function of extract equilibrium pH are greatest at low and high pH resulting in parabolic desorption/dissolution curves. While processes such as proton competition and proton promoted dissolution can account for high solution metal concentrations at low pH, these processes cannot account for higher Cu and Pb concentrations at high pH. DOC increases with increasing pH, concurrently with the increase in Cu and Pb solution concentrations. While the absolute concentrations of FA and HA generally increase with increasing pH, the relative proportional increase is greatest for HA . Variation in HA concentrations spans three orders of magnitude while FA concentrations vary an order of magnitude over the pH range examined. Correlation analysis strongly suggests that HA plays a major role in increasing the concentration of solution Cu and Pb with increasing pH in the 18 soils studied. The percentage of the OC that was due to FA was nearly constant over a wide pH range although the FA concentration increased with increasing pH and its concentration was greater than that of the HA fraction at lower pH values (pH = 3-5). Thus, in more acidic environments, FA may play a larger role than HA in governing organo-metallic interactions. For Cd, Ni, and Zn, the desorption/dissolution pattern shows high metal solution concentrations at low pH with slight increases in solution concentrations at extremely high pH values (pH>10). The results presented here suggest that the effects of dissolved organic carbon on the mobilization of Cd, Ni, and Zn may only occur in systems governed by very high pH. At high pH, it is difficult to distinguish in this study whether the slightly increased solution-phase concentrations of these cations is due to DOC or hydrolysis reactions. These high pH environments would rarely occur in natural settings.     

中国种植业碳排放与其产业发展关系的研究

研究首先测算了我国1992~2010年期间以及31个省（市、区）2010年的种植业碳排放量。在此基础上，运用序列平稳性检验、协整分析方法等计量经济分析方法考察了中国1992~2010年种植业碳排放与其产业发展间的关系。研究表明：（1）2010年我国种植业碳排放总量为18 36684万t，较1992年增加了3562%，呈现“上升-平稳-上升”的3个阶段变化趋势。横向来看，区域差异明显，排在前10位的地区占全国种植业碳排总量的6297%，而排在后10位的地区仅占全国718%；江西种植业碳排放强度最高，达1 19786 kg/万元种植业产值，北京最低，仅为21986 kg/万元种植业产值。（2）种植业产业发展与其碳排放之间存在协整关系，即长期均衡关系，但短期内会偏离长期均衡，种植业碳排放长期对短期偏离均衡的调整力度为4234%，而种植业产业发展偏离长期均衡时，系统因素不能使偏差回到长期均衡状态，需借助外力调整；（3）种植业产业发展与其碳排放互为因果关系；（4）产业发展带来的冲击能够解释种植业碳排放变化的3757%，而碳排放的变化对其产业发展的解释水平仅为680%     

长江中下游滨岸带水体温室气体释放的时空分布特征

内陆河流生态系统作为大气中温室气体通量交换的热点区域,对全球的碳循环有重要影响。分别于平水期(2017年5月)和丰水期(2018年7月)对长江中下游滨岸带水体两种温室气体(CH_4和CO_2)释放通量进行了调查研究。结果表明:平水期时,CH_4和CO_2的释放通量分别为0.39～9 668.83 nmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和0.25～3 229.41μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1),平均值为298.24±1 308.65 nmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和290.75±645.99μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1);丰水期时,二者的释放通量为-22.80～329.76 nmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和-110.21～16.39μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1),平均值为21.51±49.56 nmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和-3.63±13.25μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1)。水体温度、pH、溶解性总磷浓度、溶解性有机碳和溶解性有机氮比值是影响CH_4和CO_2通量的重要因素。CH_4和CO_2释放通量还受到通江湖泊的缓冲和入江河流输入的影响,表现为河口水系高,湖口水系低的特点。由于外源污染和滨岸带土地利用的差异,城市岸带的CH_4和CO_2排放量最高,其次为自然岸带,湿地岸带和河口较低,通量最低的为化工园岸带。估算表明,长江全年碳排放以CO_2为主,年释放量约为1.93×10~7 t(C),CH_4年释放量约为2.28×10~(4 )t(C),低于世界上一些其他大型河流。