Serous cutaneous glands in anurans: Fourier transform analysis of the repeating secretory granule substructure

A combined transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform analysis has been performed on the secretory granules storing active peptides/proteins in serous cutaneous glands of n?=?12 anuran species. Previous TEM investigation showed that the granules are provided with remarkable repeating substructures based on discrete subunits, arranged into a consistent framework. Furthermore, TEM findings revealed that this recurrent arrangement is acquired during a prolonged post-Golgian (or maturational) processing that affects the secretory product. Maturation leads to a variety of patterns depending on the degree of subunit clustering. This variety of recurrent patterns has been plotted into a range of frequency spectra. Through this quantitative approach, we found that the varying granule substructure can be reduced to a single mechanism of peptide/protein aggregation.     

Simulation of irrigation reuse system nitrate losses and potential corn yield reductions

Places, where intensive row crop irrigated farming is practiced, are experiencing nitrate contamination of groundwater. The farmers are increasingly becoming aware of high nitrate concentrations in the groundwater. As a result, farmers have started to test their groundwater for nitrate concentrations and take account of this concentration in their crop nitrogen budget. If a farmer utilizes an unlined reuse pit and groundwater nitrate concentration to base his nitrogen fertilizer budget on, he may underestimate his nitrogen fertilizer requirement for a given yield goal because of nitrate loss out of the reuse pit. The objective of this study was to compute: (1) nitrate loss from the irrigation reuse pit during an irrigation season, 1 July to 31 August; and (2) the potential corn yield reduction for a field receiving irrigation water from the reuse pit. A computer program based on the Green–Ampt equation was written to simulate these losses and yield reductions. Use of the Green–Ampt infiltration equation allows for a two-layer reuse pit, which may have a clay liner on top of the native soil material. To conceptualize the magnitude of water loss volumes and mass of nitrate leached, the reuse pit was assumed to serve a 32.4-hectare field. The results show that lining the pit with clay can significantly reduce nitrate leaching from a reuse pit and cut yield losses. The results also show the importance of a lined reuse pit in sandy sub-soils. Budgeting for crop nitrogen needs assuming irrigation water from the pit with a substantial nitrate concentration could result in crop nitrogen stress. If ponding were also considered in the reuse pit, it would increase the nitrate and yield losses from the reuse pit.     

颗粒粒径与数量对硝化与反硝化过程的影响

以实验为基础,建立了一个基于多底物的多种微生物生长、维持和衰减过程的好氧硝化颗粒SBR反应器一维动力学模型,分析了颗粒粒径及数量对硝化、反硝化等过程的影响.研究发现,在相同生物量条件下,氨氮的消耗随颗粒的数量增加而增加,表明氨氮的消耗主要与NH4+-N和颗粒接触表面有关.同时,系统中所产生的NO2--N及NO3--N与颗粒数量和粒径有密切关系,而在NH4+-N不足时才只与数量有关,表明DO对颗粒的渗透决定NO2--N及NO3--N的产生.就反硝化过程而言,当粒径>1 000μm时反硝化会随粒径的增加而加强,而小于该值时,虽然反硝化也会发生但与颗粒粒径关系不大,表明颗粒粒径>1 000μm时粒径对DO的扩散限制才会明显从而加强反硝化过程.     

CALPUFF模型在某露天煤矿煤尘模拟中的应用

煤炭露天开采是我国煤炭生产的主要方法,为了验证CALPUFF模型在露天开采中,对煤尘浓度的模拟情况,本文耦合使用MM5/CALMET及CALPUFF软件,对某露天煤矿煤尘浓度进行模拟,并与监测值进行对比分析,发现监测值和模拟值的相关系数最高可达0.88,说明模拟值具有较高可信度.     

Nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria in aerobic granules formed in sequencing batch airlift reactors

The purpose of this study was to investigate nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria isolated from aerobic granules. Aerobic granules were formed in an internal-circulate sequencing batch airlift reactor (SBAR) and biodegradation of NH₃ ⁻-N was analyzed in the reactor. Bacteria were isolated and determined from aerobic granules using selected media. The growth properties and morphology of bacteria colonies were observed by controlling aerobic or anaerobic conditions in the culture medium. It was found that bacteria in aerobic granules were diverse and some of them were facultative aerobes. The diversity of bacteria in aerobic granules was a premise of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. Translated from China Environmental Science, 2005, 25(2): 218–221 [译自: 中国环境科学]     

威海海域文昌鱼的重金属含量

通过对威海海域文昌鱼体内Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg含量的测定,结果表明,在文昌鱼体内重金属元素的浓度依次为:Zn＞Cu＞Hg＞Cd＞Pb;跟其他动物相比,文昌鱼体内非生物体必需的金属元素含量较低,而生物体必需的金属元素含量较高.通过对文昌鱼体内重金属元素浓度的统计分析,发现:Cu与Zn之间相关性较强.Hg、Cu、Zn与体长和体重的相关关系都较强.Cu与Zn、Hg与体长、Hg与体重、Cd与体长和Cd与体重成正线性相关关系,其余均成负线性相关关系.从多元线性回归情况来看,体长和体重与Hg、Cu、Zn之间存在较强的相关关系.因而,综合来看,文昌鱼的体长和体重与体内重金属含量关系很大,可以较好地反映体内Hg、Cu、Zn的含量情况.     

Influence of different substrates on the formation and characteristics of aerobic granules in sequencing batch reactors

The effects of different substrates on the aerobic granulation process were studied using laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors （SBRs）. Four parallel granules sequencing batch reactors （GSBR）： R1, R2, R3, and R4 were fed with acetate, glucose, peptone and fecula, respectively. Stable aerobic granules were successfully cultivated in R1, R2, R4, and smaller granules less than 500 μm were formed in R3. Morphology and the physic-chemical characteristics of aerobic granules fed with different carbon substrates were investigated by the four reactors operated under the same pressure. The aerobic granules in the four reactors were observed and found that peptone was the most stable one due to its good settleability even after a sludge age as short as 10 d. A strong correlation was testified between the characteristics of aerobic granules and the properties of carbon substrates. The stability of aerobic granules was affected by extracellular polymer substances （EPS） derived from microorganism growth during feast time fed with different carbon substrates, and the influence of the property of storage substance was greater than that of its quantity. Optimal carbon substrates, which are helpful in the cultivation and retention of well-settling granules and in the enhancement of the overall ability of the aerobic granules reactors, were found.     

青岛近岸海域表层沉积物生源要素分布及污染状况评价

为了解青岛市近岸海域不同功能海区沉积物中生源要素分布及污染状况,于2017年11月在胶州湾、崂山近岸海域和青岛市文昌鱼保护区共采集了33个表层沉积物样品,分析了沉积物生源要素中总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及生物硅(BSi)的含量。青岛近岸海域TOC、TN、TP和BSi含量范围分别为0.21%～1.43%、0.02%～0.13%、0.06%～0.15%和0.26%～0.60%。胶州湾表层沉积物中TN和TP含量较高,崂山近岸海域TOC较高,而文昌鱼保护区BSi含量较高。此外,胶州湾沉积物中BSi含量呈显著下降趋势,说明海域硅藻生产力的下降。根据沉积物中TOC/TN摩尔比,崂山近岸海域沉积物中有机质为海源和陆源混合输入,而胶州湾和文昌鱼保护区有机质的主要来源为海源输入。生源要素污染评价结果显示,青岛近岸海域表层沉积物中TOC含量未受到污染,而TN和TP则处于中等污染水平。     

工业有机废水为共基质培养降解五氯酚厌氧颗粒污泥

研究了工业有机废水和五氯酚(PCP)共存条件下,改良UASB反应器中厌氧污泥的颗粒化过程.实验发现降解PCP厌氧颗粒污泥形成可分成污泥驯化、颗粒污泥出现与成熟3个阶段,污泥颗粒化过程中污泥量、污泥活性和厌氧消化3大类群细菌数量与生态分布发生特征性变化,所培养颗粒污泥具有脱氯降解PCP的活性,产甲烷优势菌为杆状或长丝状产甲烷丝菌,在生物结构上形成互营微菌落,但污泥颗粒无明显层次性微结构.作为共基质的有机废水其种类影响着颗粒化进程、颗粒污泥脱氯活性与产甲烷优势菌.     

Granulation of filamentous microorganisms in a sequencing batch reactor with saline wastewater

Proliferation of filamentous microorganisms frequently leads to operational failure for activate sludge systems. In this study, it was found that filamentous microorganisms could grow in compact granular structure with 5% sodium chloride in the substrate. In the early period of experiment, coccoid and rode-like bacteria predominated in the yellowish-brown granules, and later the white and the black granules were developed by filamentous microorganisms. The filamentous granules exhibited low porosity and fas...     

Antenatal detection of a single umbilical artery: does it matter?

The presence of a single umbilical artery is recognised as a soft marker for congenital anomalies, aneuploidy, earlier delivery and low birthweight. Most of the available data are derived from case series or highly selected populations and are therefore likely to be unrepresentative. In this retrospective case-comparison study, we firstly aimed to determine the incidence of a single umbilical artery in an unselected population and secondly to examine the clinical significance of this soft marker. Over a 40-month period, 107 cases were identified from a cohort of 35 066 births giving an incidence of 3.1 per 1000 total births and late pregnancy losses. The antenatal detection rate was only 30%. Compared to fetuses with normal cord vasculature, fetuses with a single umbilical artery were more likely to be delivered at an earlier gestation and to weigh less, were 1.7 times more likely to be delivered by a Caesarean section and 19% of the cases had a congenital anomaly. The perinatal mortality was 49.0 per 1000 total births, which was 6 times higher than the background hospital rate. The presence of a single umbilical artery is associated with a poorer perinatal outcome compared to that in fetuses with three vessels in the cord. Unfortunately, the antenatal detection rate is poor. Recognising the importance of this soft marker in counselling and management of pregnancies should provide the stimulus to improve detection rates. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

某20#钢腐蚀穿孔失效原因分析

目的 某船20#钢管投运不久后管段出现严重的腐蚀穿孔,通过对失效管段进行研究,以分析其失效原因。方法 通过电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪、碳硫分析仪、金相显微镜等对材料材质进行材质符合性分析及金相组织分析。通过场发射扫描电子显微镜观察蚀坑微观形貌,并结合X射线衍射仪及显微拉曼光谱仪,对失效部位周围的腐蚀产物进行成分分析。通过电化学测试及微生物鉴别培养,进一步确定腐蚀的发生原因及机理。结果 材料符合性分析说明,此20#钢管束成分符合标准要求。通过形貌观察发现,20#钢蚀坑边缘呈阶梯状,具有明显的攀爬现象,蚀坑周围呈黑色。X射线能谱仪分析结果表明,20#钢腐蚀穿孔处内表面异常存在大量硫元素。通过拉曼分析及XRD分析发现,硫元素主要以硫酸盐及硫化物的形式存在。电化学测试结果表明,在含硫化物的溶液中,20#钢的腐蚀速率明显提升。进一步对腐蚀产物进行微生物培养,发现了硫酸盐还原菌的存在。结论 微生物腐蚀是引起20#钢管束穿孔的主要原因。     

Nesting habits shape feeding preferences and predatory behavior in an ant genus

We tested if nesting habits influence ant feeding preferences and predatory behavior in the monophyletic genus Pseudomyrmex (Pseudomyrmecinae) which comprises terrestrial and arboreal species, and, among the latter, plant-ants which are obligate inhabitants of myrmecophytes (i.e., plants sheltering so-called plant-ants in hollow structures). A cafeteria experiment revealed that the diet of ground-nesting Pseudomyrmex consists mostly of prey and that of arboreal species consists mostly of sugary substances, whereas the plant-ants discarded all the food we provided. Workers forage solitarily, detecting prey from a distance thanks to their hypertrophied eyes. Approach is followed by antennal contact, seizure, and the manipulation of the prey to sting it under its thorax (next to the ventral nerve cord). Arboreal species were not more efficient at capturing prey than were ground-nesting species. A large worker size favors prey capture. Workers from ground- and arboreal-nesting species show several uncommon behavioral traits, each known in different ant genera from different subfamilies: leaping abilities, the use of surface tension strengths to transport liquids, short-range recruitment followed by conflicts between nestmates, the consumption of the prey’s hemolymph, and the retrieval of entire prey or pieces of prey after having cut it up. Yet, we never noted group ambushing. We also confirmed that Pseudomyrmex plant-ants live in a kind of food autarky as they feed only on rewards produced by their host myrmecophyte, or on honeydew produced by the hemipterans they attend and possibly on the fungi they cultivate.     

富含聚磷菌的好氧颗粒污泥的培养与特性

以实验室SBR反应器为载体.接种普通活性污泥,探讨了富集聚磷菌和培养好氧颗粒污泥同时实现的可行性,以交替负荷的方法培养2个月后,富含聚磷菌的好氧颗粒污泥形成.颗粒形成后逐步改变碳源种类以提供选择压.淘汰系统中存在的聚糖菌.结果表明,与丙酸相比,乙酸更适合富含聚磷菌的好氧颗粒污泥的生存,以乙酸为碳源,系统吸放磷量更多.颗粒平均粒径更大(2 mm),颗粒的性能指标(沉降速度、含水率、呼吸速率、密度、完整度系数)部相对优于以丙酸为碳源时的情况.以工艺检测和分子生物学手段双重检测颗粒形成过程,发现颗粒吸放磷能力的逐渐提高伴随着聚磷菌占微生物总量的比例越来越大.富集培养结束时聚磷菌占总菌的70%左右.实验证明,富含聚磷菌的好氧颗粒污泥具有优异的污染物去除能力,其对COD去除率可达95%以上,对磷的去除可达100%.     

蚀坑等效为初始裂纹的疲劳寿命预测方法适用性分析

目的 分析将主导蚀坑等效成初始裂纹进行疲劳寿命预测的适用性。方法 选取LY12CZ航空铝合金试验件为研究对象,进行预腐蚀试验,对试样的腐蚀损伤情况进行观测和对比研究。应用ANSYS软件对不同腐蚀损伤情况的试验件进行有限元分析,分析试验件应力分布的变化。结果 随着腐蚀时间的延长,主导蚀坑附近区域其他点蚀坑的数量和尺寸呈上升趋势。以蚀坑间距离与蚀坑半径之比d/r为指标,d/r<4时,主导蚀坑处的应力分布受到其他蚀坑的影响较大,与试验结果相比,点蚀模型计算得到的疲劳寿命的平均相对误差为19.94%。d/r>4时,主导蚀坑处的应力集中系数基本恢复到单蚀坑时的大小,平均相对误差为3.74%。结论 d/r>4时,可以忽略其他蚀坑对主导蚀坑应力分布的影响,此时将主导蚀坑作为唯一疲劳源进行寿命计算是合理的。d/r<4时,主导蚀坑处的应力分布受到其他蚀坑的影响,此时将主导蚀坑作为唯一疲劳源进行寿命计算时将出现较大误差。     

颗粒污泥的风干过程及其结构特征

采用SBR反应器培养丝状菌颗粒污泥,反应器运行第18、23、27 d依次出现普通好氧活性污泥黄色颗粒、黑色丝状真菌颗粒,及具有光滑表面的白色微丝菌颗粒.对出现的以上3种颗粒污泥进行风干实验,分析了不同类型颗粒表面结合自由水和毛细水的分布特性：丝状菌形成的黑色和白色颗粒表面结合的自由水分别为79%和83%,而传统的以细菌...     

Cultivation of aerobic granules for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification by seeding different inoculated sludge

Cultivation of aerobic granules for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in two sequencing batch airlift bioreactors was studied. Conventional activated floc and anaerobic granules served as main two inoculated sludge in the systems. Morphological variations of sludge in the reactors were observed. It was found that the cultivation of aerobic granules was closely associated with the kind of inoculated sludge. Round and regular aerobic granules were prevailed in both reactors, and the physical charactedstics of the aerobic granules in terms of settling ability, specitic gravity, and ratio Of water containing were distinct wnen the inoculate sludge differe. Aerobic granules formed by seeding activated floc are more excellent in simultaneous nitrification and denitrification than that by aerobic granules formed from anaerobic granules. It was concluded that inoculated sludge plays a crucial role in the cultivation of aerobic granules for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification.     

Influence of metal-contamination on distribution in subcellular fractions of the earthworm (Metaphire californica) from Hunan Province, China

Earthworms have the ability to accumulate of heavy metals,however,there was few studies that addressed the metals in earthworm at subcellular levels in fields.The distributions of metals(Cd,Cu,Zn,and Pb) in subcellular fractions(cytosol,debris,and granules) of earthworm Metaphire californica were investigated.The relationship between soil metals and earthworms were analyzed to explain its high plasticity to inhabit in situ contaminated soil of Hunan Province,south China.The concentration of Cd in subcellular compartments showed the same pattern as Cu in the order of cytosol debris granules.The distribution of Zn and Pb in earthworms indicated a similar propensity for different subcellular fractions that ranked as granules debris cytosol for Zn,and granules cytosol debris for Pb.The internal metal concentrations in earthworms increased with the soil metals(p 0.05).Significant positive correlations were found between soil Cd and Cd concentrations in cytosol and debris(p 0.01).Moreover,the soil Pb concentration significantly influenced the Pb concentrations in cytosol and debris(p 0.01),similar to that of Cd.The soil Cu concentrations was only associated with the Cu in granules(p 0.05).Soil Zn concentrations correlated with the Zn concentrations in each subcellular fraction(p 0.05).Our results provide insights into the variations of metals partitioning in earthworms at subcellular levels and the relationships of soil metals,which could be one of the detoxification strategies to adapt the long-term contaminated environment.     

Morphogene substanzen ausHydra

We use hydra as a model system to understand how growth and differentiation and, as a consequence of this, pattern formation are controlled at the molecular level. We have found that four substances control head and foot formation in hydra: an activator and an inhibitor of head formation and an activator and an inhibitor of foot formation. The two activators are peptides with molecular weights around 1000 daltons, the inhibitors are smaller in molecular weight (<500), have an overall positive charge and do not contain peptide bonds. In normal animals all four substances are present and most likely produced by nerve cells. We hope to understand how these substances act and interact to create the spatial and temporal pattern of growth and differentiation typical for hydra.     

深基坑拉锚式围护结构的优化设计及工程应用

深基坑拉锚式围护结构由于其经济可靠而且施工快速简便。已经在许多深基坑工程得到了迅速推广应用。本文结合北京站扩能改造深基坑工程实例。通过分析工程场地周边环境与工程地质条件。经方案比较后。采用拉锚式围护方案,着重阐述了拉锚式支护方案设计与施工要点。工程实施效果及技术经济评价表明,该方案有效地保证了基坑施工期间的安全与稳定。且经济效益十分明显,拉锚式围护体系在该工程中显示了其独特的优势。