逐级化学提取法研究煤中溴的赋存状态

采用逐级化学提取法研究了煤中溴的赋存状态,用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP—MS）测定了煤及各种提取状态中溴的含量．结果表明,来自四川和重庆的8个煤中溴主要以水溶态、离子交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰结合态和有机态存在,平均总提取率为88．2％．对于烟煤和无烟煤,前者有机态溴的相对量大于后者,平均值分别为22．3％和20．0...     

钴(Ⅱ)和镍(Ⅱ)对长春花C.roseus细胞悬浮生长的影响

研究了ｐＨ５．５条件下,钴（Ⅱ）和镍（Ⅱ）对长春花Ｃ．ｒｏｓｅｕｓ细胞悬浮增养生长的影响。当介质中钴的起始深度为０．５０／２．０μｇ／ｍｌ时,能轻微刺激Ｃ．ｒｏｓｅｕｓ细胞的生长,〔Ｃｏ（Ⅱ）〕＞４．０μｇ／ｍｌ,〔Ｎｉ（Ⅱ）〕＞２．０μｇ／ｍｌ时,阻碍细胞生长,其抑制程度与介质中钴（Ⅱ）。镍（Ⅱ）的浓度相关;它们的最小致死浓度分别为５０．０μｇ／ｍｌＣｏ（Ⅱ）和１０．０μｇ／ｍｌＮｉ（Ⅱ）。钴（     

煤飞灰多环芳烃环境标准参考物的研制与定值

研制了一种煤飞灰多环芳烃（ＰＡＨｓ）环境标准参考物，用高效液相色谱ＨＰＬＣ（ＵＶＤ／ＦＬＤ）作为分析方法，对其均匀性和稳定性进行了检验，对几种有代表性的ＰＡＨｓ的分析统计结果表明，其均匀性是合格的，在－２５℃保存时，稳定性在两年以上，采用两种独立可靠的方法（提取－直接进样ＨＰＬＣ和提取－硅胶柱预分离－ＨＲＧＣ），给出了煤飞灰参考物质中几种ＰＡＨ的定值结果：菲（ＰＨ）７．１±２．６μｇ／ｇ，蒽（ＡＮ     

煤中铁元素赋存状态的超声逐级化学提取研究

为了探讨铁元素在煤中的赋存状态,根据煤灰中三氧化二铁含量的不同选择了7个煤样,用硝酸-高氯酸-氢氟酸湿法消解-原子吸收分光光度计法测定了这7个煤样中的铁含量.采用超声波辅助逐级化学提取方法,研究了这7个煤样中铁元素的赋存状态,超声波独特的空化作用促进了提取试剂与煤粒子的接触,强化了溶解过程,使提取实验耗时大大缩短.逐级化学提取实验所得铁的分量和与湿法消解测定铁的结果接近,说明逐级化学提取实验设计合理;煤中的铁元素以碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、硫化物结合态、铝硅酸盐结合态、有机结合态这5种形式存在,其中碳酸盐结合态是5种存在形式中最少的,其质量分数不超过3.1%,硫化物结合态在40%以上,最多达到81.5%,是最主要的赋存状态.     

淮南深部山西组煤中汞的含量分布及赋存特征研究

以淮南煤田深部山西组煤为研究对象,分别采集研究区张集煤矿和新集二矿二叠系山西组1煤层的煤样品,测试了样品中总汞的含量,分析汞的空间分布特征,采用浮沉实验、逐级化学提取实验以及相关性分析研究了煤中汞的赋存状态,并结合沉积环境探讨了深部山西组煤中汞的富集成因。结果表明:(1)研究区煤样中汞含量介于0.03～0.93μg/g之间,算术平均值为0.21μg/g,均高于中国和世界煤中汞的背景值,与地壳中汞含量相比,富集系数高达2.6,表现出明显富集;(2)淮南煤田不同煤矿山西组煤中汞含量不同,张集煤矿煤中汞算术平均值为0.35μg/g,新集二矿煤中汞算术平均值为0.12μg/g;受复杂沉积环境和沉积相作用,同一煤层中,汞含量分布差异性较大;(3)相关性分析、浮沉实验和逐级化学提取实验结果表明,煤中的汞主要以硫化物结合态存在;矿物分析结果显示,黄铁矿是煤中汞的主要载体,张集煤矿煤中的汞主要以固溶态赋存于原生黄铁矿中,新集二矿山西组煤中的汞主要赋存于裂隙充填的后生黄铁矿中。     

镍对纤维藻（Ankistrodesmus．sp．）毒性作用研究

本文研究了重金属镍对一种淡水绿藻──纤维藻（Ａｎｋｉｓｔｒｏｄｅｓｍｕｓ．ｓｐ．）的毒性作用．结果表明：纤维藻对镍毒作用反应敏感．镍对纤维藻的半数有效浓度９６ＥＣ５０为０．３３μｇ／ｍＬ镍，当镍浓度≥０．４μｇ／ｍＬ时，纤维藻的生长受到明显抑制，生长滞期延长，光合作用受阻，细胞膜透性增加．当镍浓度为３．２μｇ／ｍＬ时，其蛋白质氨基酸含量明显下降．     

菲律宾蛤仔对锌、铅的积累特征

菲律宾蛤仔（ＲｕｄｉｔａｐｅｓｐｈｉｌｉｐｐｉｎａｒｕｍＡｄａｍｓｅｔＲｅｖｅ（Ｂｉｖａｌｖｉａ：Ｖｅｎｅｒｉｄａｅ））分别在不同系列Ｚｎ和Ｐｂ浓度下培养２０ｄ，每间隔５ｄ测定菲律宾蛤仔体内Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ含量．结果表明，菲律宾蛤仔在水体Ｚｎ浓度１００μｇ／Ｌ以下Ｚｎ积累量低，在水体Ｚｎ浓度为２００μｇ／Ｌ时Ｚｎ积累量高．菲律宾蛤仔在水体Ｐｂ浓度为３２μｇ／Ｌ以下暴露５ｄＰｂ积累量低，但在水体Ｐｂ浓度为３２μｇ／Ｌ中暴露１５ｄ，菲律宾蛤仔体内Ｐｂ含量可达对照组的５倍．可见，菲律宾蛤仔对Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ的积累量不仅与水体中Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ浓度有关，而且与暴露时间有关．     

煤中部分潜在毒害微量元素在表生条件下的化学活动性

利用连续化学浸取实验方法，对采自贵州省二叠经龙潭组的３２个煤样中的１０种潜在毒害微量元素化学的活动性进行了研究，结果表明：煤中Ｈｇ、Ａｓ、Ｓｅ、Ｃｄ等元素具有极强的化学活动性，其中平均８３．８％的Ｈｇ、９３．５％的Ａｓ、８０．３％的Ｓｅ．６３．３％的Ｃ在．１％的Ｃｕ的８６．８％的Ｐｂ可以被带出煤中而进入表生环境；煤中Ｚｎ的化学活动性次之，只有平均４６．６％的Ｚｎ可能迁移进行环境中；Ｔｌ、Ｃｒ、Ｎｉ     

5－Br－PADAP分光光度法测定雨水中微量过氧化氢

提出了一种光度法测定雨水中微量过氧化氢的方法。在０．３～１．３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ磷酸介质中，过氧化氢与钒（Ｖ）及２－（５－溴－２－吡啶偶氮）－５－二乙氨基苯酚（５－Ｂｒ－ＰＡＤＡＰ）反应形成一种组成比为１：１：１的蓝色三元配合物，其最大吸收波长位于５９６ｎｍ，表观摩尔吸光系数为５．５×１０４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ（－１）·ｃｍ（－１）．过氧化氢在０．０７～４．１μｇ／１０ｍｌ范围内服从比耳定律。该方法简便，具有较高的选择性和灵敏度．用于雨水中微量过氧化氢的直接测定．结果令人满意。     

电化学法从废料中回收金银和铅的工艺研究

研究从含Ａｕ,Ａｇ和Ｐｂ废料中综合回收Ａｕ,Ａｇ和Ｐｂ的电化学分离过程,在实验确定的最佳工艺条件（电极组成,７０ｇ／ＬＰｂ＾２＋,１００ｇ／Ｌ∑（ＳｉＦ＾２－６）电解温度４０℃,电流密度１００Ａ／ｍ＾２时,β－萘酚,骨胶浓度分别为０．００２ｇ／Ｌ和０．５ｇ／Ｌ）下制得了纯度为９９％Ｐｂ的平滑致密阴极铅沉淀物,铅电流效率大于９８％,比电能消耗１１７ｋＷ．ｈ／ｔＰｂ,Ａｕ,Ａｇ进入阳极泥的回收率分别为     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.