基于RS和GIS的乌伦古河流域天然植被生态需水研究

基于RS和GIS的技术方法,利用TM数据解译出乌伦古河流域1990年、2000年和2015年三期土地利用分类图,提取流域三期天然植被分布,结合气象站点实测资料,采用FAO56 Penman-Monteith法,通过ArcGIS建模计算研究区天然植被生态需水。结果表明:乌伦古河流域草地、灌丛、森林三种天然植被生态需水量呈先减少后增加的趋势,整个研究时间段(1990～2015年),生态需水量减少了4.48×10~8 m~3。25年里,可控生态需水的范围内,三种植被的生态需水量都有减少,总生态需水量平均以1 792×10~4 m~3/a减少。流域天然生态需水量呈现东北部青河县山区少、中西部富蕴县和福海县平原区多的特征,且随着海拔的升高天然植被生态需水量呈减少的趋势。前十年的变化剧烈程度要大于后十五年。     

流域生态需水量的研究——以德阳市绵远河为例

确定最小生态需水量,可实现水资源的可持续利用和流域水生态系统的稳定。以德阳市范围内的绵远河流域为研究区域,针对水闸修建和污染较为严重的特点,利用蒙大拿法和最枯月平均径流法分别计算河道基础生态需水量为9221.13×10~4m~3,5203.44×10~4m~3,进行对比分析选用蒙大拿法计算的结果。河道蒸发量为518.9m~3,针对绵远河上修建5座水闸计算河流渗漏量为2891.03×10~4m~3,并计算河流自净需水量为14016.00×10~4m~3。得出绵远河最小生态需水量为17425.03×10~4m~3。由计算结果可知,稀释污水消耗大量水资源,为了维持水生态健康必须重视污水的处理。     

不同出行方式大气PM_(2.5)个体暴露分析

于2017年7月在南充市城区固定线路,分别用粉尘测定仪和激光粒子计数器连续6d对步行、出租车、公交车、摩托车、私家车、自行车6种出行方式大气PM_(2.5)个体暴露质量浓度、数浓度进行监测,分析不同出行方式大气PM_(2.5)个体暴露质量浓度和数浓度。结果表明,不同出行方式质量浓度最高和最低分别为自行车(68.0±32.2)μg/m~3和出租车(35.6±21.5)μg/m~3;数浓度最高和最低分别为步行(1.93×10~8) N/m~3和私家车(2.49×10~4) N/m~3。质量浓度和数浓度的暴露量最高分别为自行车(76.6±3.8)μg和自行车(2.25×10~8) N;两种浓度下出租车和私家车比较结果相差不大,而其他四种出行方式呈现完全不同的结果。     

双滤料过滤技术在微粒径采出水处理中的研究与应用

对BQ油田联合站采出水处理工艺技术优化,由"重力沉降+核桃壳过滤+纤维球过滤"三级工艺简化为"重力沉降+双滤料过滤"两级工艺。优化后设备集成度更高,设计处理能力优化缩减20%,设备负载率提高13.5%;过滤器由12具减少至4具,设备数量减少67%;反洗周期,由12 h延长至48～72 h,降低了反洗能耗;反冲洗水量,由435 m~3/d降至120 m~3/d,减少72.4%;预计采出水处理系统能耗可由改造前的71.2×10~4 kW·h降低至63.5×10~4 kW·h。     

食品工业废水资源化处理与利用方法

1 引言随着工业的迅猛发展,工业污染源排放的废水量日益增多,尤其是食品工业废水的有机污染物浓度高、数量多,属于高浓度有机废水。例如,我国目前年排放酿酒废水总量约10~7m~3,COD 浓度为3～4mg/L;年排放味精废水总量达2.4×10~6m~3,COD浓度为4～5×10~4mg/L。这些废水大部分未经处理而排放,对环境造成严重的危害。食品工业废水的有机成分主要是糖类、蛋白质和脂肪,大多数以糖类为     

基于化石能源的土库曼斯坦碳足迹研究

随着全球能源消费持续升高,区域碳排放问题逐渐受到人们的关注并成为全球热点问题之一。本文利用土库曼斯坦化石能源消费释放温室气体相关数据,估算了2000-2018年土库曼斯坦碳足迹量,并进一步分析了碳足迹的年际变化特征及各组分的贡献率。结果表明:2000-2018年土库曼斯坦碳足迹呈波动上升趋势,平均排放量为5.94×10~(10) kgCO_2 e/a,其中天然气的排放量显著高于石油,为4.28×10~(10) kgCO_2 e/a,贡献率为67.97%～74.80%;2000-2018年,人均碳排量呈上升趋势;总碳排放强度呈缓慢下降趋势。对此,从能源利用结构方面提出相应的减排措施。     

基于OMI数据的西南地区对流层NO2浓度时空变化特征分析

利用OMI数据反演得到的多时相NO_2浓度产品(空间分辨率为0.125°×0.125°),分析了2005～2017年西南地区四省市(云南省、贵州省、四川省及重庆市)对流层NO_2柱浓度的时空分布特征,并对其影响因素进行了简单分析。结果表明:(1)2005～2017年间,西南地区NO_2柱浓度年均值较小,13年的年均值为1.801 5×10~(15)molec/cm~2。年变化整体表现为先增大后减小趋势;季节变化表现为:冬季秋季春季夏季,而月变化呈内凹型分布;(2)空间分布上呈东部高、西部低的特点,并且跨度较大,四川省东部和重庆市西部地区的NO_2柱浓度年均值大于10.0×10~(15)molec/cm~2,而四川省西部和云南省中西部地区的NO_2柱浓度低于1.0×10~(15)molec/cm~2;(3)云南省的NO_2柱浓度最低,重庆市的NO_2柱浓度远远高于其他3个省;此外,云南省的年变化最为平缓,而重庆市的变化幅度最大;(4)研究区的地理位置及地形特征、气象要素、人口密集度及经济发展状况等因素都直接影响对流层NO_2柱浓度的时空分布。     

竹醋液在养殖场除臭消毒中的应用研究

消毒防疫和除臭是现代养殖的重要内容,高效、安全、经济的除臭消毒技术,将有助于现代养殖业的健康发展。竹醋液富含各类天然成分,具有显著的除臭和抑菌杀菌功效,能有效消除猪舍臭气,杀灭细菌。竹醋液稀释比100倍,喷淋密度120mL/(m~2/min),每日喷淋3次,每次喷淋时间20min,可将猪舍臭气浓度从280降至60,细菌总数从7.46×10~4CFU/m3降至3.56×10~4CFU/m~3,除臭效率达78.6%,杀菌率52.3%。试验结果显示,竹醋液是一项安全有效的养殖场除臭消毒一体化技术。     

便携式红外光谱仪对几种典型气态污染物的检出限的测定

测定计算了便携式红外光谱仪分析几种气体污染物时的检出限,结果显示一氧化碳检出限低于1mg/m~3,也低于《环境空气质量标准》(GB3095-2012)和《室内空气质量标准》(GBT18883-2002)中相应标准限值;四氯化碳、二氧化硫和一氧化氮检出限界于1mg/m~3和10mg/m~3之间,苯、甲苯、丙酮检出限大于10mg/m3。     

离子色谱测定大气降尘中的阴离子

大气自然沉积物亦称降尘。通常以专用玻璃降尘缸(保持300—500毫升水),采样器在3—20米高度范围内,在自然沉积条件下,以一个月为一采样周期进行采样。对降尘中的非水溶性及水溶性降沉量、用重量法测定,其值以:吨/平方公里·月表示。降尘所吸附或凝聚大气中的SO_2、NO_2含量常用比色法进行测定,其检测限分别为:SO_2—0.025mg/m~3、NO_2—0.04mg/m~3。降尘中以无机盐形成存在的阴离子(如SO_4~(2-)、     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.