改性海泡石对Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)混合溶液吸附效果研究

用HCL和HNO3对天然α-型海泡石进行改性,450℃下焙烧制得改性海泡石,改性不仅提高了海泡石化学活性,而且由于方解石矿物的消解使样品中海泡石含量从67%提高到约85%。利用改性海泡石对质量浓度为40 mg/L的Cu SO4和Zn SO4的混合溶液进行吸附,结果表明,改性海泡石的吸附性能可提高约2.3倍;0.4 mol/L的HCL改性后的海泡石和0.5 mol/L的HNO3改性后的海泡石对Cu2+和Zn2+的吸附情况最好,吸附率都达到了100%,结果符合离子干扰的规律。通过经济分析得出,HCL改性后的海泡石效果最好、也最经济。     

不同配置人工湿地对分散性生活污水的处理效能研究

为研究不同植物及组合(美人蕉+黄菖蒲、花叶芦竹、黄菖蒲、旱伞草)与不同填料(陶粒、沸石、改性沸石、改性钢渣)对系统处理分散性生活污水效能的影响,建立了8种不同配置的潜流式人工湿地中试系统。结果表明,各湿地对COD均具有较好的去除效果(去除率大于70%)。旱伞草、黄菖蒲+美人蕉、黄菖蒲和花叶芦竹四植物系统对TN的去除率均呈先降低后上升的趋势,最终平均去除率分别为57.8%、51.1%、50.4%和45.5%。改性沸石、沸石、陶粒和改性钢渣填料系统对TN平均去除率分别为96.4%、83.7%、34.6%和26.6%。各植物系统对TP的去除效果差异不显著,其中旱伞草系统TP平均去除负荷最大(0.63 g/(d·m2))。各填料对TP的去除效果从大到小依次为改性钢渣、改性沸石、陶粒、沸石,改性钢渣和改性沸石对TP的去除能力显著高于陶粒和沸石,平均去除率达86.3%和78.8%。研究表明,分别采用旱伞草和改性沸石为湿地植物和填料具有较好的应用前景。     

有机膨润土对对硝基苯酚吸附性能的研究

以溴化十六烷基三甲铵(CTMAB)和溴化十六烷基吡啶(CPB)两种表面活性剂对钠基膨润土进行有机改性,研究了改性后的有机膨润土的用量、介质pH值、作用时间、溶液中对硝基苯酚的浓度等因素对膨润土去除对硝基苯酚的影响.结果表明:同一浓度条件下,CTMAB-有机膨润土对对硝基苯酚的去除率和吸附量均比CPB-有机膨润土高;当对硝基苯酚溶液pH在2-10范围内,2种有机膨润土对对硝基苯酚的吸附性能变化不大,但当pH上升到12时,2种有机膨润土对对硝基苯酚去除率分别下降20.5%和36.2%.2种有机膨润土对对硝基苯酚的吸附可用Freundlich方程加以描述.     

改性环糊精金属有机骨架材料对亚甲基蓝吸附性能研究

采用环保合成工艺化学修饰一种羧基化不溶性金属有机骨架材料(γ-CD-MOF-COOH),用于去除低浓度亚甲基蓝染料(MB),对γ-CD-MOF-COOH进行表征，并系统研究其对MB吸附性能。结果表明，γ-CD-MOF-COOH对MB具有良好的去除能力，拟二阶动力学模型可以很好地阐明MB的吸附过程。Sips模型的模拟效果较好，γ-CD-MOF-COOH对MB的最大吸附质量比为335.74 mg/g。热力学分析表明，去除MB的过程是自发的吸热反应。γ-CD-MOF-COOH在经过5次循环再生试验吸附率仍达首次的98%以上，表现出良好的MB去除能力。不同吸附机制之间的协同作用是γ-CD-MOF-COOH对MB去除率较高的原因。     

土壤中HCHs热解吸动力学研究

采集北京某农药厂旧址的农药污染土壤,对土壤中六六六(HCHs)的热解吸修复温度进行优化选择,研究了HCHs的热解吸动力学以及土壤含水率对热解吸修复效果的影响。结果表明,热解吸修复技术可有效去除土壤中的HCHs,在310℃时土壤中∑HCHs的去除率达到97.77%,且此时土壤中的∑HCHs质量比(0.93 mg/kg)低于我国《展览会用地土壤环境质量评价标准》,然后继续升高温度,去除率的变化不明显。土壤中∑HCHs的热解吸动力学过程符合二级动力学方程(R2=0.976),热解吸过程受土壤中∑HCHs质量比的影响较大,即随时间增加,热解吸速率会迅速降低。土壤水分对热解吸效果有一定的影响,特别是当土壤含水率超过16%时,β-HCH、γ-HCH、δ-HCH的去除率明显降低,而对α-HCH的影响较小。     

CTMAB改性沸石及其对对硝基苯酚吸附效果的研究

为提高沸石对水体中有机污染物的吸附效果,采用酸热活化-十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)改性沸石,研究了改性沸石吸附对硝基苯酚的能力,探讨了改性条件对沸石吸附能力的影响和改性沸石吸附对硝基苯酚的适宜条件.结果表明,改性溶液中CTMAB的量低于沸石阳离子交换量时,沸石负载表面活性剂的量越大,所得到的有机沸石对对硝基苯酚的吸附能力越强; 改性溶液pH值增大,所获得的有机沸石吸附对硝基苯酚的能力也增强.CTMAB溶液的质量分数为1.1%,改性时间为2 h所制备的有机沸石对对硝基苯酚有较高的去除率.在利用已制备的有机沸石处理污水中对硝基苯酚的实际应用中,有机沸石投加量为25 g/L,对硝基苯酚溶液在pH值为6,振荡50 min的条件下,有机沸石对对硝基苯酚的去除率可达98.3%.     

两种Keggin型有机-无机混配物的结构及催化消除甲醇的研究

为了寻找高效消除挥发性有机污染物的新材料,克服单纯杂多酸催化剂催化性能低、稳定性差的缺点,采用水热法合成了两种新的具有Keggin型杂多酸骨架的有机-无机混配配合物单晶,分别为(4-C6H7N)2(4-C6H8N)3PW12O40·H2O(配合物1)和(4-C5H7N2)3(PW12O40) ·5H2O(配合物2),用X-射线单晶衍射、红外光谱、紫外光谱、差热-热重进行了表征.配合物1和2由1个Keggin型PW12O40阴离子与有机配体4-甲基吡啶或4-氨基吡啶组成,并通过广泛的氢键作用在空间上无限延展形成超分子网络结构.配合物1为单斜晶系,晶胞参数为:a=16.0569(10)(A),b=19.8781(17)(A),c=18.4728(15)(A),α=90.00°,β=98.384(7)°,γ=90.00°.配合物2为单斜晶系,晶胞参数为:a=11.8880(9)(A),b=20.0148(15)(A),c=25.495(2)(A),α=90.00°,β=96.279(5)°,γ=90.00°.在流动催化反应体系中,探讨了该两种配合物催化消除甲醇的能力.体系流速为10mL/min,甲醇初始质量浓度为3.0g/m3,配合物1在150℃时对甲醇的消除率达到85.25％,配合物2在140℃对甲醇的消除率达到53.00％.     

城市雨水和土壤中持久性有机污染物分析

为分析城市环境中持久性有机污染物状况,以西安市城区为研究对象,按照城市布局设置10个代表性采样点,分别采集初期雨水和地表土壤样品,采用气相色谱法(GC)测定样品中有机氯农药和多氯联苯两大类持久性有机污染物的含量.结果表明:西安城区雨水、土壤中均含有持久性有机污染物,雨水中以pp'-DDT、α-六六六、pp'-DDD、PCB169、PCB189、PCB126居多,土壤中以op'-DDT、α-六六六、pp'-DDT、PCB169、PCB189、PCB77居多;无论雨水还是土壤中,都是有机氯农药含量高于多氯联苯含量;雨水中pp'-DDT、多氯联苯PCB169平均质量浓度分别超过GB 3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》限值的12倍、100倍,土壤中的六六六和DDT质量比尚未超过GB 15618-1995《土壤环境质量标准》一级标准.有机氯农药和多氯联苯的逸度商(fa/fa)均远小于1,西安城区POPs的迁移总趋势是由雨水向土壤表层聚集,降雨会将大气中的POPs通过淋洗等作用带到土壤表层,大气为污染物的源,土壤为其最终的汇集地.     

EDTA及有机酸对污染土壤中Pb去除效应的研究

研究EDTA及柠檬酸、酒石酸、草酸3种低相对分子质量有机酸对棕壤、潮土、褐土中Pb(含量为1 000 mg/kg)的去除效应.结果表明,EDTA及3种低相对分子质量有机酸对棕壤中Pb的去除能力依次为EDTA＞柠檬酸＞酒石酸＞草酸,去除效率分别为83%、5.4%、3.4%和0.5%;对潮土和褐土中Pb的去除能力依次为EDTA＞柠檬酸＞草酸＞酒石酸,EDTA对Pb的去除效率分别为81%和90%,柠檬酸对Pb的去除效率分别为2.7%和2.5%,草酸和酒石酸对Pb没有明显去除效应.研究表明,EDTA和柠檬酸对Pb的去除率基本随着自身浓度的增加而增大,且柠檬酸对棕壤中Pb的去除效果明显好于潮土和褐土.     

聊城耕地土壤有机氯农药在地域间的残留差异

为确定聊城市耕地土壤中有机氯农药(OCPs)的残留状况与分布特征,采用网格布点法采集了136个耕地土壤样品,利用ASE萃取技术,采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)测定了样品中α-BHC、βBHC、γ-BHC、δ-BHC、p,p′-DDE、p,p′-DDT、p,p′-DDD和o,p′-DDT等8种OCPs的残留状况。采用单因子方差分析和多重比较判断了聊城市8个县市之间OCPs的污染差异。结果表明,该地区各OCPs均有不同的检出率和残留量,其中以β-BHC和p,p’-DDE为首要污染物。东昌府区的β-BHC和临清市的γ-BHC及DDTs残留量明显高于其他各县市,其他各县市之间差异不显著。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失，提高滑坡预测的准确性，通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据，在获得多组模拟实验数据后，分析各变量的特性。首先，通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process，AHP)算法，对滑坡进行危险度划分；然后，通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine，SVM)建立模型，遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数，提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据，通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好，实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合，与单一SVM相比，精度更高，结果更好，更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

一起有机过氧化物爆炸事故的调查和分析

阐述一起重大爆炸伤亡事故的现场调查和原因分析，介绍如何通过人证物证材料，用鱼刺图法找出可能引起事故的诸原因，逐项加以分析，将与人证或物证材料相矛盾的原因子以排除，最后剩下无法排除亦即能与人证物证相符的那个原因，就是事故的真正原因。笔者是这起事故调查专家组组长，取证和数据可靠。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.