滇东高原牛栏江流域岩溶区地下水化学特征及成因分析

以滇东高原牛栏江流域岩溶区为例,利用水化学数据,探讨区内地下水化学特征及其成因.对研究区24组水样的水化学特征进行分析,结果表明,研究区水化学类型主要是以HCO3-Ca·Mg型和HCO3-Mg·Ca为主,HCO3-和Ca2+是区内主要阴阳离子,反映了水化学特征主要受碳酸盐岩溶解影响.δD与δ18O的关系显示,研究区内地下水主要受大气降水补给.地下水化学演化过程受地层岩性影响显著,岩石风化使东、西两区的地下水水化学特征有较大差异.Mg2+、Ca2+、HCO3-、SO42-和Cl-主要受岩石风化、大气降雨等自然条件控制,受到人类活动影响较小,Na++K+则是主要受农业活动等人类活动的影响.本研究对牛栏江-滇池补水工程区的水化学特征、水质保护和滇池生态恢复具有重要意义.     

富氡地热水中δ34SSO42-、δ13CDIC同位素特征及其意义—以息烽温泉为例

贵州息烽温泉被誉为"亚洲第一氡泉",富含多种有益元素.选取息烽地热水和与其有关的地表径流水及岩溶泉水为研究对象,利用水文地球化学、δ34SSO2-、δ13CHco3-同位素等方法对区内富氡地热水中硫、碳元素来源及水-岩作用过程进行研究.结果 显示,地热水水化学类型为HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg型,pH呈弱碱性,其阴离子...     

莱州湾-龙口湾表层沉积物有机质特征及来源分析

通过对莱州湾-龙口湾表层沉积物样品中总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、有机碳与总氮的比值(C/N)、稳定碳氮同位素(δ13C、δ15N)生物地球化学指标的测定,分析了该区域沉积物中有机质的特征和来源.结果显示,莱州湾表层沉积物中TOC含量为0.47%±0.40%,龙口湾TOC含量为0.82%±0.37%,TN含量相差不大,因此龙口湾沉积物有机质相对含量高于莱州湾.港口的建设使龙口湾内水体流速减慢,加上龙口湾入海河流较少,使得龙口湾沉积物平均粒径(19.40μm)远低于莱州湾(43.89μm),比较容易吸附有机质.莱州湾沉积物中δ13C值为-24.96‰—21.46‰,平均值为-23.63‰;龙口湾表层沉积物中δ13C值为-23.02‰—22.39‰,平均值为-22.73‰.由此看来,莱州湾沉积物中有机质主要来源于陆生C3植物和藻类,而龙口湾有机质大部分来源于藻类,少数来自陆生C3植物.根据经典的二元模式计算,龙口湾陆源有机质的贡献比例范围为23.15%—33.67%,平均值为28.84%,莱州湾陆源贡献比例范围为7.65%—65.97%,平均值为43.75%.莱州湾沿岸有众多河流入海,尤其是含沙量最多的黄河,给湾内带来大量的陆上有机质,而龙口湾入海河流较少,沉积物中的陆上有机质较少.     

西安冬、夏季PM2.5中水溶性无机离子的变化特征

为探讨西安市冬、夏季水溶性无机离子的季节和空间变化特征,2010年1月和7月分别在西安城区4个站点及上风区高陵(GL)和下风区黑河(HH)连续采集2周的PM2.5样品,使用离子色谱仪分析样品中水溶性无机离子成分.结果表明,PM2.5质量浓度冬季明显高于夏季,空间变化表现为:城区站点浓度均值(172.6μg.m-3)>上风区点GL(98.9μg.m-3)>下风区点HH(81.0μg.m-3).水溶性无机离子浓度总和占PM2.5质量浓度的41.8%,其中SO24-、NO3-和NH4+是水溶性离子的主要成分,分别占总离子质量浓度的35.1%、22.6%和12.2%.Na+、Ca2+和Mg2+在冬、夏季浓度相差不大,而SO24-、NO3-、NH4+以及K+、Cl-等均明显表现为冬季浓度高于夏季.SO24-、NO3-和NH4+在冬、夏季空间变化均表现为城区站点>GL>HH,这3种离子夏季在大气中的主要存在方式为NH4HSO4和NH4NO3,而冬季主要以(NH4)2SO4、NH4NO3和NH4Cl形式存在.NO3-/SO24-的比值为0.64,表明西安市固定源仍是主要污染贡献源,但是移动源所占比例较之前研究有所上升,应采取一定措施控制机动车数量并加强排放监控.     

内蒙古高原3大典型湖泊水化学特征及其控制因素分析

内蒙古高原地处我国北方半干旱与干旱气候区,经度跨度大,由东向西气候呈现半干旱区向干旱区过渡特征。区内湖泊多属内陆型湖泊,湖泊水化学特征受地理位置和气候环境影响显著。文章在空间上从东向西依次选择呼伦湖、达里湖和乌梁素海为研究对象,通过对不同气候区域和不同类型的湖泊水体中主要离子组成进行分析对比研究,揭示区域内湖泊水化学特征及其控制因素。结果表明,内蒙古高原区内湖泊水化学类型单一,阳离子以Na+主导,阴离子以Cl-主导,但各湖泊水体中主要离子质量浓度差异较大。呼伦湖、达里湖和乌梁素海3个湖泊Na+分别占其阳离子摩尔总数的76.6%、97.2%和66.0%;Cl-分别占其阴离子摩尔总数的49.6%、55.5%和45.2%。湖泊水体中Na+和SO42-、Cl-的变异系数相对较小,在水体中质量浓度相对稳定。借助Piper三角图,分析出呼伦湖和乌梁素海阴离子分布在SO42--Cl-线上,阳离子分布在Na++K+线上;达里湖的阴离子分布在HCO3--Cl-线上,阳离子分布在Na++K+线上,说明区内湖泊受蒸发结晶和岩石风化共同作用影响。湖泊水体中主要离子质量浓度的空间变化特征受径流,补排关系的影响,结合Gibbs模型图进一步说明了3个湖泊受蒸发浓缩作用和人类活动影响。湖泊水化学特征的研究,对于保护区域内湖泊环境具有重要意义。     

贵阳地区雨水化学与Sr同位素地球化学

对贵阳地区22个雨水样品的化学组成和Sr同位素的研究表明,贵阳地区大部分雨水样品的pH值小于56(pH=453).雨水中Ca2 是最主要的阳离子,平均值为57μmol·l-1(12—164μmol·l-1),占阳离子组成的64%—87%;Mg2 是次要的阳离子,平均值为13μmol·l-1(5—47μmol·l-1),Ca2 和Mg2 之和占了阳离子组成的78%—96%;K 平均值为11μmol·l-1(2—44μmol·l-1);Na 最少,其平均值为4μmol·l-1(1—8μmol·l-1).SO2-4是最主要的阴离子,平均值为94μmol·l-1(34—279μmol·l-1),占阴离子组成的28%—94%;NO-3是次要的阴离子,平均值为48μmol·l-1(1—252μmol·l-1),SO2-4和NO-3是决定雨水酸度最主要的离子,SO2-4和NO-3之和占阴离子组成的77%—99%;Cl-最少,平均值为20μmol·l-1(1—128μmol·l-1).贵阳地区雨水中Sr的浓度为002—033μmol·l-1,87Sr/86Sr比值较小(0707934—0709080),非海盐来源的87Sr/86Sr比值为0707820—0709078.元素比值及Sr同位素组成辨识出贵阳地区雨水溶质主要来源于人为活动,岩石/土壤化学风化次之,海相输入很小或可以忽略不计.     

北京冬季一次重污染过程PM2.5中水溶性无机盐的变化特征

为了解北京冬季重污染过程大气颗粒物化学特性,利用高时间分辨率实时在线细粒子快速捕集及化学成分分析系统(RCFP-IC)对2011年2月18—24日发生的一次重污染过程PM2.5中水溶性无机离子浓度变化进行了在线观测.结合颗粒物质量浓度、气态污染物浓度及气象资料,对此次污染过程中污染物的化学成分变化特征进行了详细分析.结果表明,此次北京冬季重污染4 d中颗粒物污染严重;总水溶性无机离子平均质量浓度151.31μg·m-3,占PM2.5相对比例54%,其中NO3-、SO24-和NH4+质量浓度占总水溶性无机离子质量浓度91%,二次离子污染非常严重;硝酸根氧化率(NOR)和硫酸根氧化率(SOR)结果显示NO3-与SO24-主要通过非均相反应生成,水溶性无机盐存在形态以NH4HSO4和(NH4)2SO4为主;重污染期K+和Cl-质量浓度显著升高,Mg2+和Ca2+质量浓度下降;阳、阴离子电荷比(C/A)重污染平均值为0.8,细粒子偏酸性.     

偃师市浅层地下水流动系统水化学特征

在水文地质调查和样品分析的基础上,应用水化学统计、离子相关性分析等方法对偃师市浅层地下水流动系统特征和水化学特征进行分析.研究表明:偃师市地下水化学特征具有明显的水平分带性,在沿着补给—径流—排泄的方向上,地下水化学类型由SO4·Cl-Na型水向HCO3-Ca·Mg、HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg型水演化.总体上研究区地下水中TDS不高,均值为515.29 mg/L,与Mg2+、Ca2+、SO42-、Cl-质量浓度的分布规律具有明显的正相关性,主要表现为平原地区浓度高于南北两侧的丘陵山地.图3,表1,参15.     

桂林市大气降水的化学组成特征及来源分析

为揭示桂林市大气降水的组成成分变化特征和来源,于2015年1—12月期间采集了桂林市大气降水样品,分析其中pH、电导率、主要阴阳离子(K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、NH_4~+、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、F~-、Cl~-)及重金属元素(As、Cr、Hg、Zn、Cu、Pb)浓度的季节变化特征及湿沉降通量.研究结果显示,桂林市大气降水pH值分布范围介于4.13—7.37之间,其中pH值小于酸雨临界值5.6的占48.0%,表明桂林市降雨存在一定的酸化现象.电导率(EC)变化介于4.53—128.10μS·cm~(-1)之间,雨量加权平均值为16.44μS·cm~(-1).阴离子以SO24-和NO3-为主,雨量加权平均含量分别为94.50μeq·L~(-1)、30.48μeq·L~(-1),占阴离子总量的65.28%和21.06%,其次为Cl-,阳离子以Ca2+为主,雨量加权平均含量为97.67μeq·L~(-1),占阳离子总量的58.76%,其次为NH_4~+,占阳离子总量的/NO_3~-平均值为2.45,大气降水属于硫酸-硝酸混合型,具有逐步向硝酸型转变的趋势.阴阳离子三角图和pearson相关性分析表明,Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)主要来自地壳源和人为源,Ca~(2+)对致酸阴离子NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)的中和作用大于NH_4~+,桂林降水中可能存在以CaSO_4和Ca(NO_3)_2为主的化学物质,Na+主要来源于海洋输送,K~+则来源于人类活动.溶解态重金属元素的平均浓度为127.4μg·L~(-1)(0.349—443.8μg·L~(-1)),重金属湿沉降通量平均值为12.193 mg·(m~2·a)~(-1),其中Zn、Cu的年沉降通量较高,分别占总沉降通量的59.72%和28.80%.     

太湖北部流域水化学特征及其控制因素

为了解太湖北部流域主要河网区水质受该流域地质状况、岩石和土壤的化学风化作用以及人类活动的影响等方面,对太湖北部流域河网区主要河道水体中的主要离子进行了采样研究。结果表明:太湖北部流域水体中的TDS平均值为355.74mg·L-1,变化范围为276.08～681.54mg·L-1,其中Ca2+和HCO3-是占绝对优势的离子,分别占阳离子和阴离子总量的46.2%和48.9%;其次是Na+和SO42-,分别占阳离子和阴离子总量的35.9%和27.5%。进而判断出该流域水化学类型是以碳酸盐岩石和蒸发岩来源为主的HCO3--Ca2+-Na+型。再从离子的自然起源和人类活动角度分别对水化学类型的控制因素进行分析,一方面利用吉布斯分布模式投点作图得出结论:其离子自然起源的优势机制是岩石的风化作用,而蒸发-结晶和大气降水的输入作用十分微弱,这与该流域的水文、地理、地质背景相一致;另一方面通过SPSS软件的相关关系分析得出结论:NO3-、SO42-、K+、Ca2+和Mg2+的相关性较强,与Cl-也呈正相关,说明水体中这些主要离子都具有共同的来源,其中NO3-的较高含量(平均值为14.74mg·L-1)反映了该流域受人类影响较大。尤其是NO3-与SO42-的相关性达到0.83,再次说明氮污染对该流域水体的酸化和水质变化有较大影响。     

Molecular analysis of bacterial community in the tap water with different water ages of a drinking water distribution system

The increase of water ages drove the deterioration of drinking water quality. The relative abundance of Rhizobiales uniquely increase during distributing process. Rhizobiales order was helpful for inhibiting corrosion under high chlorine level. New disinfecting strategies should be developed to ensure drinking water safety. Bacterial community in the drinking water distribution system (DWDS) was regulated by multiple environmental factors, many of which varied as a function of water age. In this study, four water samples with different water ages, including finished water (FW, 0 d) and tap water (TW) [TW1 (1 d), TW2(2 d) and TW3(3 d)], were collected along with the mains of a practical DWDS, and the bacterial community was investigated by high-throughput sequencing technique. Results indicated that the residual chlorine declined with the increase of water age, accompanied by the increase of dissolved organic matter, total bacteria counts and bacterial diversity (Shannon). For bacterial community composition, although Proteobacteria phylum (84.12%-97.6%) and Alphaproteobacteria class (67.42%-93.09%) kept dominate, an evident regular was observed at the order level. In detail, the relative abundance of most of other residual orders increased with different degrees from the start to the end of the DWDS, while a downward trend was uniquely observed in terms of Rhizobiales, who was inferred to be chlorine-resistant and be helpful for inhibiting pipes corrosion. Moreover, some OTUs were found to be closely related with species possessing pathogenicity and chlorine-resistant ability, so it was recommended that the use of agents other than chlorine or agents that can act synergically with chlorine should be developed for drinking water disinfection. This paper revealed bacterial community variations along the mains of the DWDS and the result was helpful for understanding bacterial ecology in the DWDS.     

Estimating the potential impact of vegetation on the water cycle requires accurate soil water parameter estimation

It is well known that vegetation dynamics at the catchment scale depends on the prevailing weather and soil moisture conditions. Soil moisture, however, is not equally distributed in space due to differences in topography, weather patterns, soil properties and the type and amount of vegetation cover. To elucidate the complex interaction between vegetation and soil moisture, the dynamic vegetation model LPJ-GUESS (Smith et al., 2001), which provides estimations of vegetation dynamics, but does not consider lateral water fluxes was coupled with the hydrological TOPMODEL (cf. Beven, 2001) in order to be able to evaluate the importance of these lateral fluxes. The new model LG-TM was calibrated and validated in two climatically different mountain catchments. The estimations of runoff were good, when monthly and weekly time scales were considered, although the low flow periods at winter time were somewhat underestimated. The uncertainty in the climate induced change vegetation carbon storage caused by the uncertainty in soil parameters was up to 3-5 kg C m⁻² (depending on elevation and catchment), compared to the total change in vegetation carbon storage of 5-9 kg C m⁻². Therefore accurate estimates of the parameters influencing the water holding capacity of the soil, for example depth and porosity, are necessary when estimating future changes in vegetation carbon storage. Similarly, changes in plant transpiration due to climatic changes could be almost double as high (88 mm m⁻²) in the not calibrated model compared to the new model version (ca 50 mm m⁻² transpiration change). The uncertainties in these soil properties were found to be more important than the lateral water exchange between grid cells, even in steep topography at least for the temporal and spatial resolution used here.     

Management of water resources of the Nile Basin

SUMMARY

A water crisis is looming in the Nile Basin in the near future due to higher population growth rates, greater affluence, and higher demand for water by agriculture and industry. There is no basin-wide agreement among the ten Nile Basin states and the existing rules of international water management are complicated and are not equipped to handle any future water conflicts in the Nile Basin. This paper reviews the existing water sharing arrangements among the Nile Basin countries, examines areas of potential conflict over future water use, and suggests possible areas of cooperation that will ensure equitable use of the Nile waters. The paper concludes by (1) appealing for formulation of good water development policies to deal with growing water needs such as water quality protection, efficiency of water delivery and efficiency of water use; and (2) calling for human resources development and technology transfers that are critical for good management and efficient use of the water resources of the Nile.     

Variability in the chemistry of private drinking water supplies and the impact of domestic treatment systems on water quality

Tap water from 497 properties using private water supplies, in an area of metalliferous and arsenic mineralisation (Cornwall, UK), was measured to assess the extent of compliance with chemical drinking water quality standards, and how this is influenced by householder water treatment decisions. The proportion of analyses exceeding water quality standards were high, with 65 % of tap water samples exceeding one or more chemical standards. The highest exceedances for health-based standards were nitrate (11 %) and arsenic (5 %). Arsenic had a maximum observed concentration of 440 µg/L. Exceedances were also high for pH (47 %), manganese (12 %) and aluminium (7 %), for which standards are set primarily on aesthetic grounds. However, the highest observed concentrations of manganese and aluminium also exceeded relevant health-based guidelines. Significant reductions in concentrations of aluminium, cadmium, copper, lead and/or nickel were found in tap waters where households were successfully treating low-pH groundwaters, and similar adventitious results were found for arsenic and nickel where treatment was installed for iron and/or manganese removal, and successful treatment specifically to decrease tap water arsenic concentrations was observed at two properties where it was installed. However, 31 % of samples where pH treatment was reported had pH < 6.5 (the minimum value in the drinking water regulations), suggesting widespread problems with system maintenance. Other examples of ineffectual treatment are seen in failed responses post-treatment, including for nitrate. This demonstrates that even where the tap waters are considered to be treated, they may still fail one or more drinking water quality standards. We find that the degree of drinking water standard exceedances warrant further work to understand environmental controls and the location of high concentrations. We also found that residents were more willing to accept drinking water with high metal (iron and manganese) concentrations than international guidelines assume. These findings point to the need for regulators to reinforce the guidance on drinking water quality standards to private water supply users, and the benefits to long-term health of complying with these, even in areas where treated mains water is widely available.     

Application of a water quality model in the White Cart water catchment,Glasgow, UK

Water quality models of urban systems have previously focused on point source (sewerage system) inputs. Little attention has been given to diffuse inputs and research into diffuse pollution has been largely confined to agriculture sources. This paper reports on new research that is aimed at integrating diffuse inputs into an urban water quality model. An integrated model is introduced that is made up of four modules: hydrology, contaminant point sources, nutrient cycling and leaching. The hydrology module, T & T consists of a TOPMODEL (a TOPography-based hydrological MODEL), which simulates runoff from pervious areas and a two-tank model, which simulates runoff from impervious urban areas. Linked into the two-tank model, the contaminant point source module simulates the overflow from the sewerage system in heavy rain. The widely known SOILN (SOIL Nitrate model) is the basis of nitrogen cycle module. Finally, the leaching module consists of two functions: the production function and the transfer function. The production function is based on SLIM (Solute Leaching Intermediate Model) while the transfer function is based on the flushing hypothesis which postulates a relationship between contaminant concentrations in the receiving water course and the extent to which the catchment is saturated. This paper outlines the modelling methodology and the model structures that have been developed. An application of this model in the White Cart catchment (Glasgow) is also included.     

扰动对水体富营养化的改善作用

利用人工构建的模拟水体系统,观察搅拌和曝气条件下水体中氮磷含量和形态的变化规律,研究和探讨了扰动对水体富营养化的改善。结果表明：（1）扰动对上覆水体氮的去除效果不明显,但是能够有效促进底泥中氨氮向水体扩散,从而使底泥中氮含量明显降低,运行99 d后,曝气反应器中底泥总氮含量从初始3.46 g.kg-1降至0.68 g.kg-1,仅为对照反应器的1/4;（2）搅拌对上覆水中磷的去除效果最佳,反应器运行期间,总磷的平均去除率为37%左右;（3）扰动能增加底泥中微生物的数量和多样性,为污染物的生物降解提供了良好的基础。合理运用扰动能够提高水中溶解氧含量,改善微生态环境,增加微生物的数量和种类,有利于水体富营养化的改善。     

Comparative genotoxicity of water processed by three drinking water treatment plants with different water treatment procedures

• Genotoxicity of substances is unknown in the water after treatment processes. • Genotoxicity decreased by activated carbon treatment but increased by chlorination. • Halogenated hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds contribute to genotoxicity. • Genotoxicity was assessed by umu test; acute and chronic toxicity by ECOSAR. • Inconsistent results confirmed that genotoxicity cannot be assessed by ECOSAR. Advanced water treatment is commonly used to remove micropollutants such as pesticides, endocrine disrupting chemicals, and disinfection byproducts in modern drinking water treatment plants. However, little attention has been paid to the changes in the genotoxicity of substances remaining in the water following the different water treatment processes. In this study, samples were collected from three drinking water treatment plants with different treatment processes. The treated water from each process was analyzed and compared for genotoxicity and the formation of organic compounds. The genotoxicity was evaluated by an umu test, and the acute and chronic toxicity was analyzed through Ecological Structure- Activity Relationship (ECOSAR). The results of the umu test indicated that biological activated carbon reduced the genotoxicity by 38%, 77%, and 46% in the three drinking water treatment plants, respectively, while chlorination increased the genotoxicity. Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that halogenated hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds were major contributors to genotoxicity. The results of ECOSAR were not consistent with those of the umu test. Therefore, we conclude that genotoxicity cannot be determined using ECOSAR .     

The effect of the time of sampling on the compliance of bathing water in NW England with the EU Directive on bathing water quality

The ability of Morecambe’s three designated bathing waters to pass the EU Directive on Bathing Water Quality depends on the time of day when the sample is taken, the indicator organism tested for and whether the test uses the most strict (Guideline) or the least strict (Imperative) criteria. Morning and afternoon sampling for faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci and the pathogenCampylobacter was carried out monthly over the 1996 and 1997 bathing seasons. In the afternoons average faecal coliforms declined by 77% in 1996 and 87% in 1997 compared with the mornings, faecal streptococci by 79% and 83% and campylobacters by 66% and 86%. This decline in bacterial numbers between morning and afternoon was related to variations in water temperature and levels of ultraviolet radiation. All three bathing waters failed the Guideline criteria of the EU Directive on Bathing Water Quality. Using the Imperative criteria, no bathing waters passed in the mornings of either year, some passed in the afternoons of 1996 and all passed in the afternoons of 1997. The increased pass rate in 1997 coincided with improved sewage treatment, high temperatures and increased levels of sunshine. In 1997 sampling by the Environment Agency produced fewer failures than our morning sampling but more than our afternoon sampling. Their sampling was done around midday. It is suggested that where possible all sampling of EU designated bathing waters should be carried out in the early morning.     

焦化废水缓冲体系的存在证明与集水调节池中水质结构调控

采用FeSO4对焦化废水原水进行pH调节,发现焦化废水原水中存在酸碱缓冲体系,具有很强的酸碱缓冲能力.焦化废水原水pH值约为9.6时,HCO3-、CN-、HS-、S2-、NH3、C6H5O-和胺类等以共轭碱的形式存在,对应的缓冲容量较高;随着pH的降低,共轭碱所占比例逐渐减少,对应的弱酸分布分数逐渐增多,缓冲容量逐渐减小;当pH调节至中性时,pH与pKa值接近,共轭碱与弱酸的分布分数近似相等,废水的缓冲容量有升高的趋势.在调节pH的过程中,由于FeSO4的水解、沉淀与络合作用,在投加量为2.0 g.L-1,反应时间15 min时,焦化废水中的氰化物、硫化物、油分及COD的去除量分别为1.5 mg CN-.g-1、27.3 mg S2-.g-1、15 mg总油.g-1及504 mg COD.g-1,pH影响各种污染物的形态分布而实现水质结构的调控.     

Study of the biodegradation of phenol in river water

As the disappearance of phenols from river water principally occurs by bacteriological degradation, the effect of varying several parameters, which can influence bacteriological activity and thus the degradation kinetics of phenol, was studied.In order to have an idea about what happens to phenol and its degradation products, we examined the degradation of ¹⁴C phenol.