汉江流域1960~2014年降雨极值时空变化特征

深入研究降雨极值的时空变化规律和特点，有助于提高应对极端灾害的能力。通过构建PDS/GP模型，并引入降雨极值变化指标，结合统计检验分析汉江流域15个气象站点1960~2014年春、夏、秋季以及全年月降雨超定量系列的年际变化特征；利用复杂网络理论的聚类系数和节点度，结合各站点在典型年份春、夏和秋季的降雨极值变化指标，分析月降雨极值的空间分布特征。分析结果表明：从时间上看，汉江流域月降雨极值年际变化的季节性差异较大，近55 a没有明显的一致性变化趋势。受季风气候影响，夏季的月降雨极值年际变化与春、秋季相反，而秋季的变异指标年际波动最大。从空间上看，受季风气候、下垫面条件和人类活动等多种因素的综合作用，中下游月降雨极值变化的差异性要高于上游。随着相关阈值的增大，流域站网总体关联度有所降低。相同阈值下的结果表明空间上相邻的站点其关联性差异较大，部分相距较远的站点具有更大的关联性，分析结果可为降雨极值的空间插值提供参考。     

Seasonal changes in daily precipitation extremes in mainland Portugal from 1941 to 2007

This study aims mostly at understanding seasonal variations in the intensity, frequency and duration of extreme precipitation events in mainland Portugal. For this purpose, selected precipitation indices that mainly focus on extremes were calculated at the seasonal scale for daily data recorded in the period 1941–2007 at 57 meteorological stations scattered across the area. These indices were explored for trends at the local and regional levels. The results show that there are marked changes in precipitation indices at the seasonal scale. Trends in spring and autumn precipitation have opposite signals. In spring, statistically significant drying trends are found together with a reduction in extremes. In autumn, wetting trends are detected for all indices, although overall they are not significant at the 5 % level. In addition, the relationship between seasonal extreme precipitation indices and atmospheric large-scale modes of low-frequency variability is analysed by means of a seasonal correlation analysis. Four modes of low-frequency variability are explored. Results confirm that, over mainland Portugal, the North Atlantic Oscillation is one of the most important teleconnection patterns in any season and the mode of variability that has the greatest influence on precipitation extremes in the area, particularly in the winter and autumn.     

Climate change in Algeria and its impact on durum wheat

According to IPCC reports, the Mediterranean basin and particularly the North African area are amongst the most vulnerable regions to climate change. However, the information concerning the North African zone is very limited, and studies on climate change have never been conducted in Algeria up to now. This paper aims at bridging this information gap and initiates a first research on the impact of climate change on durum wheat cropping, the most strategic commodity in the food system and in the national economy of Algeria. Climate projections for the distant future (2071–2100), obtained from the ARPEGE-Climate model of Météo-France run under the medium A1B SRES scenario, are introduced into a simple agrometeorological crop model previously validated with field data. Two options for the sowing date are assessed: a dynamical date, chosen within the traditional sowing window by means of a rainfall criterion, or a prescribed date with supplemental irrigation on the same day. Crop development is modelled using thermal time, and maximum yield is determined from the accumulation of solar radiation. A water stress index is inferred from a daily water balance model, and actual yield is estimated from potential yield corrected by the water stress index. The model also takes into account the occurrence of dry periods during the growing season, which can induce partial or total failure of the crop cycle. Two stations, representative of two of the three agroclimatic areas where durum wheat is grown, were chosen: Algiers in the central northern region and Bordj Bou Arreridj in the eastern high plains. Climate change is not similar for both areas, but a tendency towards aridity is clear especially in spring. Future temperature and potential evapotranspiration increase in both regions with a maximum in spring and summer. In Algiers, rainfall will decrease throughout the year and mainly in spring and summer. Conversely, summer precipitation in Bordj Bou Arreridj will increase significantly. In both regions, the autumn rains will increase in the future climate, the possibilities of early sowing will be improved, crop cycle will be reduced, and harvest will take place earlier. In Algiers, yields tend to decrease in the future climate, whereas in Bordj Bou Arreridj, a dynamical (earlier) sowing will tend to keep yields at their current level.     

近50年来鄱阳湖流域降雨多时间尺度变化规律研究

利用鄱阳湖流域16个气象站1960~2008年共49 a的月降雨资料，采用Morlet小波函数，对该流域降雨季节变化、年际和年代际时间序列进行小波分析，揭示了流域降雨变化的多时间尺度特征，分析了不同时间尺度下降雨序列变化的周期和突变点。研究表明：①1960~1990年，年降雨量呈明显年际和代际振荡，并无显著趋势；进入90年代以后，年降雨呈现显著上升趋势；进入21世纪，尤其从2002年开始，年降雨量开始减少；②流域季节降雨和年降雨都存在多时间尺度特征，夏季降雨、冬季降雨和年降雨都存在18 a的第一主周期；春季、冬季和年降雨存在6 a次主周期；此外，春季、秋季、冬季和年降雨均存在3 a次主周期；③夏季降雨在18 a时间尺度上与年降雨变化具有相同的趋势和相位，春季降雨在3 a和6 a时间尺度上与年降雨变化具有相似趋势和相位变化     

Mid-21st century climate and weather extremes in Cyprus as projected by six regional climate models

We present climate change projections and apply indices of weather extremes for the Mediterranean island Cyprus using data from regional climate model (RCM) simulations driven by the IPCC A1B scenario within the ENSEMBLES project. Daily time-series of temperature and precipitation were used from six RCMs for a reference period 1976–2000 and for 2026–2050 (‘future‘) for representative locations, applying a performance selection among neighboring model grid-boxes. The annual average temperatures of the model ensemble have a ±1.5°C bias from the observations (negative for maximum and positive for minimum temperature), and the models underestimate annual precipitation totals by 4–17%. The climatological annual cycles for the observations fall within the 1σ range of the 6-model average, highlighting the strength of using multi-model output. We obtain reasonable agreement between models and observations for the temperature-related indices of extremes for the recent past, while the comparison is less good for the precipitation-related extremes. For the future, the RCM ensemble shows significant warming of 1°C in winter to 2°C in the summer for both maximum and minimum temperatures. Rainfall is projected to decrease by 2–8%, although this is not statistically significant. Our results indicate the shift of the mean climate to a warmer state, with a relatively strong increase in the warm extremes. The precipitation frequency is projected to decrease at the inland Nicosia and at the coastal Limassol, while the mountainous Saittas could experience more frequent 5–15 mm/day rainfall. In future, very hot days are expected to increase by more than 2 weeks/year and tropical nights by 1 month/year. The annual number of consecutive dry days shows a statistically significant increase (of 9 days) in Limassol. These projected changes of the Cyprus climate may adversely affect ecosystems and the economy of the island and emphasize the need for adaptation strategies.     

汉江流域降水结构时空特征及影响因素分析

利用汉江流域32个气象站1961~2016年逐日降水资料，分析了汉江流域降水时空分布特征，并探讨了海温及大气环流对流域降水的影响。结果表明：雨量和雨日空间分布相似，小雨、中雨的雨量和雨日由西南向东北递减，降水中心位于西南和东南部；流域东北部大雨以上量级降水由偏少转为偏多，而雨强空间分布则没有明显规律。流域降水集中度自东南向西北逐渐增加，降水集中期逐渐推迟。海温对降水的影响存在季节差异，春季、夏季和秋季降水分别受前期南印度洋、热带北大西洋和热带中东太平洋海温影响，冬季降水则受海温影响不明显；大尺度大气环流对降水存在影响，冬季欧亚遥相关型和春季西太平洋遥相关型均引起冬季风强度变化来影响冬季和春季降水，夏季副高位置和乌山阻高以及秋季巴湖低槽和印缅槽强度则均通过冷空气和暖湿气流强度及交汇位置来影响夏季和秋季降水。     

Multi-GCM projections of future drought and climate variability indicators for the Mediterranean region

Future climate conditions for the Mediterranean region based on an ensemble of 16 Global Climate Models are expressed and mapped using three approaches, giving special attention to the intermodel uncertainty. (1) The scenarios of mean seasonal temperature and precipitation agree with the projections published previously by other authors. The results show an increase in temperature in all seasons and for all parts of the Mediterranean with good intermodel agreement. Precipitation is projected to decrease in all parts and all seasons (most significantly in summer) except for the northernmost parts in winter. The intermodel agreement for the precipitation changes is lower than for temperature. (2) Changes in drought conditions are represented using the Palmer Drought Severity Index and its intermediate Z-index product. The results indicate a significant decrease in soil moisture in all seasons, with the most significant decrease occurring in summer. The displayed changes exhibit high intermodel agreement. (3) The climate change scenarios are defined in terms of the changes in parameters of the stochastic daily weather generator calibrated with the modeled daily data; the emphasis is put on the parameters, which affect the diurnal and interdiurnal variability in weather series. These scenarios indicate a trend toward more extreme weather in the Mediterranean. Temperature maxima will increase not only because of an overall rise in temperature means, but partly (in some areas) because of increases in temperature variability and daily temperature range. Increased mean daily precipitation sums on wet days occurring in some seasons, and some parts of the Mediterranean may imply higher daily precipitation extremes, and decreased probability of wet day occurrence will imply longer drought spells all across the Mediterranean.     

2011年长江中下游春旱的气候特征分析

利用我国高分辨率逐日降水资料，从降水量、无降水日数、连续无降水日数、气象干旱指数（CI）等指标对2011年春季长江中下游地区发生的气象干旱进行了分析评估。结果表明，2011年春季长江中下游地区降水量为近60 a同期最少，无降水日数、气象干旱影响范围均为近60 a同期最大，重度以上气象干旱日数为近几十年来同期罕见。此次严重气象干旱具有强度强、持续时间长、干旱范围广、影响程度重等特点，为近60 a来长江中下游地区春季发生的最严重的气象干旱，对水资源、水产养殖业、农业生产等造成了重大影响。还从大气环流、水汽输送角度对气象干旱的成因进行了初步分析，认为2011年冬春季北方冷空气势力强大，向南扩张明显，南方热带对流系统不活跃，向长江中下游地区水汽输送弱，是造成此次气象干旱的主要原因     

雅鲁藏布江中游河谷气温时序变化的小波分析

通过对雅鲁藏布江中游河谷地区拉萨、日喀则、江孜和泽当等4个气象站1957～2007年逐日气温资料进行等权平均取值，采用气候倾向率和小波分析法，研究了不同时间尺度下近51 a气温变化趋势及周期特征。结果表明：近50 a年平均气温倾向率为0.27℃/10 a，高于西藏地区平均值。气温变化以秋、冬季较显著，夏季气温增长最不明显。年与各季气温变化均存在15～20 a时间尺度上的周期性震荡，突变点在1987年左右，总体表现为1987年前气温偏低，1987年后处于偏高期。春、秋、冬季在1975年左右存在一个升温期，但夏季较明显的升温期却在20世纪80年代中期。
〖     

Model projected heat extremes and air pollution in the eastern Mediterranean and Middle East in the twenty-first century

The eastern Mediterranean and Middle East, a region with diverse socioeconomic and cultural identities, is exposed to strong climatic gradients between its temperate north and arid south. Model projections of the twenty-first century indicate increasing hot weather extremes and decreasing rainfall. We present model results, which suggest that across the Balkan Peninsula and Turkey climate change is particularly rapid, and especially summer temperatures are expected to increase strongly. Temperature rise can be amplified by the depletion of soil moisture, which limits evaporative cooling, prompted by the waning of large-scale weather systems that generate rain. Very hot summers that occurred only rarely in the recent past are projected to become common by the middle and the end of the century. Throughout the region, the annual number of heat wave days may increase drastically. Furthermore, conditions in the region are conducive for photochemical air pollution. Our model projections suggest strongly increasing ozone formation, a confounding health risk factor particularly in urban areas. This adds to the high concentrations of aerosol particles from natural (desert dust) and anthropogenic sources. The heat extremes may have strong impacts, especially in the Middle East where environmental stresses are plentiful.     

近50年长江中下游地区日照时数的时空特征及其影响因素

利用1961～2010年长江中下游地区93个站日照、降水、云量和风速资料,采用气候倾向率、突变检测和相关分析等方法,研究了长江中下游地区年、季、月日照时数的时空特征及其成因。结果表明,长江中下游地区年、季、月日照时数空间分布均呈东北多西南少的分布形式,夏季最多,其次为秋、春与冬季。近50 a长江中下游地区年日照时数普遍显著减少,区域平均减幅为682 h/10a,多于同期全国平均减幅,明显的年代际转折发生在20世纪80年代初期。年日照时数异常偏多出现在1963年和1971年,但未出现过异常偏少年。各季的日照时数也都是负趋势,夏、秋、冬3季减少显著,夏季减少最多也最明显,其次依次是冬季、秋季和春季。近30 a年及夏、秋、冬 3季日照时数减幅缩小,春季则转为以147 h/10a的速率在增加。除湖北中南部、湖南北部、江西北部、安徽北部和浙江东南部年日照时数在20世纪80年代有明显突变外,其他站点的年日照时数没有明显的突变。长江以北地区年日照时数减少与降水量增加和平均风速减少有密切关系,而在长江以南地区低云量的增加作用也非常重要     

基于TRMM卫星资料分析三峡蓄水前后的局地降水变化

为揭示三峡蓄水对局地气候的影响，利用TRMM 3B42卫星降水产品分析了三峡蓄水前后（以2003年为分界）库区的局地降水变化。分析表明，蓄水以后，库区西北部年累积降水量增加，东南部年累积降水量减少，这种降水变化是大尺度上降水变化的区域体现。蓄水对干流附近降水产生了一定影响，干流站点间降水量差别增大，但整个大库区平均的年累积降水量无明显变化。蓄水之后的降水变化具有季节差异。冬季几乎整个库区的降水量都有所增加；春季降水量在干流的上游个别地区和下游减少，中游增加；夏季除库区下游部分地区外，大部分库区降水量有所减少；秋季，库区的上游和中游降水增加，下游降水减少。区域平均的季节降水量无明显年际趋势。结果表明，三峡蓄水带来的降水变化空间尺度只局限在近库区，对整个大库区降水变化的影响可忽略不计     

Analysis of observed and perceived climate change and variability in Arsi Negele District,Ethiopia

Climate change and variability has been detected in Ethiopia. Smallholder and subsistence farmers, pastoralists and forest-dependent households are the most hit by climate-related hazards. They have to have perception of climate change in order to respond it through making coping and/or adaptation strategies. Local perceptions and coping strategies provide a crucial foundation for community-based climate change adaptation measures. This study was specifically designed to (1) assess households’ perception and knowledge in climate change and/or variability, and (2) establish the observed changes in climate parameters with community perceptions and climate anomalies. Purposive stratified random sampling method has been used to gather information from 355 sample households for individual interviews supplemented by group discussion and key informants interviews. The analysis of observed and satellite climate data for the study district showed that mean maximum and minimum temperature for the period 1983–2014 has increased by 0.047 and 0.028 °C/year, respectively. However, the total rainfall has declined by 10.16 mm per annum. Seasonally, the rainfall has declined by 2.198, 4.541, 1.814 and 1.608 mm per annum for Ethiopian summer, spring, autumn and winter seasons, respectively. Similarly, the mean maximum temperature of the study area had showed an increment of 0.035, 0.049, 0.044 and 0.065 °C per year for spring, winter, autumn and summer seasons, respectively. The observed climate variation has been confirmed by people’s perception. Considering what had been the existed situations before 30 years ago as normal, an increase in temperature, an increase in drought frequency, a decrease in total rainfall, erratic nature of its distribution and the tardiness of its onset had been perceived by 88, 70, 97, 80 and 94% of the respondents, respectively, at current time—2015. Deforestation as a casual factor of climate change and variability had been perceived by 99.7% of the respondents. This had been also confirmed by scientific studies as it emits carbon dioxide and is the main driver of climate change and variability. Indigenous knowledge, including climate predictions, has been used by people to implement their day-to-day agricultural activities. Therefore, science should be integrated with the perception and indigenous knowledge of people to come up with concrete solution for climate change and variability impacts on human livelihoods.     

Climate change impacts,vulnerability and adaptive capacity of the electrical energy sector in Cyprus

The purpose of this study was to investigate the climate change impacts, vulnerability and adaptive capacity of the electrical energy sector in Cyprus. Spatial vulnerability of the island was assessed using the degree-day indicator to investigate heating and cooling demands in the near future using daily temperature projections from regional climate models (RCMs). Using daily electrical energy consumption data for the present climate, an impact model linking consumption and temperature was constructed and this relationship was projected to the future climate using the data from the RCMs and assuming the same technology use. Our impact model results showed that for the period between November and April (‘cold period’), a decreasing trend in electrical energy consumption is evident due to warmer conditions in the near future, while for the period between May and October (‘warm period’), an increasing trend in electricity consumption is evident as warmer conditions dominate by 2050. Regarding the spatial vulnerability assessment, the cooling degree-day indicator testified that major increases in cooling demand, between 100 and 200 degree-days, are expected in inland and southern regions during the summer in the near future. In addition, increases of about 20–50 degree-days are anticipated during autumn. Conversely, energy demand for heating is projected to decrease during spring and winter, especially in the higher elevation parts of the island. More precisely, reductions of about 30–75 degree-days are projected during spring, while greater reductions of about 60–90 degree-days are expected during winter in heating demand, especially for in the near future. The ability of the energy sector to adapt and follow these changes was deemed to be satisfactory reducing the overall vulnerability of the sector to future climate change.     

The viticultural system and climate change: coping with long-term trends in temperature and rainfall in Roussillon,France

Mediterranean viticulture could suffer from hotter and drier growing seasons over the coming decades. The present article focuses on the wine-producing area Côtes-du-Roussillon-Villages near Perpignan, in southern France. We used observational daily data (1925–2010) from Perpignan weather station and daily outputs (2001–2060) of the regional climate model ARPEGE-RETIC-V4 from Météo-France with scenarios A2, A1B and B1, to assess the exposure of the regional wine system to changes in temperature and precipitation, both in the recent past and the coming decades (1925–2060). Temperatures during the growing season and summer temperature extremes have been increasing continuously since the mid-1980s and are projected to increase faster from the mid-2040s. Precipitation is highly variable and very low in summer, and projections suggest greater uncertainty, and more extreme drought events could be expected. The analysis of climate data was complemented by thirty-two in-depth interviews with local actors of the wine industry to assess the impacts of climate change on their activities and potential adaptive options. Producers reported negative impacts of recent changes in climate in conjunction with a difficult economic situation. Analyses of historical, social and economic backgrounds are important to fully conceptualize the nature and extent of climate change risks in the region. This case study provides important insights into the roles of non-climatic factors in the generation of vulnerability for Mediterranean agricultural systems facing rapid climate change.     

青藏高原四季降水变化特征分析

利用青藏高原87个地面气象台站41年（1960～2000年）的月降水资料,并在Arcgis 9.0中通过Kriging插值方法对少数站点的缺测值进行了插补,用线性回归方法研究了高原四季降水量的变化趋势及区域上的差异。为了保证本研究的完整性,对高原年降水也做了相应分析。结果表明：（1）高原冬春两季降水量呈显著增加趋势。冬季雅鲁藏布江下游、春季高原东北部为降水减少区,高原其他区域均表现为增加;夏秋两季降水量基本保持不变,但夏季高原中部和川西降水减少,高原南部和北部降水表现为增加;秋季高原中部、南部降水增加,川西降水减少。（2）高原年降水呈显著增加趋势。在区域上高原南部大致以东经102度为界,该线以东降水减少,以西降水增加,且降水增加区域表现出随纬度的增加而递减的特征。高原中部、北部的年降水基本保持不变或微弱增加。     

Potential influences of global warming on future climate and extreme events in Nigeria

This study investigates future impacts of global warming on climate and extreme climate events in Nigeria, the most populous African country that depends on rain-fed agriculture. Past and future climate simulations from 9 GCMs were downscaled (using a statistical model) and analyzed for the study. The study considers the impacts of two emission scenarios (B1 and A2) on the future climates (2046–2065 and 2081–2100) over ecological zones in Nigeria. The model evaluation shows that the downscaling adds values to the GCMs simulation, and the results capture all the important climatic features over the country. The model projections show that both B1 and A2 scenarios change the future climate over Nigeria. They significantly increase the temperature over all the ecological zones, with greatest warming (between 1 and 4 °C) over the Sudan (short grass) Savanna in March. The warming, which increases the occurrence of extreme temperature and heat wave events over the entire country, enhances the frequency of the extreme rainfall events in the south and southeast and reduces the annual rainfall over the northeast. Since heavy rains and floods are major problems in the south and southeast, and drought is major problem in the northeast, the global warming may further aggravate these environmental problems in future. These could have negative impacts on agriculture and further threaten livelihood and food security in the rapidly growing country. Hence, there is need for further studies on adaptation and mitigation strategies to address the impacts of global warming in Nigeria.     

基于MODIS-EVI数据的长江三角洲地区植被变化的特征

基于2001~2010年MODIS EVI植被指数产品数据，结合国家标准气象站逐月气温、降雨及日照时数资料，对长江三角洲地区植被的时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明：（1）空间分布上，该区域西南部以林地为主，而东北部以农田为主，近10 a植被变化面积占总面积的32%，以农田的转出和城镇的转入为主；（2）区域年最大EVI整体呈减少趋势（-0028/10 a），不同季节下，夏冬季均呈减少趋势（以2月和8月份最为显著），春秋季则呈增加趋势（以5月和10月份最为显著）；（3）不同植被类型下，城镇和农田EVI呈不同程度减少趋势，以城镇EVI下降速度(-0076/10 a）最为显著（R2=077），而林地变化较弱；(4)研究区湿润气候环境下，农田和林地年最大EVI与日照时数和气温多呈正相关性，与降雨多呈负相关性，其中以林地EVI与2~4月份日照时数的正相关性较为显著，城镇EVI与气象因子的关系相对较弱，更多的是受城镇化等人类活动的影响     

The role of environmental and fisheries multi-controls in white seabream (Diplodus sargus) artisanal fisheries in Portuguese coast

Evaluating the effects of fishing and environmental factors on fish populations are fundamental tenets of fisheries science. In this study, we assess associations between environmental variables (sea surface temperature; North Atlantic Oscillation index; upwelling; wind magnitude; westerly winds; northerly winds; river discharge) and fishing variables (fishing effort) in Diplodus sagus catch rates accounting for regional analyses (northwest coast; southwest coast and Algarve—Algarve south coast). Different time series models for data fitting (multi-model approach) were used. The models were lagged, according to species fishing recruitment age based on the hypothesis that fisheries catches depend on larvae recruitment and survivorship. D. sargus catch rates across areas were unrelated to fishing effort but correlated to environmental variables, with seasonal events explaining much of the variability in trends. On the northwestern coast, the catch rates were mainly set by sea surface temperature (SST) and wind magnitude; however, southwestern coast catch rates were set by NAO winter. On the south coast, only one statistical model (SST, upwelling and westerly winds) associated spring conditions with D. sargus catch rates. The multi-model approach revealed autumn, winter and spring seasonal effects to be related with northwest, southwest and Algarve coastal catch rates, respectively, indicating a possible coastal longitudinal gradient related with given periods of spawning and larval availability. The metadata analysis yielded different results from the regional analyses. In summary, marine resource management should take regional environment characteristics and variability into account when determining sustainable catch rates in given areas for species with high habitat site fidelity.     

Storm surges: perspectives and options

This review paper attempts to summarize the scattered and fragmented knowledge about past and possible future changing storm-surge statistics using the particularly well-studied case of the North Sea as an example. For this region, a complete and robust analysis methodology has been developed in recent years. This methodology is based on dynamical and statistical models. Using the concept of dynamical downscaling, development during recent decades, when sufficiently good and homogeneous weather data exist, has been “reconstructed,” and scenarios of possible future change are described. “Localization” allows estimation of changes at specific sites, e.g., harbors. As local water-level statistics depend not only on climate variations but also on local modifications of the local bathymetry, new options for adaptation emerge. For the case of Hamburg, an option for such future adaptations is discussed.