系留气球囊体材料快速老化试验研究

目的估算某系留气球在某地区的使用寿命。方法分析环境因素对系留气球的影响,确定采用太阳辐射快速老化的方法对囊体材料开展老化试验研究,时间为3000 h。采用等时间间隔法对试验件进行测试,间隔时间为375 h,测试9次,每组试验件为5件,试验数据采用5个试验件的平均值。对老化前后囊体材料的表面状况、拉伸强度、拉伸强度变化率及断裂伸长率进行分析。结果试验之后,囊体材料表面发黄,有粉末状的颗粒,拉伸强度为395.2N/cm,下降了56.01%,断裂伸长率在3.9%～7.7%间波动变化。将实验室老化辐射量等同于室外紫外辐射量,根据室外紫外辐射量约占室外自然老化太阳辐射总量8%及某地区全年太阳辐射总量,估算囊体材料的实验室老化相当于室外自然老化的年限,结合囊体材料设计限制条件,评估出了系留气球的使用寿命。结论通过太阳辐射快速老化的方法对囊体材料开展老化试验研究,可估算出某系留气球在某地区的使用寿命。     

弹载相控阵天线系留液冷散热设计与优化分析

目的 对某相控阵天线开展散热设计与优化分析.方法 基于液冷强迫散热设计理论方法,进行某型相控阵雷达天线热设计,制定液冷散热方案.应用CFD仿真软件FloEFD建立流固耦合热仿真模型,对天线散热情况进行热仿真分析,得到该设备关键测试点的温度变化情况.结果 热仿真结果表明,整个系留测试试验中,关键监测点的最高温度在允许的工作温度范围内;每个系留测试周期中存在散热冗余时间.结论 热仿真分析表明,该设备制定的热设计方案可以满足使用要求,并为设备的设计改进和测试方案的优化提供指导和建议.     

系留气球备件需求确定方法研究

目的确保系留气球保障性,提高其使用效率。方法针对系留气球的特点,研究运用保障性分析法和相似产品法预测备件品种,采用相似经验法、按比例供应法和模型计算法确定备件需求量,得出一套预测系留气球备件品种和数量的程序和方法,并给出计算实例。结果系留气球备件的配置应首先确定备件的品种,在此基础上确定备件需求量,并配置在相应的维修级别。结论该系留气球备件的预测程序和方法适用于工程实际,可以应用于系留气球的保障性分析。     

论球库对系留气球必要性

通过分析气象环境中大风、冰雪、雷电对系留气球的影响,得出了恶劣的气象环境下,系留气球使用可用度下降,球体寿命变短,氦气透氦率增加。在综合国内外气球生产厂房的基础上,得出球库建造的可行性,还分析了建造球库的经济性,认为建造球库是完全可行的,经济上也完全是可以承受的。建设球库,能使系留气球有效规避恶劣天气,提高系留气球的可用度和寿命,保护设备和工作人员的安全。     

面向节能减排的通信基站通风冷却系统研究

作为高能耗行业,通信行业中通信基站的散热能耗量就一直居高不下,如何降低其能耗是目前各运营商迫切期待解决的问题。针对这一问题,根据烟囱效应增强对流散热的原理,提出了一种"烟囱"通风与空调降温相结合的通风冷却系统设计方案,然后通过三维热-流体耦合计算分析了影响此结构散热的关键因素,在此基础上采用正交实验对基站散热结构的参数进行了优化,最大化降低基站运行的温度,从而达到了减少通信基站运行成本的目标。     

反应堆控制棒驱动机构电机温升试验研究

目的 研究电机在不同工况下的温升情况,完成电机散热能力评估,为电机散热优化和工程通风设计提供参考.方法 模拟驱动机构实际运行环境,在断风条件下进行自然散热温升试验,获取电机温升最大工作模式,并在该模式下进行2种风速条件下的通风试验,获取定子绕组的平衡温度.当定子绕组达到热平衡后,切断通风,进行断风试验,获取最大断风时间.结果 电机温升最大时,工作模式为三相通电,增大风速可降低定子外壁温度,提高定子绕组与定子外壁的温差.三相通电工况下,5 m/s和8 m/s风速下最大断风时间分别为15 min和22 min.结论 开展了电机温升试验研究,获得了典型工况下电机的温升状况,为电机散热优化和工程通风设计提供了参考.     

基于WRF-CFD耦合的复杂城市形态街道通风性能模拟研究

目的研究静稳天气下复杂城市形态街道的通风性能。方法用WRF中尺度气象模式耦合CFD流体模型,通过选取冬季一次静稳天气过程,对南京市不同城市形态的街区通风性能进行分析,评价不同形态街区的通风性能,给出现有城市通风性能的状态,并对城市规划提供合理的意见。结果静稳天气条件下,人口密集居住的住宅区,通风性能严重不足,大部分街区风速只有0.3m/s,不利于居民的健康生活。局部区域的通风性能主要由街道的交叉口位置和街道与主导风向的位置关系决定,此次静稳天气综合型切片的中心区域通风性能明显优于中心区和住宅区。在迎风向的街谷或道路的通风性能明显,在静稳天气下能够达到2～3m/s,很好地起到了城市通风走廊的作用。结论合理的城市设计和建筑布局能够有效地增加局部区域,尤其是高密度地区的通风性能,有利于污染物等的扩散以及居民的健康。     

民用飞机客舱个人通风喷嘴布置研究

目的 获得民用飞机客舱个人通风喷嘴的最佳布置方案.方法 针对下拉式行李箱的客舱布局,建立单排客舱个人通风的k-ε模型,使用ICEM CFD进行网格划分.梳理并分析国内外个人通风的标准手册,将人体头部高度处的风速大于1 m/s作为设计指标.提出2种喷嘴布置方案——分散布置和集中排列布置,设计5种工况,运用FLUENT软件进行数值计算.结果 分散布置方案,第一种工况下,头部最大风速仅0.39 m/s;第二种工况下,仅中间位置乘客能获得1 m/s以上的风速,两边的乘客基本无吹风.集中排列方案,第三种工况下,头部最大风速为0.9 m/s;第四种工况下,乘客1头部最高风速只能达到0.52 m/s.在个人通风量不变的前提下,工况5将喷嘴口径缩小为20 mm,乘客1头部处风速可达1.09 m/s.结论 作为民用飞机客舱内主通风系统的辅助调节手段,个人通风系统可以减轻乘客的闷热感,对于安装了下拉式行李箱的客舱,因其PSU空间狭小,导致喷嘴布置较为困难.根据计算结果,分散布置方式无法满足左右两侧乘客的需求.在喷嘴口径缩小为20 mm后,集中排列方式能满足所有乘客的需求,目前该方案已应用于某型民机客舱的个人通风系统.     

提高室内变压器通风及散热能力的研究

变电站的设计、建设考虑到对周边噪声污染的控制,多采用室内型式的变电站。夏季用电高峰期间,室内变压器基本处于满负荷运行状态,主变超温情况频发,影响了城市居民的正常生活用电,威胁电网设备的安全运行,同时也会造成了局部供电紧张的局面;本文针对变压器通风及散热能力进行了调查与测试,分析了影响主变散热的原因,并依此提出了解决散热能力不足的应对办法和改进建议。     

典型环境中三种自然环境加速试验方法的环境强化效果分析

目的研究自然环境加速试验方法的环境强化效果。方法通过分析实时监测获得的典型环境不同自然环境加速试验装置中,温湿度环境因素变化数据,找出典型环境中不同自然环境加速试验装置内部的温湿度环境因素变化规律,计算得到典型环境中不同自然环境加速试验方法对温湿度环境因素的强化效果。结果得到了典型环境中不同自然环境加速试验装置的特征温湿度变化规律曲线图。结论玻璃框、黑箱、强制通风玻璃框等3种自然环境加速试验装置对自然环境的光照热效应有明显的强化作用,其内部温度变化梯度大小与环境中太阳辐射量大小相关。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.