芬顿试剂法制备磁性碳纳米管及其对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能

采用芬顿试剂法在碳纳米管纯化样品表面负载纳米磁性氧化铁颗粒,制备磁性碳纳米管杂化材料(MWCNTs/Fe2O3),该杂化材料具有较高的纳米氧化铁负载率(>50%)和优异的磁性能,制备过程中无需额外添加阳离子,不会对环境造成不利影响.将磁性碳纳米管杂化材料应用于染料废水处理中,结果发现MWCNTs/Fe2O3对亚甲基蓝染料吸附性能较好,吸附后用磁铁易于达到固液分离的效果.吸附性能研究表明,磁性碳纳米管对水溶液中亚甲基蓝的吸附在40 min内吸附容量迅速上升,其值达到最大平衡吸附容量的88%以上,60 min基本达到平衡,吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型(R2>0.999).磁性碳纳米管吸附亚甲基蓝的平衡吸附量qe与亚甲基蓝溶液的平衡浓度Ce的关系满足Langmuir(R2>0.999)、Freundlich(R2>0.97)以及Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)(R2>0.96)等温吸附模型.通过Langmuir模型计算可知磁性碳纳米管对亚甲基蓝的最大吸附容量为69.98 mg.g-1,吸附过程为有利吸附,由D-R模型计算结果可以推断MWCNTs/Fe2O3对水溶液中亚甲基蓝的吸附机制以化学吸附为主.     

二氧化钛改性油页岩渣对水溶液中亚甲基蓝和六价铬的吸附

以油页岩渣及其二氧化钛改性材料为吸附剂,探究它们去除水溶液中亚甲基蓝和六价铬的能力.通过实验,控制溶液的pH值、温度、初始浓度和接触时间,观察吸附效果变化特征,研究其动力学和热力学性能.实验表明,改性油页岩渣吸附亚甲基蓝和六价铬的吸附率是未改性的2—3倍,且改性油页岩渣对亚甲基蓝的吸附率可达97%,对六价铬的吸附率不到25%.吸附亚甲基蓝时,pH值越大,吸附效果越好;而吸附六价铬时,最适pH值为4.改性油页岩渣吸附亚甲基蓝实验符合准二阶动力学方程,计算得反应活化能为13.29 kJ.mol-1,表明此过程主要是物理吸附.在热力学方面,由范特霍夫方程计算得ΔG〈0、ΔH〉0,表明此过程自发吸热,可见此过程还伴有化学吸附.Langmuir和Freundlich等温模型拟合结果表明,Langmuir模型数据拟合甚佳,R2=0.9999,说明改性油页岩渣吸附亚甲基蓝是单分子层吸附.二氧化钛改性油页岩渣经7次回收利用后,对亚甲基蓝的吸附效果仅减少约1.5%.     

固定香菇菌柄废弃物对二元溶液中Cd(Ⅱ)的竞争性吸附

利用聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠(PVA-SA)固定香菇(Lentinus edodes)菌柄废弃物作为生物吸附剂吸附溶液中的Cd2+,吸附过滤后的溶液用原子吸收光谱仪(AAS)测定Cd2+的浓度.结果表明,一元溶液中固定香菇菌柄废弃物吸附Cd2+适宜的pH值范围为4～7,比自由态香菇粉的(pH5～7)广;二元溶液中随着pH值的增加,Cd2+的吸附率有线性增加的趋势;当固定Cd2+浓度为10mgg-1,变化干扰离子Cu2+或Pb2+(0～30mgg-1)时,吸附剂对Cd2+的吸附明显降低;分别用Langmuir、Freundlich、Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)和Langmuir-Freundlich等温吸附模型对一元和二元溶液中Cd2+的等温吸附过程进行拟合,结果表明,Langmuir吸附模型能较好地拟合一元溶液和Cd2+-Pb2+二元溶液中Cd2+的等温吸附过程,相关系数R2分别为0.9981和0.9291.D-R模型能较好地拟合Cd2+-Cu2+二元溶液中Cd2+的等温吸附过程,相关系数R2为0.9623.     

磁性介孔碳的制备及对水体中染料的吸附去除

以介孔氧化硅SBA-15为硬模板,采用三氯化铁与蔗糖同步浇筑法制备磁性介孔碳材料.扫描电镜、透射电镜、比表面积和振动磁强计等分析表明,该材料具有有序的介孔孔道和较好的磁分离性能.考察其对亚甲基蓝(MB)和日落黄(SY)的吸附性能,结果发现溶液的pH对吸附两种染料有显著的影响,阳离子染料亚甲基蓝随着溶液pH的增大吸附量显著升高,而阴离子染料日落黄则相反.由Langmuir吸附等温模型拟合出亚甲基蓝、日落黄的最大吸附容量分别为473.9 mg·g~(-1)和434.8 mg·g~(-1).该磁性介孔材料在染料污染物的去除方面具有较好的应用潜力.     

染料化合物在改性介孔TiO_2上的吸附

以聚乙烯醇-碘复合物修饰的介孔TiO2纳米材料为吸附剂,研究了介孔TiO2对亚甲基蓝、甲基橙、茜素红和二甲酚橙染料化合物的吸附作用.考察了4种染料初始浓度和初始pH值对吸附的影响.实验结果表明,染料化合物的结构和性质影响介孔TiO2对它们的吸附平衡时间和吸附量.二甲酚橙、甲基橙、茜素红和亚甲基蓝有最佳吸附去除率的初始pH值分别为2.0、2.0、3.0和8.0;平衡吸附时间分别为100 min、10 min、100 min和60 min.介孔TiO2对亚甲基蓝、茜素红、二甲酚橙的饱和吸附量分别为80.32 mg·g-1、78.72 mg·g-1、71.64 mg·g-1,甲基橙的饱和吸附量超过200 mg·g-1.改性介孔TiO2对亚甲基蓝、茜素红、二甲酚橙的吸附符合二级动力学方程.     

甘氨酸改性TiO_2材料的合成及其对染料的吸附性能

本文以钛酸异丙酯为钛源,以甘氨酸(gly)为改性材料,通过水解法在比较温和的条件下合成了二氧化钛(TiO_2-gly)吸附剂,同时以亚甲基蓝(MB)和酸性红G (ARG)两种染料为处理对象,考察了合成的TiO_2的吸附性能,并将之与P25材料进行对比.结果表明,经过甘氨酸改性的TiO_2吸附剂的比表面积大幅提升到354.2 m2·g~(-1);改性TiO_2对亚甲基蓝(100 mg·L-1)和酸性红G (100 mg·L-1)两种染料的吸附能力得到较大提高,最大吸附量分别为49.25 mg·g~(-1)和43.98 mg·g~(-1),远高于P25对二者的吸附容量(分别为28.24 mg·g~(-1)和16.40 mg·g~(-1)); P25的吸附主要受物理吸附作用控制,而改性TiO_2吸附剂20 min即可达到吸附平衡,并展现出准二级动力学和Langmuir吸附等温线特性,这表明吸附剂与染料分子之间主要为化学吸附.另外,通过吸附影响因素实验发现通过延长吸附时间、控制p H都能提高该吸附剂的吸附性能,而改性TiO_2-gly吸附剂经过5次再生循环实验后仍展现出较好的吸附性能.     

联合改性污泥吸附剂去除废水中铬(Ⅵ)

以城市污水厂脱水污泥为原料,分别经物理活化、物理与化学活化相结合的方法制备污泥基吸附剂样品,通过BET表面积分析、扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外光谱分析等对污泥吸附剂性质进行了表征,对比研究了不同改性方法制备的污泥基吸附剂对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除性能.结果表明,经过NaOH联合改性的污泥吸附剂W6对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附性能最好,其次为HNO_3联合改性的污泥吸附剂样品W4,污泥吸附剂去除Cr(Ⅵ)的最佳pH值为2.5.对于样品W4、W6来说,室温下(25℃)其吸附行为更符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,说明这两种吸附剂对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附都主要以单分子层形式吸附为主.改性污泥吸附剂样品均较适合准二级动力学模型,其相关系数均达到了0.99以上.因此,物理与化学联合改性方法可以显著改善污泥吸附剂对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能.     

镧和阳离子表面活性剂联合改性活性炭对水中磷酸盐和硝酸盐的吸附作用

采用镧(La)和阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(HDTMA-Cl)对活性炭进行联合改性,并考察了La和HDTMA联合改性活性炭(La-HDTMA改性活性炭)对水中磷酸盐和硝酸盐的吸附性能.实验结果表明,La-HDTMA改性活性炭对磷酸盐和硝酸盐具备一定的吸附去除能力.La-HDTMA改性活性炭对水中磷酸盐和硝酸盐的吸附动力学过程符合准二级动力学模型,吸附平衡数据可以采用Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)等温吸附模型加以描述.根据Langmuir等温吸附模型计算得到的La-HDTMA改性活性炭对磷酸盐和硝酸盐最大吸附量分别为4.15 mg·g-1和11.2 mg·g-1.当p H值由4增加到8时,La-HDTMA改性活性炭对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力增加;当p H值超过8时,对磷酸盐的吸附能力则下降.LaHDTMA改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐的吸附能力随p H值的增加而下降.水中共存的Cl-、HCO-3和SO2-4等阴离子会抑制La-HDTMA改性活性炭对磷酸盐和硝酸盐的吸附.水中共存的硝酸盐会抑制La-HDTMA改性活性炭对磷酸盐的吸附,共存的磷酸盐亦会抑制La-HDTMA改性活性炭对硝酸盐的吸附.采用1 mol·L-1Na OH溶液可以使71%吸附剂上的磷酸盐解吸下来,采用1 mol·L-1的Na Cl溶液可以使97%吸附剂上的硝酸盐解吸下来.La-HDTMA改性活性炭对水中磷酸盐的吸附机制主要是阴离子交换、静电吸引、配位体交换作用和路易斯酸碱反应,对硝酸盐的吸附机制主要是阴离子交换和静电吸引作用.     

亚甲基蓝在缺氧活性污泥上的吸附平衡和动力学

为了考察缺氧活性污泥对染料的吸附性能和吸附机理,以缺氧活性污泥作为吸附剂,亚甲基蓝作为吸附质进行等温吸附试验。结果表明:亚甲基蓝在缺氧活性污泥上的吸附遵循准二级速率方程,吸附方式为化学吸附;吸附行为符合Langmuir和Redlich-Peterson吸附等温式,为单分子层吸附,理论最大吸附量9.25 mg/g;亚甲基蓝分子在污泥颗粒内扩散动力学曲线存在线性部分,说明吸附过程存在污泥颗粒微孔内扩散效应。     

双孔介孔碳的合成及其对亚甲基蓝的吸附

以三嵌段共聚物F108为模板剂,苯酚/甲醛为碳源,在中性条件下制备了平均孔径为3.14 nm,最可几孔径分布为3 nm和8 nm,BET比表面积为1541 m2·g-1,孔容为1.01 cm3·g-1的双孔分布介孔碳.通过静态实验法测定了介孔碳对亚甲基蓝的吸附特性,分析了初始浓度、溶液p H、温度对吸附量的影响,并从热力学及动力学角度探讨了介孔碳对亚甲基蓝的吸附机理.结果表明,溶液初始浓度、溶液p H以及温度对吸附量有较大的影响,介孔碳对亚甲基蓝的吸附随着初始浓度、p H、温度的上升而增大,吸附为吸热反应,提高温度有利于吸附的进行.实验制备的介孔碳对亚甲基蓝的最大吸附量为421 mg·g-1,相比于普通活性炭,双孔分布介孔碳对亚甲基蓝显示了更优的吸附性能.亚甲基蓝在介孔碳上的吸附行为符合Langmuir吸附等温线和Elovich动力学模型.计算得到的吸附吉布斯自由能(ΔG0)0,吸附标准焓变(ΔH0)70 k J·mol-1,说明亚甲基蓝在介孔碳上的吸附是自发进行的单分子层吸热反应,且化学反应在吸附过程中发挥了重要作用.     

Steam activation,characterisation and adsorption studies of activated carbon from maize tassels

In this paper, steam-produced activated carbon (STAC) from maize tassel (MT) was evaluated for its ability to remove basic dye (methylene blue MB) from aqueous solution in a batch adsorption process. The equilibrium experiments were conducted in the range of 50–300 mg/L initial MB concentrations at 30°C, for effect of pH, adsorbent dosage and contact time. The experimental data were analysed by Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models of adsorption. Freundlich adsorption isotherm was found to have highest value of R²(R²=0.97) compared to other models of Langmuir and Temkin having (0.96 and 0.95 respectively). STAC has a high adsorptive capacity for MB dye (200 mg/g) and also showed favourable adsorption for the dye with the separation factor (R_L<1) for the dye-activated carbon system. The kinetic data obtained were analysed using pseudo first-order kinetic equation and pseudo second-order kinetic equation. The experimental data fitted well into pseudo second-order kinetic equation, as demonstrated by the high value of R².     

Removal of Mo(VI) from aqueous solutions using sulfuric acid-modified cinder: kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Removal of Mo(VI) from aqueous solutions was investigated using cinder modified by sulfuric acid. Various parameters such as pH, agitation time, Mo(VI) concentration, and temperature have been studied. The maximum adsorption of Mo(VI) occurred at pH between 4.0 and 6.0. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption generally obeyed a pseudo second-order model. The activation energy was 31.4?kJ?mol^?1, indicating that the adsorption process was governed mainly by interactions of physical nature. Furthermore, application of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models to the adsorption equilibrium data showed that the adsorption behavior obeyed the Langmuir model. The adsorption capacity was found to be 10.8?g Mo(VI)?kg^?1 adsorbent. Finally, thermodynamic parameters such as ΔH ⁰, ΔS ⁰, and ΔG ⁰ were also evaluated, which showed that the adsorption of Mo(VI) on the treated cinder was endothermic, entropy increasing, and spontaneous. In conclusion, the sulfuric acid-modified cinder was shown to be an inexpensive, effective, and simple adsorbent for the removal of Mo(VI) from water.     

聚苯乙烯树脂吸附水中磺基水杨酸的研究

研究了两种聚苯乙烯树脂对水中磺基水杨酸的吸附行为,同时探讨了氨基修饰聚苯乙烯树脂的吸附动力学特性．结果表明,在所研究的磺基水杨酸浓度范围内,Langmuir和Freundich吸附等温方程都能很好地描述吸附平衡数据．采用氨基修饰制备的NDA-900树脂具有较大的吸附容量和较快的吸附速率,吸附动力学符合Lagergren二级速率方程,颗粒内扩散是NDA-900树脂吸附磺基水杨酸速率的主要控制步骤,可采用HSDM模型加以描述．     

Adsorption of methylene blue onto activated carbon derived from periwinkle shells: kinetics and equilibrium studies

Periwinkle shell, an abundant and inexpensive natural resource, was used to prepare activated carbon by physicochemical activation with potassium hydroxide (KOH) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) as the activating agents at 850 °C for 2 h. The adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of methylene blue dye on such carbon were then examined at 25 °C. Adsorption isotherm of the methylene blue (MB) on the activated carbon was determined and correlated with common isotherm equations. The equilibrium data for methylene blue adsorption well fitted to the Langmuir equation, with maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 500.00 mg/g. Two simplified kinetic models including pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order equation were selected to follow the adsorption processes. The adsorption of methylene blue on activated carbon derived from periwinkle shell could best be described by the pseudo-second-order equation. The kinetic parameters of this best-fit model were calculated and discussed.     

低品位硅藻土吸附重金属的研究

硅藻土是一种生物硅质沉积岩,具有较大的比表面积,在工业上常用作吸附材料。但低品位硅藻土不利于直接加工利用,在矿产开发中常被忽视或丢弃。为更好地开发和利用低品位硅藻土,采用静态吸附实验研究了低品位硅藻土吸附四种重金属离子（Pb2＋、Zn2＋、Cu2＋、Cd2＋）的动力学规律,用伪一阶、伪二阶模型及粒内扩散模型（Weber和Morris模型）对其吸附过程进行拟合,结果表明,硅藻土对四种重金属离子的吸附均符合伪二阶动力学模型。同时,实验也研究了硅藻土吸附Pb2＋、Zn2＋、Cu2＋、Cd2＋的热力学,并分别用Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich（D-R）方程进行拟合。结果表明,Freundlich和D-R方程都能很好地描述硅藻土对Pb2＋、Zn2＋、Cu2＋、Cd2＋的吸附热力学。并且硅藻土对这四种重金属离子的吸附均为吸热反应。     

环丙氨嗪在Aldrich胡敏酸中吸附-解吸特征的研究

采用批平衡法,研究了不同温度下环丙氨嗪在Aldrich胡敏酸中的吸附与解吸特征。结果表明：环丙氨嗪吸附和解吸过程都包含极快速、快速和缓慢阶段。伪二级动力学方程能较好地描述不同温度下环丙氨嗪的吸附动力学特性,表明吸附速率决定于胡敏酸表面吸附位点的可用度,而不是溶液中环丙氨嗪的浓度。环丙氨嗪在极快速吸附阶段的吸附速率随温度的升高而增大,但平衡时的吸附量却随温度的增加而降低。吸附等温线和解吸曲线符合Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程。环丙氨嗪在胡敏酸上的解吸速率小于吸附速率,表明存在滞后效应。吸附焓变、熵变和自由能都为负值,表明环丙氨嗪在胡敏酸上的吸附是一个自发、熵减小的放热过程。-Go〈40 kJ.mol^-1表明环丙氨嗪在胡敏酸表面以物理吸附为主。     

Adsorptive removal of a synthetic textile dye using cocoa pod husks

The adsorption of a synthetic textile dye (Remazol Brilliant Black Reactive) on cocoa pod husk-based activated carbon was investigated in batch process. The adsorbent prepared was characterized by gas adsorption surface analysis (Brunauer Emmett Teller, BET), scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effects of initial dye concentration, contact time, solution temperature, and solution pH were evaluated. Equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models, the first being the best with maximum monolayer coverage of 111?mg?g^?1. Kinetic data were fitted into pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion, and Elovich models; the pseudo second-order model provided the best correlation. Maximum adsorption was observed at pH 7. Standard free energy, standard enthalpy, and standard entropy were also calculated. The adsorption interaction was found to be endothermic and spontaneous. Both the mean free energy of adsorption and the activation energy show that the mechanism is by physisorption.     

The influence of chlorinated aromatics' structure on their adsorption characteristics on activated carbon to tackle chemical spills in drinking water source

This study focused on evaluating the efficiency of powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption process and tackling chlorobenzenes and chlorophenols spill in drinking water source. The adsorption kinetics and PAC’s capacities for five chlorobenzenes and three chlorophenols at drinking water contamination levels were studied in order to determine the influence of different functional groups on the adsorption behavior. The results showed that PAC adsorption could be used as an effective emergency drinking water treatment process to remove these compounds. The adsorption kinetics took 30 min to achieve nearly equilibrium and could be described by both pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order models. A mathematic relationship was developed between the pseudo first-order adsorption rate constant, k₁, and the solutes’ properties including lgK_ow, polarizability and molecular weight. The Freundlich isotherm equation could well describe the adsorption equilibrium behaviors of chlorinated aromatics with r² from 0.920 to 0.999. The H-bond donor/acceptor group, hydrophobicity, solubility and molecular volume were identified as important solute properties that affect the PAC adsorption capacity. These results could assist water professionals in removing chlorinated aromatics during emergency drinking water treatment.     

Pomegranate husk as an adsorbent in the removal of toxic chromium from wastewater

The use of a new sorbent developed from the husk of pomegranate, a famous fruit in Egypt, for the removal of toxic chromium from aqueous solution has been investigated. The batch experiment was conducted to determine the adsorption capacity of the pomegranate husk. The effects of initial metal concentration (25 and 50 mg l^-1), pH, contact time, and sorbent concentration (2-6 g l^-1) have been studied at room temperature. A strong dependence of the adsorption capacity on pH was observed, the capacity increased as the pH decreased, and the optimum pH value was pH 1.0. Adsorption equilibrium and kinetics were studied with different sorbent and metal concentrations. The adsorption process was fast, and equilibrium was reached within 3 h. The maximum removal was 100% for 25 mg l^-1 of Cr⁶⁺ concentration on 5 g l^-1 pomegranate husk concentration, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 10.59 mg g^-1. The kinetic data were analysed using various kinetic models—pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and intraparticle diffusion equations—and the equilibrium data were tested using several isotherm models, Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and Generalized isotherm equations. The Elovich and pseudo-second-order equations provided the greatest accuracy for the kinetic data, while Langmuir and Generalized isotherm models were the closest fit for the equilibrium data. The activation energy of sorption has also been evaluated as 0.236 and 0.707 kJ mol^-1 for 25 and 50 mg l^-1 chromium concentration, respectively.