长江水絮凝污泥制备光催化剂及其催化活性

用聚硅硫酸钛絮凝处理长江水，所产生的絮凝污泥经干燥、煅烧处理后制备了具有较高催化活性的复合光催化剂，并用XRD对其进行了表征。考察了絮凝pH值、煅烧温度、絮凝剂投加量和光催化剂投加量等因素对复合光催化剂光催化降解活性艳红K-2BP溶液的影响。结果表明，当絮凝pH值为4，煅烧温度为500℃，絮凝剂投加量为0．2g／L时，制备的复合光催化剂催化活性最佳，光催化降解浓度为25mg／L的活性艳红K-2BP溶液15min后降解率达99．9％，与同等实验条件下P-25的降解效率相当。     

壳聚糖/海藻酸钠复合絮凝剂的吸附性能

采用壳聚糖和海藻酸钠制备新型复合絮凝剂,通过正交实验考察复合絮凝剂投加量、搅拌时间、絮凝温度及pH值等因素对曙红染料废水吸附效果的影响,并采用红外光谱对产品进行表征。结果表明:最佳吸附条件为复合絮凝剂投加量0.30 g,pH值为5.00,搅拌时间为2.0 h,絮凝温度25℃时,脱色率可达97.52%。复合絮凝剂对曙红溶液的吸附等温曲线遵循Freundlich吸附等温式和Langmuir等温吸附式。     

微絮凝/超滤组合工艺处理实际印染废水

选择微生物絮凝剂(MBF)作为絮凝剂,采用微絮凝/超滤组合工艺处理实际印染废水,开展微絮凝的影响因素、正交实验及超滤处理过程的运行参数等方面研究。结果表明:(1)微絮凝的最佳运行条件为MBF与CaCl2质量比1∶32、MBF投加量30mg/L、pH=7.5、絮凝时间20min。正交实验表明,4种因素对微絮凝工艺的影响顺序依次为MBF投加量CaCl2投加量pH絮凝时间。添加MBF进行微絮凝预处理可显著提高后续超滤工艺中膜渗透通量,而且对超滤膜的寿命影响小。(2)超滤的最佳运行条件为运行压力0.12 MPa、运行周期18min、回收率83%、交替"运行-反洗"方式。(3)在微絮凝/超滤组合工艺最佳运行条件下,实际印染废水中COD由2 782.50mg/L降低至109.39mg/L,综合COD去除率达到96.07%。     

絮凝-Fenton试剂氧化处理印染废水

采用Fenton试剂对某染袜厂2种印染废水(印染红和印染蓝)进行处理。考察了硫酸亚铁投加量、双氧水投加量、反应时间及pH值对印染废水的色度及COD去除率的影响,通过正交实验确定了Fenton试剂处理该废水的最佳操作条件为:反应时间30 min、双氧水(30%)投加量4 mL/L、硫酸亚铁投加量300 mg/L、pH值为4左右。在最佳条件下,印染蓝废水经氧化处理后COD去除率大于80%,色度去除率95%以上;印染红废水需经絮凝预处理后再用Fenton试剂氧化处理,其脱色率达到了99.6%,COD去除率为91.2%,出水COD浓度为96 mg/L,可达标排放。     

微生物絮凝剂产生菌的培养条件研究

从活性污泥中分离筛选到1株高效絮凝剂产生菌E 9,初步鉴定其为大肠杆菌。首次发现大肠杆菌能产生微生物絮凝剂。该菌产生絮凝剂的适宜培养条件为:乙醇为碳源,大豆粉为氮源,初始pH值为6. 5~7 .2、温度为30℃。絮凝实验结果表明,该菌产絮凝剂对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率可达97% ~99. 5%,而絮凝剂投加量仅为通用发酵培养基的1 /15,絮凝效果优于聚丙烯酰胺等常用絮凝剂。     

新型材料处理化学镀镍废水

采用一种同时具备吸附和离子交换功能的新型材料CARBONITE对低浓度化学镀镍废水进行实验研究,分别探讨了CARBONITE用量、pH值、温度和反应时间对CARBONITE去除废水中Ni2+的影响,并考察了CARBONITE的再生性能。实验结果表明,当CARBONITE投加量为1.5 g/L,pH值为6.8,温度为40℃,反应时间为6 h时,CARBONITE对Ni2+去除率可达最大值91.39%。用pH值为4的硫酸溶液对吸附后的CARBONITE进行再生实验,效果良好,再生3次之后的CARBONITE对Ni2+的去除率仍能达到82%左右。     

垃圾渗滤液的加载磁絮凝预处理工艺研究

垃圾渗滤液是一种成分复杂多变的高浓度难处理有机废水。采用加载磁絮凝技术对垃圾渗滤液进行预处理,以提高其可生化性,便于后续生化处理的进行。研究了适宜的磁载体种类、凝聚剂和絮凝剂的加入量,以及不同pH值和药剂投加顺序的影响,并进行了磁絮凝与常规絮凝工艺的对比实验。得到的最优组合工艺为：PAC投加量5.5 g/L,磁载体投加...     

聚硅酸氯化铝处理皂素废水的研究

制备了聚硅酸氯化铝(PASC)絮凝剂，并用其进行了皂素废水处理实验。考察了絮凝剂投加量、pH值、搅拌速度对COD和浊度去除率的影响。结果表明，当絮凝剂投加量为9～13.5 mg/L、pH值5～7、搅拌速度150～250 r/min时，COD和浊度去除效果较好。最佳工艺条件为：絮凝剂投加量11.25 mg/L、pH值6、搅拌速度200 r/min。此时，COD去除率为93.7％，浊度去除率为97.5％。PASC的絮凝性能明显优于PAC。     

生物絮凝法处理洗毛废水的研究

从活性污泥中筛选适宜洗毛废水的生物絮凝剂，并用筛选的生物絮凝进行洗毛废水生物絮凝实验。实验结果表明，当300 mL废水中生物絮凝剂投加量为5 mL、温度为20℃左右、pH值为9、反应时间45 min，搅拌采用先快速搅拌5 min后慢速搅拌40 min的条件下絮凝效果最好，对COD和SS去除率可达80％以上。     

PFS絮凝-膜分离法处理含油食品废水的研究

采用PFS絮凝-膜分离法对含油食品废水进行处理.通过改变PFS的投加量、pH值、反应时间、膜操作温度和压力等条件,对废水中的油、COD、SS和NH3-N的去除率进行了研究,得到了较佳的工艺条件:PFS的投加量为70 mg/L,pH值为7,反应时间为60 min,膜操作温度为40℃,压力为0.7 MPa,油、COD、SS和NH3-N的去除率分别达到98%、93%、92%和80%以上,出水水质达到<污水综合排放标准>的一级标准.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.