Toward Integrated Environmental Management for Challenges in Water Environmental Protection of Lake Taihu Basin in China

Lake Taihu is the third largest freshwater lake in China. It serves many social, economic, and ecological purposes in the drainage basin. Unfortunately, the water has been heavily polluted due to rapid industrialization and urbanization during the last two decades. Notwithstanding great efforts made so far to improve the water quality, the environmental situation is still far from being optimistic. The basin and the lake are facing a range of severe environmental challenges: rapid socio-economic development continues to place great pressures on the environment, current pollution control projects have many problems from the viewpoint of effectiveness and efficiency of their implementations, and the non-point sources of pollution such as agricultural fields, for which control is more difficult than for industrial point sources, have become the main contributors to serious eutrophication of the lake. Considering the characteristics of the environmental challenges and problems confronting the basin and the lake, we focus on integrated environmental management (IEM) as a promising and effective approach to overcome these predicaments. Current practices and problems of environmental management in the basin are examined, and potential future developments are discussed. Three aspects of the IEM are emphasized: institutional cooperation, public participation, and internalization of environmental externalities. We think these are the most critical for not only the basin but also for the whole of China to achieve a sustainable society.     

生态环境部体制下农业面源监管的难点与应对建议

农业面源污染治理对完成好"水污染防治行动计划"、"大气污染防治行动计划"具有举足轻重的作用。从农业废水面源污染现状来看,畜禽养殖业排污在农业源中占绝对优势,且全国仍有90%以上的分散养殖畜禽未得到综合整治,整治力度亟需进一步加强;农业废气面源污染主要来源于秸秆焚烧,已成为重污染天气的帮凶之一,近年来秸秆综合利用率有所提升但仍存在秸秆焚烧现象。"监督指导农业面源污染治理"是生态环境部的新职能,新职能带来新挑战:由于农业源具有分布分散、受地域等因素影响较大、治理的责任主体不明确等特点,以工业污染治理为核心的环境管理体系"难以作为";另一方面,基层监管工作缺少数据、缺少人员,现有基层环保队伍承接新职能的能力明显不足。为此,提出应对建议:一是建立适应农业面源特点的环境管理体系,二是采取多种手段强化农业面源的环境监管,三是推动各级政府加大农业面源治理力度,通过规范农业生产的清洁化水平,从源头控制农业面源污染产生量和排放量。     

Assessing the Risk of Phosphorus Loss and Identifying Critical Source Areas in the Chaohu Lake Watershed,China

Agricultural nonpoint phosphorus (P) pollution is a primary cause of eutrophication in many freshwater systems. Identifying areas that are at high risk for P loss in a watershed and concentrating management efforts on these smaller sections is a more effective method for limiting P loss than implementing general strategies over a broad area. A modified P index scheme was used to assess the risk of P loss and identify critical source areas in the Chaohu Lake watershed on a regional scale. In the new P ranking scheme, soil P sorption index (PSI) and degree of P saturation (DPS) were introduced as source factors to represent the inherent ability of P transport in the soil-water interface. Distance from P sources to Chaohu Lake was also considered as a transport factor to take into account P degradation from source to the final receiving water. The ranking scheme was modified to use available data on the regional scale. P index calculation results showed high spatial variation of P loss risk in the Chaohu Lake watershed. The highest risk areas focused on the downstream parts of the main rivers that discharge into Chaohu Lake. The induction of new components into the P index calculation makes it possible to identify critical source areas of nonpoint P loss on a regional scale, thus allowing decision makers to implement best management practices (BMPs) in such a manner as to minimize P loss to sensitive watercourses.     

胶州市农村生态环境保护的对策及建议

在对胶州市农村生态环境保护工作进行调查研究的基础上,分析了胶州市农村生态环境保护现状和污染来源,以及农村环保工作存在的环境意识差、管理混乱、环境治理资金不足等主要问题。同时结合胶州农村生态环境保护现状,提出了编制农村生态规划、加强基础设施建设、建设生态农业、实行农业清洁生产等解决胶州市农村生态环境保护工作的对策和建议。     

生物修复技术治理农村面源水污染问题的调查研究

调查得知，随着农村化肥、农药、除草剂的大量使用以及禽畜养殖规模化的扩大，造成我国农村面源污染日趋严重。农村面源污染源分散，没有明确位置，其治理一直是个难题。本文结合成都市政府解决府南河水污染问题时采用的针对面源污染的生物修复技术，对此技术作了较深入的研究，并取得了一定的效果，对国内城市近郊农村面源污染有较好的参考价值。在对所需植物进行逐级实验后，可推广至农村以解决成都地区的面源污染问题。     

天津市农村非点源污染控制对策

本文介绍了2004年天津市农村非点源污染状况，对其主要污染来源和环境影响进行了分析。在此基础上，提出非点源污染控制目标和对策措施，并以天津市的重要饮用水源地——于桥水库为例，介绍了水库周边村落的畜禽养殖污染控制措施。     

我国农业面源污染的控制与管理研究

主要通过我国污染源普查和2013年环境公报介绍了我国农业面源污染的现状,并从土壤侵蚀、农业化肥及农药、畜禽粪尿污染、农村生活污水和固体废弃物垃圾、大气干湿沉降、航运污染等方面介绍了我国污染源农业面源污染的成因,结合对土地利用方式、农业活动和田间管理、畜禽粪便及垃圾污染、社会经济因素等农业面源污染的影响因素的分析,分别从技术措施、法律措施和经济措施3方面入手提出了我国面源污染的控制和管理措施。     

农业面源污染的政策成因分析

从农业发展政策的角度出发，分析了农业发展政策从制定、执行到监督的环节中影响农业面源污染防治效果的因素；指出面源污染日益严重的政策成因是现有农业发展政策与农村环境保护体系的双轨制脱钩运行；建议构建一套把农业发展与农村环境保护有效地协调在可持续发展框架内的生态农业政策体系。     

我国农村环境污染问题及成因分析

详细阐述了我国农村环境污染的具体表现,并综合分析了污染造成的危害及产生污染的原因,针对具体情况从促进农业生产方式转型、增强环保意识、统筹城乡发展防止污染转嫁、完善农村环境监督法律体系四个方面提出了治理环境污染、推进农村生态文明建设的可行性措施,以期为我国农村环境的综合治理提供参考。     

农村面源污染现状分析与防治对策——以四川省南充市为例

通过走访、问卷调查及查阅文献等形式对四川省南充市农村面源污染现状进行调研,为加强农村环境质量监督监测及污染防治提供依据。结果表明:过量施用化肥和农药,畜禽废弃物、生活废水和垃圾、污水灌溉等是农村面源污染日趋严重的主要原因。为此,本文针对性地提出了推广循环农业和先进适用技术,加强基础设施建设及完善法规体制等对策。     

四川省农村面源污染问题的环境保护对策

农村面源污染主要来源于化肥、农药、畜禽养殖粪便、农村污水、生活垃圾和农作物秸秆等。“十二五”期间,国家将农业面源污染纳入了减排计划,作为农业大省的四川农业面源污染也比较严重,制定相关政策措施、采用先进技术显得尤为必要。文章综述了四川农村面源污染的现状以及对生态环境的影响,提出解决办法,最后对如何缓解目前四川农村面源污染提出了合理化建议与对策。     

农业非点源污染的环境影响及防治对策

非点源污染负荷在水环境污染中所占比例日益增大,而农业生产活动又是最大的非点源污染.由于没有固定的污染源,控制非点源污染要比控制点源污染困难得多.扼要介绍了我国农业非点源污染的现状,分析了农业非点源污染的各种影响因素,讨论了农业非点源污染对水环境的影响,并针对目前农业非点源污染存在的问题,提出了污染防治对策和管理措施.     

农业非点源污染研究进展和趋势

根据国内外农业非点源污染研究现状,本文在探讨农业非点源污染内涵及其特征的基础上,简要总结了农业非点源污染负荷的估算模型,列举区域农业非点源污染风险评估的手段和方法,从不同角度归纳了农业非点源污染的控制技术,并提出了近期农业非点源污染急需研究的热点和趋势,以期为进一步的农业非点源污染管理和控制提供参考。     

农业非点源控制的美国经验借鉴

我国的农业非点源污染治理正处于攻坚期,但部分政策一定程度上缺少具体执行标准和规范,难以执行到位,法律法规碎片化、分散且难以评估执行效果。本文从美国治理非点源的国际经验出发,梳理了联邦层面的法律法规、农业环境管理机构的运作形式以及州层面流域管理规划和非点源控制计划。最后,根据国际经验提出了如下建议:一是建议要求各省在农业规划中加入推进农业流域治理清单;二是建议制定流域地表水质达标规划,实现点源与非点源联合管理;三是建议形成最佳管理实践规范技术指南,并对执行者进行相应补贴,形成监管机制;四是建议建立农业绿色补贴制度,鼓励地方形成可持续的农业发展机制。     

IDENTIFICATION OF CRITICAL NONPOINT POLLUTION SOURCE AREAS USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND WATER QUALITY MODELING1

n integrated approach coupling water quality computer simulation modeling with a geographic information system (GIS) was used to delineate critical areas of nonpoint source (NPS) pollution at the watershed level. Two simplified pollutant export models were integrated with the Virginia Geographic Information System (VirGIS) to estimate soil erosion, sediment yield, and phosphorus (P) loading from the Nomini Creek watershed located in Westmoreland County, Virginia. On the basis of selected criteria for soil erosion rate, sediment yield, and P loading, model outputs were used to identily watershed areas which exhibit three categories (low, medium, high) of non-point source pollution potentials. The percentage of the watershed area in each category, and the land area with critical pollution problems were also identified. For the 1505-ha Nomini Creek watershed, about 15, 16, and 21 percent of the watershed area were delineated as sources of critical soil erosion, sediment, and phosphorus pollution problems, respectively. In general, the study demonstrated the usefulness of integrating GIS with simulation modeling for nonpoint source pollution control and planning. Such techniques can facilitate making priorities and targeting nonpoint source pollution control programs.     

ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF PHOSPHORUS LOADING POLICIES FOR PASTURE LAND APPLICATIONS OF POULTRY LITTER1

ABSTRACT: Non-point source pollution created by agriculture is one of the major issues of intensive production. Recent studies indicate that the eutrophication from agricultural non-point source pollution, especially from phosphorus, is of growing concern. The objectives of this paper are to measure the economic opportunity costs of a proposed phosphorus management policy that targets soils with elevated phosphorus levels and examine the impacts of alternative policies such as Pigouvian taxes on the optimal use of litter. The study focuses on land applications of poultry litter in the Muddy Fork watershed of the Illinois River in Northwest Arkansas. The analysis indicates that restriction of litter applications on soils with elevated phosphorus levels will significantly reduce the net returns generated from forage production, resulting in an environmental policy with a high opportunity cost for producers. An analysis of alternative Pigouvian tax policies shows that a smaller tax per ton of litter applied can achieve the same litter control as that of a larger tax on a per acre basis.     

垫江县次级河流环境现状分析

垫江县次级河流部分水质指标不容乐观,以种植污染、养殖污染和生活污染为代表的农村面源污染日渐成为垫江河流污染的主要因素。改变垫江河流水质现状,必须尽量减少化肥农药施用,改变传统养殖模式,完善农村垃圾收运系统,加快建设农村废水治理设施。     

农村环境污染防治的对策措施

就农村中存在的农业生产资料的过量使用导致的污染、生活垃圾污染、农村水污染及农村生态环境破坏等环境问题的实际情况,分析了当前农村环境污染现状,针对其存在的主要问题提出了加大农村环保宣传、规范政府行为、调整农业产业结构及推广新能源等具有较强可行性的对策措施,以促进农村社会、经济和环境的可持续发展。     

四川省出川断面主要污染物通量及来源研究

以2001～2007年实测水文、水质数据为基础,计算了四川省主要出川断面高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)和氨氮(NH3-N)污染负荷通量;利用断面水质目标约束,通过污染负荷历时曲线,分析了区域水环境承载力;在基流分割的基础上,利用水文分割法,识别了区域污染物的主要来源,为从源头上开展三峡水库水环境保护提供数据支撑。分析结果表明,各出川断面干流主要污染物(CODMn、NH3-N)大致在可接受的范围内,2001年以来,出川断面CODMn通量呈降低的趋势,有效的减缓了输入三峡库区的污染物总量,氨氮通量整体稳定。嘉陵江、涪江、渠江流域污染物来源主要为非点源,应重点加强面源的污染防控;长江干流为点面源混合型,简单的削减点源已不能保证高功能水体要求,应加强点源和面源污染的综合防控。     

太湖一级保护区水污染成因及控制对策研究

江苏省太湖流域一级保护区综合整治是治理太湖的重点工作，直接关系太湖湖体水环境质量。本文对一级保护区存在的污染问题进行全面分析，提出了严格控制建设用地规模、调整工业结构、优化城乡布局、调整人口结构等减小生态压力的途径，通过提高城镇污水处理能力、加快城镇管网建设、实施污水处理厂脱氮除磷提标改造、推进中水回用和污泥安全处置、完善城镇及乡村垃圾收运系统、治理内源污染等方法进行综合整治，为全面治理太湖水污染提供理论依据。