Physik der biologischen Gestaltbildung

In each generation cycle of a higher organism, a complex structure is formed under the instruction of the genes. In this process morphogenetic fields (probably spatial concentration patterns of substances) are involved which elicit cell responses giving rise to visible pattern and form. Autocatalytic short-range activation in conjunction with long-range (“lateral”) inhibition is capable of generating striking concentration patterns starting from near-uniform distributions. No features unusual in molecular biology are required, and self-regulatory properties observed experimentally in biological development can be accounted for. Cell responses to morphogenetic fields can include cell differentiation and the generation of bending moments, curvature and form in cell sheets giving rise to defined forms in organs and organisms. It appears that biological pattern formation is explicable on the basis of known physical laws and processes.     

Measurement of atmospheric nanoparticles: Bridging the gap between gas-phase molecules and larger particles

Atmospheric nanoparticles are crucial components contributing to fine particulate matter(PM2.5), and therefore have significant effects on visibility, climate, and human health. Due to the unique role of atmospheric nanoparticles during the evolution process from gas-phase molecules to larger particles, a number of sophisticated experimental techniques have been developed and employed for online monitoring and characterization of the physical and chemical properties of atmospheric nanoparticles,...     

基于转录组分析不同食物水平对海月水母水螅体无性繁殖的影响

为研究食物水平对海月水母螅状体无性繁殖能力及转录水平调控的影响,本文对不同食物水平培养下（F1组:25个卤虫/组/2天;F2组:250个卤虫/组/2天;F3组:1000个卤虫/组/2天）海月水母螅状体进行转录组分析,筛选差异表达基因,研究差异基因的富集通路,探讨了海月水母繁殖策略的分子机制。结果表明,15 ℃下匍匐茎出芽生殖是海月水母最主要的无性繁殖方式。食物水平越高,螅状体产生的子代个体（螅状体及碟状体）数量越多。转录组分析结果显示,F1组与F2组相比共有331个基因的表达水平呈显著性差异;F3组与F2组相比共有168个基因呈显著性差异。差异基因主要富集到两条与细胞生长、增殖、分化等相关的信号通路,分别为丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号通路（mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK）和细胞周期信号通路（cell cycle）。随着食物水平升高,上述两条信号通路所涉及差异基因的表达对于海月水母无性繁殖均有促进作用。本研究结果有助于进一步认识海月水母无性繁殖的分子机制,为海月水母暴发的机理研究提供参考。     

Angiogenesis factors in gliomas: a new key to tumour therapy?

Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is required for the growth and expansion of tumours. Gliomas, the most common brain tumours, are particularly highly vascularized and, therefore, serve as a model to elucidate the process of tumour angiogenesis and to investigate new anti-angiogenic therapies. This review describes the role of angiogenic factors in glioma angiogenesis and new strategies to inhibit glioma growth by application of anti-angiogenic substances. We focus on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), but also examine the role of angiopoietin and pleiotropic factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), pleiotrophin and transforming growth factor- (TFG-). Strategies to inhibit glioma growth by reducing the action of angiogenic factors, by the application of anti-angiogenic substances such as angiostatin or endostatin, or inactivation of endothelial cells, are discussed. These new anti-angiogenic therapies appear to have a high potential not only for the treatment of gliomas, but also of other tumours.     

天然水体腐殖质对双酚A光降解影响的研究

以中压汞灯模拟太阳光光源,研究了双酚A(BPA)在水体腐殖质中的光降解过程,探讨了不同来源的腐殖质、腐殖质浓度、BPA初始浓度、溶解氧等因素对BPA光解速率的影响,实验结果表明,BPA在纯水体系中直接光解很慢,但在腐殖质溶液中光解迅速,符合拟一级动力学反应,改变BPA初始浓度对BPA光解速率的影响不明显,增大溶解氧浓度会抑制BPA光解,通过活性氧分子探针鉴定了腐殖质吸收光辐射产生的羟基与单线态氧,利用GC-MS鉴定了双酚A在Nordic湖富里酸(NOFA)中的光敏化降解产物,推测出BPA敏化降解的可能历程为能量转移导致的直接光解、羟基加成和羟基氧化。     

中国20世纪建筑遗产空间分异及形成机理

探索20世纪建筑遗产空间分异特征与形成机理,对于提高建筑遗产的保护水平有重要意义。以396处20世纪建筑遗产为研究对象,通过标准差椭圆、重心分析、Voronoi图等空间分析方法,研究中国20世纪建筑遗产空间分异及演变特征,并运用地理探测器模型深入剖析其形成机理。研究发现：（1）从整体分异格局及演变来看,20世纪建筑遗产空间分布呈凝聚状,省域层面呈高富集区“一枝独秀”、中富集区“东部零星”、一般富集区和低富集区“两带两块”的特征;市域层面呈“断崖式”数量差异、“梯度化”等级差异、“众星捧月”空间分异特征;重心呈“先北后南”移动趋势,东西向移动较微小,集聚程度呈由强变弱趋势,集聚点数量呈递减趋势。（2）从类型分异格局及演变来看,20世纪建筑遗产可分为六大主类和16个亚类。其中,科教文卫体类、商政办公类和纪念性类遗产数量居多,且分别呈“两核分散”“东部三核、中部团状零星”“两核一环多点”空间分布特征;同时,不同类型建筑遗产分布演变特征差异明显。（3）20世纪建筑遗产空间分布格局是由区域地位、文化与教育、社会经济发展水平和对外联系等多种因素共同作用的结果,其中历史文化底蕴因子的影响最大。     

腐殖质对污泥厌氧消化的影响及其屏蔽方法

《巴黎气候协定》的签署意味着污水处理碳中和运行时代的来临,这就需要将剩余污泥尽可能最大程度地转化为可再生能源—甲烷(CH4).细胞破壁、木质纤维素破稳及腐殖质解抑制是提高污泥厌氧消化能源转化率的主要技术手段.相对于细胞与木质纤维素,腐殖质不仅结构更为复杂、自身难以生物降解,而且还会抑制其它有机物水解.虽然腐殖质亦有促进酸化、产氢/乙酸、产甲烷过程的微弱可能,但它对水解过程的抑制是肯定的、显著的、难以逆转的.因此,需要深入了解污泥中腐殖质来源、形成、结构及性质,综合分析它对污泥厌氧消化水解、酸化、产氢/乙酸、产甲烷阶段的各种影响,探讨消除腐殖质抑制水解过程的不同技术路径,重点描述外加金属离子对腐殖质的屏蔽作用.以期为提高污泥厌氧消化能源转化率制定可行的技术路线.     

Coming of age in an ant colony: cephalic muscle maturation accompanies behavioral development in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pheidole dentata</Emphasis>

Although several neurobiological and genetic correlates of aging and behavioral development have been identified in social insect workers, little is known about how other age-related physiological processes, such as muscle maturation, contribute to task performance. We examined post-eclosion growth of three major muscles of the head capsule in major and minor workers of the ant Pheidole dentata using workers of different ages with distinct task repertoires. Mandible closer muscle fibers, which provide bite force and are thus critical for the use of the mandibles for biting and load carrying, fill the posterio-lateral portions of the head capsule in mature, older workers of both subcastes. Mandible closer fibers of newly eclosed workers, in contrast, are significantly thinner in both subcastes and grow during at least the next 6 days in minor workers, suggesting this muscle has reduced functionality for a substantial period of adult life and thus constrains task performance capability. Fibers of the antennal muscles and the pharynx dilator, which control antennal movements and food intake, respectively, also increase significantly in thickness with age. However, these fibers are only slightly thinner in newly eclosed workers and attain their maximum thickness over a shorter time span in minors. The different growth rates of these functionally distinct muscles likely have consequences for how adult P. dentata workers, particularly minors, develop their full and diverse task repertoire as they age. Workers may be capable of feeding and interacting socially soon after eclosion, but require a longer period of development to effectively use their mandibles, which enable the efficient performance of tasks ranging from nursing to foraging and defense.     

国内大循环背景下国内旅游发展的时空格局演化与影响因素——以江苏省县域尺度为例

国内旅游是释放内需潜力、促进消费升级、畅通国民经济循环的重要载体。加强国内旅游时空格局演化研究,对促进区域旅游协调发展,助推国内大循环格局的构建具有重要意义。以江苏省为例,分析县域尺度国内旅游发展的时空分异和影响因素,得出主要结论：总体格局呈现出以南京市区、苏州市区为核心的空间结构,并存在空间自相关性;两阶段增长率较快的县域主要存在于苏北地区,具有一定的后发优势;江苏省县域单元国内旅游人数保持着稳定的冷热点格局,热点区域主要聚集在苏南地区,冷点区域则主要存在于苏北地区,南北方向的空间差异最为明显;GDP是江苏省国内旅游发展的决定性影响因素,而公路里程影响较小,人口数、A级景点影响显著性在不断提高。     

转型期城市旅游业绩效评价及空间格局演化机理——以泛长江三角洲地区为例

论文从经济、市场、效率、公平四个方面构建了旅游业绩效的评价体系,运用熵值法综合测度1998、2003、2008年泛长江三角洲城市旅游业绩效,并结合GIS的空间分析模块,系统分析了泛长江三角洲城市旅游业绩效空间格局的演化过程。结果表明:泛长江三角洲城市旅游业绩效空间分异明显,总体上呈现提高态势,3个时间断面均呈现东西方向递增,南北方向倒"U"型分布格局;相邻地域单元表现较弱的空间集聚特征,绩效系统内部整体协调度不强,部分城市旅游业绩效水平与协调度高度耦合;针对旅游业绩效区域差异格局演化的形成机理剖析表明,经济驱动、市场驱动、产业链驱动、政府驱动及其相互间的综合驱动共同作用促使了城市旅游业绩效空间格局的演化。     

Animal models of fetal renal disease

Fetal models of urinary tract disease have been used for many years and have provided unique and important insights into the pathophysiology of these conditions. This review will summarize the principal model systems used and the current directions of investigation. These models (including rabbit, opossum, sheep and recently swine) have demonstrated that in utero obstruction of the urinary tract alters renal growth, differentiation and produces stereotypical patterns of tissue response, particularly fibrosis. New molecular understanding of these processes has identified specific mechanisms that may be key elements in the development of renal dysfunction due to obstruction. These factors include the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) and its interaction with TGF-β in altering growth regulation and tissue fibrosis. These factors offer the prospect of clinical utility as markers of disease progression as well as pharmacologic therapy. Gene knockout systems have opened a new horizon of molecular models of congenital obstructive uropathy with insights into the role of the RAS in particular. It remains to be defined how closely these knockouts represent the human conditions they resemble. Continued application of fetal models of urinary obstruction, integrating large animal and knockout systems offers promise for improved diagnosis and treatment in these challenging conditions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

降雨条件下河流冲刷型滑坡的基本特征及滑动机制分析——以四川宣汉樊哙大桥滑坡为例

以宣汉樊哙大桥滑坡为例,分析降雨条件下河流冲刷型滑坡的滑动机制。在对滑坡区的地质条件、滑坡的基本特征和滑坡的变形过程等综合分析的基础上,探讨了降雨条件下河流冲刷型滑坡发育特征及形成机理。分析表明,降水对降雨条件下河流冲刷型滑坡起到了双重作用:一方面,河水对坡脚的浸泡、冲刷;另一方面,强降雨形成的雨水沿着坡面渗入坡体,在滑体与基岩接触面上形成滞水带,受地下水的浸泡泥岩极易软化,强度大幅降低,促使坡体滑动。深入研究樊哙滑坡的基本特征和成灾机制,对西南地区临河型滑坡的预防与治理提供一定的技术支持和借鉴作用。     

Rapid prediction of disinfection by-product formation potential by fluorescence

Recent drinking water regulations have lowered the disinfection by-product standards as well as added new disinfection by-products for regulation. Natural organic matter (NOM) plays a major role in the formation of undesirable organic by-products following disinfection/oxidation of drinking water. It is suspected that most precursors to disinfection by-products are humic, although nonhumic substances are also suspected of contributing to these by-products. Many of the disinfection by-products have adverse health effects in humans (i.e., carcinogenic or mutagenic effects). The primary chlorinated disinfection by-products of concern include trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, and haloacetonitrile. Fluorescence spectroscopy was used to study humic and fulvic acids. The two fractions of humic substances, humic and fulvic acids, were characterized by a double-peak phenomena in an overlapping fluorescing region. Disinfection by-product formation potentials of humic and fulvic acids have been correlated with total organic carbon, UV absorbance at 254 nm, specific absorbance and fluorescence. River humic and fulvic acid was found to have the highest reactivity to disinfection by-product formation as compared to soil and peat humic and fulvic acid. Fluorescence spectroscopy has shown to be a rapid and predictive tool for disinfection by-products formation potential of humic and fulvic acids.     

Quantifying the electron-donating and -accepting capacities of wastewater for evaluating and optimizing biological wastewater treatment processes

Biological processes have been widely used for the treatment of both domestic and industrial wastewaters. In such biological processes, pollutants are converted into pollution-free substances by microorganisms through oxidation-reduction reactions. Thus, how to quantify the internal oxidation-reduction properties wastewaters and seek out targeted countermeasures is essential to understand, operate, and optimize biological wastewater treatment systems. So far, no such approach is available yet. In this work, a novel concept of electron neutralization-based evaluation is proposed to describe the internal oxidation-reduction properties of wastewater. Pollutants in wastewater are defined as electron donor substances (EDSs) or electron acceptor substances (EASs), which could give or accept electrons, respectively. With such an electron neutralization concept, several parameters, i.e., electron residual concentration (R), economy-related index (E and E_r), and economical evaluation index (Y and Y_r), are defined. Then, these parameters are used to evaluate the performance and economic aspects of currently applied wastewater treatment processes and even optimize systems. Three case studies demonstrate that the proposed concept could be effectively used to reduce wastewater treatment costs, assess energy recovery, and evaluate process performance. Therefore, a new, simple, and reliable methodology is established to describe the oxidation-reduction properties of wastewater and assess the biological wastewater treatment processes.     

秦岭南北降水空间分异研究

为了探讨秦岭南北降水空间分异特征,本文以秦岭山脊线南北22个气象站点2011~2018年间的逐日降水量及全球资料同化系统风向数据为基础,借助协同克里金插值和混合单粒子拉格朗日积分扩散传输模型(HYSPLIT模型)的后向轨迹模式等方法,对秦岭山区降水进行了空间格局分析、水汽轨迹追踪及水汽源地贡献率计算。结果表明:(1)秦岭山区等降水量线南北空间变化格局反映了山地水汽阻隔效应,同时北麓年降水总量空间差异较小,而南麓年降水总量自西向东则有高-低-高的分布特征、空间变异较大;(2)秦岭山区水汽输送路径主要有三条:源自印度洋孟加拉湾的西南水汽、源自西太平洋的东南水汽、来自蒙古-西伯利亚的北方极地大陆水汽;(3)夏季的秦岭西部山地对西南水汽的阻隔作用效果大于东部山地作用于东南水汽,而秋季的印度洋水汽输送基本对山脉北麓降水没有显现影响,而西太平洋水汽的输送路径只是向东有所偏移。     

Low concentrations of atrazine, glyphosate, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and triadimefon exposures have diverse effects on Xenopus laevis organ morphogenesis

Many chemicals are released into the environment, and chemical contamination has been suggested as a contributing factor to amphibian declines. To add to a growing body of knowledge about the impact of individual chemicals on non-target organisms, we examined the specificity of deformities induced by exposure to four pesticides (atrazine, 2,4-dichloropheoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), triadimefon, and glyphosate) in the model amphibian species, Xenopus laevis. We focused on the period of organ morphogenesis, as it is frequently found to be particularly sensitive to chemical exposure yet also commonly overlooked.We found similar levels of intestine malformations and edemas, as well as disruption of skeletal muscle, in atrazine and triadimefon exposed tadpoles. The e ects of 2,4-D were only apparent at the highest concentrations we examined; glyphosate did not induce dramatic malformations at the concentrations tested. While researchers have shown that it is important to understand how chemical mixtures a ect non-target organisms, our results suggest that it is first crucial to determine how these chemicals act independently in order to be able to identify consequences of individual pesticide exposure.     

Keeping the blood flowing—plasminogen activator genes and feeding behavior in vampire bats

The blood feeding vampire bats emerged from New World leaf-nosed bats that fed on fruit and insects. Plasminogen activator, a serine protease that regulates blood coagulation, is known to be expressed in the saliva of Desmodus rotundus (common vampire bat) and is thought to be a key enzyme for the emergence of blood feeding in vampire bats. To better understand the evolution of this biological function, we studied the plasminogen activator (PA) genes from all vampire bat species in light of their feeding transition to bird and subsequently mammalian blood. We include the rare species Diphylla ecaudata and Diaemus youngi, where plasminogen activator had not previously been studied and demonstrate that PA gene duplication observed in Desmodus is not essential to the vampire phenotype, but relates to the emergence of predominant mammalian blood feeding in this species. Plasminogen activator has evolved through gene duplication, domain loss, and sequence evolution leading to change in fibrin-specificity and susceptibility to plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Before undertaking this study, only the four plasminogen activator isoforms from Desmodus were known. The evolution of vampire bat plasminogen activators can now be linked phylogenetically to the transition in feeding behavior among vampire bat species from bird to mammalian blood. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

多重资本驱动下西安市秦岭北麓S村的空间生产与收缩——基于布尔迪厄理论的管窥

引入布尔迪厄的资本理论,构建多重资本概念模型;以西安市秦岭北麓S村为例,对其在不同类型资本综合影响下的空间生产与收缩过程及机制进行质性研究和可视化分析。结果表明：（1）经济资本的三级循环推动S村物质空间商品化程度不断加深,商户金融资本的差异造成村内经济阶层分化与空间分异,外来经济资本的进入则易诱致社会风险。（2）新生的业缘关系与亲缘、地缘关系交织而成的社会网络等结构性社会资本的变化,引致S村社会空间的混杂和地方认同的分化;社会信任等认知性社会资本的下降造成村民交往空间的内移,并促成新的空间治理秩序。（3）商户个人品味等身体化文化资本创造出多样化的文化空间,政府赋予村庄的集体称号等制度化文化资本推动形成农家乐专业村品牌。（4）元资本主导下,村内三大旅游项目被拆除,S村由空间持续再生产转向空间收缩。（5）自然垄断地租、小规模集体行动优势、元资本的间接调控与直接影响以及双重锁定效应,共同构成S村空间生产与收缩的机制。     

电场对污泥堆肥富里酸结构特征的影响

为了研究电场对污泥堆肥富里酸结构特征及电子转移能力(ETC)的影响,以市政污泥和米糠为原料,设置施加5V的直流电场(T1)和不施加电场(CK)的两个堆肥进行对比实验.通过三维荧光-平行因子分析(EEM-PARAFAC)、紫外可见光谱(UV-vis)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)结合二维相关光谱(2DCOS)分析堆肥过程中富里酸结构和组成变化.通过电化学方法测定了堆肥富里酸的电子接受能力(EAC)和电子供给能力(EDC).结果表明,类色氨酸、类富里酸和类胡敏酸是堆肥FA的主要组分,随着堆肥的进行,FA中类色氨酸物质减少,类富里酸和类胡敏酸含量增加,电场能够促进FA在堆肥过程中类色氨酸的降解和类胡敏酸的形成,提高了FA的芳香性、分子量和腐殖化程度.电化学分析结果表明,FA的ETC呈现先增后减的趋势.相比CK处理,施加电场降低了FA的EDC,但同时增强了其EAC,使得堆肥后期的FA具有更强的ETC.结果将有助于进一步了解污泥堆肥过程中FA的形成过程及其氧化还原特性.     

Twin–twin transfusion syndrome: mathematical modelling

Twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) represents a pregnancy complication with a high risk for perinatal mortality and postnatal morbidity. Mathematical models have been utilized to examine the mechanisms of disease and potential treatment modalities. We developed four consecutive models based on pathophysiology mechanisms. Conceptually, these models remained simple, but with increased complexity in details. We present our models tutorially with the necessary equations expressed in words. The aetiology of TTTS was related to AV anastomoses from donor to recipient and their growth commensurate with placental growth. We assessed that natural growth of placenta and foetuses causes the diameter and length of the AV, as well as the AV's pressure gradient, to increase proportional to gestational age. The AV transfusion then increases faster than natural foetal growth. A progressively increasing discordance subsequently develops, not compensated for by foetal growth. A simulation is performed to show how this discordance in blood volumetric development causes successive discordances in other functions, particularly renal, circulatory, and cardio-vascular, resulting in disease progression to the various stages of TTTS. In conclusion, mathematical modelling of TTTS has provided an understanding of the sequence of events that leads to the various presentations of TTTS stages as well as the efficacy of therapies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.