纳米铁去除水体中镉的反应动力学、吸附平衡和影响因素

镉(Cd)具有致癌、无生物降解性和生物累积性特点,日益严重的镉环境污染问题已引起人们广泛关注。纳米铁是一种能有效去除多种有机和无机污染物的吸附剂。采用批实验方式研究纳米铁(nZVI)吸附镉的动力学和去除效率,可为深入研究纳米铁在重金属Cd污染修复的可行性方面提供理论支撑。利用透射电镜和扫描电镜等对实验室合成的纳米铁颗粒进行了表征,结果表明,纳米铁颗粒平均BET比表面积为49.16 m~2·g~(-1),粒径为20—40 nm。探讨了多种影响因素对纳米铁颗粒吸附镉的影响,如溶液pH、反应时间、初始浓度和纳米铁投加量。同时研究了Cd2+的准一级和二级反应动力学,应用Freundlich、Langmuir和Temkin等温吸附模型进行平衡吸附研究。结果表明,纳米铁对水溶液中镉吸附是化学吸附。颗粒内扩散模型表明粒内扩散不是控制反应速率的唯一步骤。吸附动力学研究表明,nZVI吸附Cd2+过程符合准二级反应动力学模型。平衡吸附数据能够很好地符合Langmuir、Freundlich和Temkin模型(r~20.95)。通过Langmuir模型获得室温下吸附剂单层Cd吸附量为256.4 mg·g~(-1)。在pH 7和(25±1)℃条件下,纳米铁能够有效吸附镉。当nZVI颗粒投加量为1.00 g·L~(-1),Cd~(2+)初始质量浓度为74.51 mg·L~(-1)时,24 h之内,Cd2+去除率达到98.62%。纳米铁可作为一种用于水体镉去除的非常有应用前景的材料。     

绿色合成膨胀石墨负载纳米零价铁去除水中Cd(Ⅱ)

工业生产中Cd(Ⅱ)对水体的危害,本文合成了两种新型吸附剂,纳米零价铁(nZVI)和膨胀石墨负载纳米零价铁(EG-nZVI).利用FESEM、EDS、TEM、XRD、FTIR及BET比表面积测定对nZVI和EG-nZVI进行表征,探讨了二者对溶液中Cd(Ⅱ)的去除效果.结果 表明,含有100 mg·L-1Cd(Ⅱ)溶液,nZVI和EG-nZVI的投加量分别达到0.4 mg·L-1和2 mg·L-1,在超声波辅助的条件下,常温、pH 8、反应30 min时,Cd(Ⅱ)去除率分别为56.3％和78.4％.EG-nZVI和nZVI去除Cd (Ⅱ)过程均符合伪二级动力学模型和Langmuir吸附等温模型;将吸附剂置于空气中不同时间,测定结果显示EG-nZVI对Cd(Ⅱ)的去除活性明显高于nZVI,说明EG-nZVI较nZVI有更高的去除效能和稳定性.     

生物炭负载纳米铁活化过硫酸盐去除土壤中的五氯联苯

以污染土壤中检出量较高的PCB118为目标污染物,采用银杏叶提取液绿色合成纳米铁材料(nZVI)、玉米秸秆制备生物炭(BC),将nZVI负载在BC表面合成生物炭负载纳米零价铁复合材料(BC-nZVI),利用制备的BC-nZVI复合材料催化活化过硫酸盐(PS)去除土壤中PCB118。主要探讨了在生物炭负载纳米零价铁活化过硫酸盐体系(BC-nZVI/PS)中复合材料BC-nZVI碳铁比及其投加量、PS浓度、pH值、温度等因素对PCB118去除速率的影响。结果表明,反应时间为24h时,碳铁比为2?1时BC-nZVI反应体系对土壤中PCB118去除效果优于其他3种比例。实验条件下,随着BC-nZVI的投加量由0.002 g增加到0.500 g,PS浓度由0.05 mol·L^-1增至0.35 mol·L^-1,温度由15℃升高到45℃,土壤中PCB118的去除率分别增加了32.4%、10.6%及14.7%。随着溶液初始pH值由3升到9,土壤中PCB118的去除率降低了11.4%。单因素实验数据显示,在BC-nZVI的投加量为0.500 g,PS浓度为0....     

有机改性蒙脱石负载纳米零价铁去除水体新兴污染物双氯芬酸

双氯芬酸(DFC)作为一种典型的新兴污染物,进入环境中难以被生物降解和转化,给人类健康造成潜在危害.本研究采用阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMAB)改性的蒙脱石(Mt)负载自制的纳米零价铁(nZVI),得到有机改性蒙脱石负载纳米零价铁(H-Mt+nZVI)复合材料,用于去除水中的DFC.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、比表面积分析仪(BET)对复合材料进行了表征.结果表明,在XRD图谱中2θ=44.6°附近出现了对应于Fe~0的衍射峰,证明nZVI被成功负载于Mt上;在0.5 CEC、1 CEC、2 CEC改性的Mt比表面积由49.40 m~2·g~(-1)下降到20.86、21.27、26.06 m~2·g~(-1),且Mt的孔径由8.01 nm增大到10.93、11.60、12.40 nm,主要由于nZVI负载到Mt表面或层间,扩充了部分吸附孔洞.同时,采用批次吸附实验比较了Mt、nZVI和H-Mt+nZVI复合材料对DFC的去除效果,研究结果表明,Mt和nZVI对DFC的去除率均低于20%,复合材料对DFC的去除率明显增大,可达90%以上.复合材料对DFC的吸附等温曲线符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温模型,吸附动力学更满足准一级动力学模型.在采用1倍阳离子交换量改性蒙脱石负载纳米零价铁(1 CEC Mt+nZVI)吸附DFC时,饱和吸附量可达1922.78 mg·kg~(-1),吸附平衡时间为30 min.说明H-Mt+nZVI复合材料可应用于水体新兴污染物DFC的快速去除.     

降雨条件下纳米零价铁镍对污染土壤中六价铬迁移的影响

通过模拟降雨进行土柱淋溶实验来研究降雨条件下纳米零价铁镍(nZVI/Ni)对污染土壤六价铬迁移的影响,并测定淋溶液的Cr(Ⅵ)浓度、pH、电导率和累积释放量.使用改进BCR连续提取法测定淋溶后各层土壤的铬形态分布,分析施加nZVI/Ni对土壤中铬形态的影响.结果表明,降雨条件下六价铬的释放过程主要分为快速和慢速释放两个阶段.随着淋溶体积的增加,土壤淋溶液的pH逐渐升高后最后趋于平稳,电导率和Cr(Ⅵ)浓度迅速下降后趋于平稳.模拟降雨条件下,土壤中投加nZVI/Ni显著降低了淋溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的累积释放量.投加0.10%nZVI/Ni土壤淋溶液的Cr(VI)累积释放量低于空白对照57.53%.在nZVI/Ni投加量相同时,模拟降雨的pH值越低nZVI/Ni的修复效果越好;降雨的淋溶次数对修复效果基本无影响;采用均匀混合的方式投加nZVI/Ni有着更好的修复效果.在土壤中nZVI/Ni对Cr(Ⅵ)修复过程中,纳米铁材料起主要作用,Fe(Ⅱ)的贡献很小.土壤经nZVI/Ni修复后,可还原态铬含量减少,可氧化态铬含量增加,表明纳米零价铁镍可以降低土壤中铬的迁移性,降雨条件下对六价铬污染土壤具有一定的修复效果.     

纳米铁用于饮用水中As(Ⅲ)去除效果

主要考察实验室合成制得的纳米铁对毒性高,迁移能力强,在厌氧地下水中作为砷的主要存在形式的As(Ⅲ)去除效果.通过批实验探讨吸附动力学,以及pH和纳米铁投加量对As(Ⅲ)的去除影响.反应1 h时,0.25 g纳米铁对起始质量浓度为910μg·L-1 As(Ⅲ)的去除率高达99%以上;反应遵循准一级反应动力学方程,标准化后的速率常数ksA为1.64mL·m-2·min-1.研究结果表明,具有高反应活性的纳米铁将成为饮用水中砷去除非常有效的吸附材料.     

二氧化锰氧化降解双酚A的动力学

以室内实验方法,在25℃室温下,以二氧化锰为氧化剂,研究了pH4.12的水溶液中双酚A降解的反应动力学,并讨论了反应溶液的pH对反应动力学的影响.动力学研究采用了批处理实验方法和螺旋盖反应瓶.振荡器反应体系.结果表明,在无二氧化锰的条件下,双酚A的浓度在1周内检测没有明显的变化.在二氧化锰存在的条件下,双酚A对二氧化锰的氧化作用具有较强的反应感受性.pH一定的条件下,当二氧化锰相对过量时,在1小时之内,反应遵循准一级反应动力学,双酚A降解速率随其自身及二氧化锰浓度的增大而增大.随着反应的进行,双酚A的降解速率变慢.反应遵循的不是简单的准一级反应动力学而是复合的反应动力学.此外,随着溶液pH值由3.5升高至6.6,双酚A的降解速率显著下降.     

壳聚糖稳定纳米铁去除地表水中Cr(Ⅵ)污染的影响因素

以壳聚糖为稳定剂,制备纳米零价铁颗粒,TEM表征结果显示:其粒径分布范围为20—150 nm,平均粒径为82.4 nm.研究表明,壳聚糖稳定的纳米铁去除Cr(Ⅵ)的还原反应符合一级反应动力学方程.溶液中投加稳定剂壳聚糖,当壳聚糖浓度为150 mg.l-1时,80 min内表观一级动力学常数kobs约为空白溶液的2倍;干扰离子Ca2+,Mg2+,HCO3-和CO32-对壳聚糖稳定纳米铁去除Cr(Ⅵ)的批试验结果显示,Ca2+和Mg2+在80 min内使壳聚糖稳定纳米铁对Cr(Ⅵ)去除率分别降低了约20%和10%;HCO3-和CO32-的存在使去除率降低了约10%.     

丙酮冲洗法提高纳米零价铁抗氧化性能

纳米零价铁(nanoscale zero valent iron,nZVI)具有还原能力强、便于回收等优势,是目前广泛应用于地下水污染治理的一种活性纳米材料.然而,nZVI易被空气氧化失活及其储存难等问题严重地限制了其应用.为增强nZVI抗氧化能力,本文首次采用丙酮(acetone)对新制备的nZVI样品进行简单冲洗,并以水洗(water)作为对照,分别得到nZVIA和nZVIW样品.采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X-射线衍射(XRD)、X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱(FT-IR)和热重分析(TGA)等技术对样品的物理结构、表面性质进行了表征.结果发现,相较于表面粗糙、有大量氧化物存在的nZVIW,nZVIA为表面光滑球形,说明经丙酮简单冲洗能有效提高Fe0纯度.通过对在空气中持续暴露15 d后的样品进行XRD测试及其对甲基橙(MO)降解动力学实验,发现nZVIA具有优异的抗氧化能力,这源于通过配位吸附在nZVIA表面的丙酮分子起到的阻隔作用.此外,通过测试两种样品对三氯乙酸(trichloroacetic acid,TCA)脱氯实验,发现nZVIA对TCA的降解速率是nZVIW的3.37倍,对TCA具有更快的脱氯能力.本研究为制备高活性且兼有抗氧化能力的nZVI提供了一种十分简单的改性方法.     

植物油改性纳米铁修复硝基苯污染地下水的研究

实验室条件下,液相还原法FeSO4·7H2O和KBH4反应制备纳米铁,用XRD、TEM对其性能进行表征,结果表明该纳米铁平均粒径为50 nm,主要成分为α-Fe0。实验室进一步制备植物油改性纳米铁,TEM表明油膜均匀包覆在纳米铁颗粒表面,且纳米铁粒子分布均匀,分散较好。厌氧条件下,纳米铁与硝基苯反应,研究纳米铁和植物油改性纳米铁对硝基苯的降解性能,以及不同初始铁投加量、植物油质量分数、初始 pH 对硝基苯降解的影响。研究表明,纳米铁和植物油改性纳米铁均对硝基苯有较强的降解能力,理论摩尔比下,1 h内纳米铁和改性纳米铁对硝基苯的降解率达99.85%和56.74%;油膜质量分数为1%和2%的改性纳米铁降解硝基苯效果较好;随着初始纳米铁投加量的增加,硝基苯的降解越快;初始pH对改性纳米铁降解硝基苯有一定影响,酸性条件有利于改性纳米铁降解硝基苯。     

Nanoscale zero-valent iron supported on biochar for the highly efficient removal of nitrobenzene

• Biochar supported nanoscale zero-valent iron composite (nZVI/BC) was synthesized. • nZVI/BC quickly and efficiently removed nitrobenzene (NB) in solution. • NB removal by nZVI/BC involves simultaneous adsorption and reduction mechanism. • nZVI/BC exhibited better catalytic activity, stability and durability than nZVI. The application of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) in the remediation of contaminated groundwater or wastewater is limited due to its lack of stability, easy aggregation and iron leaching. To address this issue, nZVI was distributed on oak sawdust-derived biochar (BC) to obtain the nZVI/BC composite for the highly efficient reduction of nitrobenzene (NB). nZVI, BC and nZVI/BC were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For nZVI/BC, nZVI particles were uniformly dispersed on BC. nZVI/BC exhibited higher removal efficiency for NB than the simple summation of bare nZVI and BC. The removal mechanism was investigated through the analyses of UV-Visible spectra, mass balance and XPS. NB was quickly adsorbed on the surface of nZVI/BC, and then gradually reduced to aniline (AN), accompanied by the oxidation of nZVI to magnetite. The effects of several reaction parameters, e.g., NB concentration, reaction pH and nZVI/BC aging time, on the removal of NB were also studied. In addition to high reactivity, the loading of nZVI on biochar significantly alleviated Fe leaching and enhanced the durability of nZVI.     

纳米Fe~0协同微生物对PCB77的降解研究

研究了纳米零价铁协同微生物降解水溶液中的PCB77。从污染土样中分离出一株多氯联苯（PCBs）降解菌,对其进行革兰氏染色形态观察,并用降解菌降解PCB77。结果表明：培养温度30℃、溶液pH 7.0、微生物接种量109 cfu·mL-1、PCB77初始质量浓度1.0 mg·L-1时,降解菌对PCB77的降解率为58.63%。纳米零价铁对PCB77的降解是一个还原脱氯过程,7 d时的降解率为82.99%。采用纳米零价铁/微生物联合体系降解水溶液中PCB77,降解率显著高于微生物和纳米零价铁单一体系,降解率可达93.30%。研究结果将为环境中PCBs残留提供了一种高效去除的方法,并为PCBs污染土壤的修复提供理论依据。     

Effect of humic acid and metal ions on the debromination of BDE209 by nZVM prepared from steel pickling waste liquor

As a promising in situ remediation technology, nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) can remove polybrominated diphenyl ethers such as decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) effectively, However its use is limited by its high production cost. Using steel pickling waste liquor as a raw material to prepare nanoscale zero-valent metal (nZVM) can overcome this deficiency. It has been shown that humic acid and metal ions have the greatest influence on remediation. The results showed that nZVM and nZVI both can effectively remove BDE209 with little difference in their removal efficiencies, and humic acid inhibited the removal efficiency, whereas metal ions promoted it. The promoting effects followed the order Ni²⁺>Cu²⁺>Co²⁺ and the cumulative effect of the two factors was a combination of the promoting and inhibitory individual effects. The major difference between nZVM and nZVI lies in their crystal form, as nZVI was found to be amorphous while that of nZVM was crystal. However, it was found that both nZVM and nZVI removed BDE209 with similar removal efficiencies. The effects and cumulative effects of humic acid and metal ions on nZVM and nZVI were very similar in terms of the efficiency of the BDE209 removal.     

One-step synthesis of bentonite-supported nanoscale Fe/Ni bimetals for rapid degradation of methyl orange in water

Although nanoscale zero-valent iron (nano-Fe⁰) is used to remediate pollutants, this reagent still presents stability and reactivity issues. To solve those issues, we synthesized bentonite-supported nanoscale iron bimetals B-Fe/Ni and B-Fe/Pd. We then used those reagents to degrade the methyl orange dye in water. Results of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction showed that the presence of bentonite and bimetal decreased nanoscale iron aggregation and increased methyl orange removal efficiency. More than 90 % of methyl orange at 100 mg/L was degraded by B-Fe/Ni (0.15 g/L) in 10 min. By comparison, only 62 % of methyl orange was degraded by B-Fe, and 35 % of methyl orange was degraded by nano-Fe⁰. The degradation rate decreased with the increase of the initial concentration of methyl orange. Lower pH allowed fast removal of methyl orange. Overall our findings show that a nanoscale Fe/Ni on bentonite-supported material is more efficient than nano-Fe⁰. One-step synthesis is more convenient than current two-step-synthesized nanoscale bimetals. Bentonite-supported nanoscale bimetals could therefore be an economic competitive candidate for contaminated water remediation.     

纳米零价铁的生态毒性效应研究进展

纳米零价铁(n ZVI)由于其比表面积大、表面反应活性高以及强还原性,可以作为一种高效的环境修复材料,广泛运用于污染地下水及土壤修复。大量的n ZVI颗粒直接注射到污染位点会增加生态系统的暴露可能性,并且由于n ZVI粒径特别小,能穿过细胞膜和生物体的各类天然屏障,对环境及生态系统存在潜在风险,因此科学家们开始更多地关注n ZVI的生物安全性研究。鉴于n ZVI在环境修复应用中的巨大潜力和可能的毒性效应,对n ZVI环境风险的研究也显得尤为重要。综述了近几年国内外关于n ZVI生态毒性的研究成果,n ZVI对病毒、细菌、微生物群落、以及动植物等都能导致一定的负面效应,尽管其毒性机制尚不明确,但普遍认为n ZVI暴露后铁离子的释放和氧化损伤确实可以引起生物效应,部分研究还分析了环境因素和表面改性对其毒性的影响。文章对其未来的发展方向进行了展望,以期为今后纳米零价铁的研究提供参考。     

低浓度溶解氧下猪粪固体有机物水解产酸研究

本文以猪粪为发酵原料,通过批式实验研究不同溶解氧(DO)浓度(0—0.26 mg.L-1)、发酵时间(3—12 d)和挥发性固体(VS)浓度(11.14—111.35 g.L-1)对猪粪固体水解酸化过程的影响,确定了低DO浓度下固体有机物优化水解产酸工艺条件:中温35℃,初始VS浓度37.11 g.L-1,初期的DO浓度0.1—0.26 mg.L-1.在此条件下,发酵时间3 d,DO浓度下降到0.10 mg.L-1以下.猪粪发酵液pH值由7.45±0.10降低到5.86±0.17,VS降解率(25.67±1.20)%,挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)中乙酸(3895±91)mg.L-1、丙酸(2313±82)mg.L-1、正丁酸(1361±17)mg.L-1、正戊酸(540±11)mg.L-1.优化条件下的猪粪水解酸化液进行厌氧产甲烷发酵,发酵10 d内产气停止,低溶解氧水解酸化和厌氧产甲烷发酵累计时间仅为13 d,甲烷体积分数(69.5±0.2)%,VS产气率为(0.282±0.011)L CH.4g-1VS.研究结果表明,适当延长发酵时间能够增加VFA中乙酸的含量,初始VS浓度差异对发酵液VFA浓度和VS降解率的影响较显著,低溶解氧能够促进猪粪固体有机物水解过程.     

纳米Fe0对Cr（VI）的还原及其影响因素

采用纳米Fe0还原水溶液中的Cr（Ⅵ）,考察纳米Fe0投加量、Cr（Ⅵ）初始浓度、溶液pH值和有机酸等因素对cr（Ⅵ）还原的影响。结果表明,纳米Fe。对Cr（Ⅵ）的还原效果明显,其对Cr（Ⅵ）的还原率分别是铁粉和铁屑的7和13倍。Cr（Ⅵ）溶液初始质量浓度为20mg·L-1、Fe。投加量为5g·L“条件下,反应24h时纳米Fe0对Cr（Ⅵ）的还原率达82．7％。溶液低pH值可以促进Fe。的腐蚀速度,提高反应速率,当pH值为3．0时还原效果最好。草酸、丙二酸和丁二酸对纳米Fe。还原Cr（Ⅵ）均有明显的促进作用,3种有机酸对Cr（Ⅵ）还原率的提高幅度由高到低依次为草酸、丙二酸和丁二酸。     

Effects of different types of biochar on the properties and reactivity of nano zero-valent iron in soil remediation

• Biochar enhanced the mobility and stability of zero-valent iron nanoparticles. • Particle performance was best when the BC:nZVI mass ratio was 1:1. • Bagasse-BC@nZVI removed 66.8% of BDE209. The addition of nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) is a promising technology for the in situ remediation of soil. Unfortunately, the mobility and, consequently, the reactivity of nZVI particles in contaminated areas decrease due to their rapid aggregation. In this study, we determined how nZVI particles can be stabilized using different types of biochar (BC) as a support (BC@nZVI). In addition, we investigated the transport behavior of the synthesized BC@nZVI particles in a column filled with porous media and their effectiveness in the removal of BDE209 (decabromodiphenyl ether) from soil. The characterization results of N₂ Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analyses, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that nZVI was successfully loaded into the BC. The sedimentation test results and the experimental breakthrough curves indicated that all of the BC@nZVI composites manifested better stability and mobility than did the bare-nZVI particles, and the transport capacity of the particles increased with increasing flow velocity and porous medium size. Furthermore, the maximum concentrations of the column effluent for bagasse–BC@nZVI (B–BC@nZVI) were 19%, 37% and 48% higher than those for rice straw–BC@nZVI (R–BC@nZVI), wood chips–BC@nZVI (W–BC@nZVI) and corn stalks–BC@nZVI (C–BC@nZVI), respectively. A similar order was found for the removal and debromination efficiency of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) by the aforementioned particles. Overall, the attachment of nZVI particles to BC significantly increased the reactivity, stability and mobility of B–BC@nZVI yielded, and nZVI the best performance.     

酞菁锌改性介孔分子筛催化降解孔雀石绿

以介孔分子筛MCM-41为载体,采用浸渍法将1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-八环戊氧基酞菁锌(α-CyOPcZn)负载到分子筛上得到了一种新型的催化剂CyOPcZn/MCM-41.并通过氮气吸附、红外光谱扫描及电镜扫描对催化剂的结构进行表征.考察了该催化剂的用量、H2O2浓度对孔雀石绿降解作用的影响.实验结果表明,在模拟可见光照射下,当催化剂用量0.6 g.L-1、H2O2浓度为0.1 mmol.L-1时,60 min后使0.1 mmol.L-1的孔雀石绿水溶液的脱色率达到98.6%,并呈现出一级反应的动力学特征,速率常数k为0.0891 min-1.催化剂重复使用3次后,脱色率可达96%以上.