生态土壤深度处理系统启动周期的研究

采用室内模拟试验装置,在2种实际工程用土和2种水力负荷条件下,考察了生态土壤深度处理系统对生活污水主要污染指标的去除效果及其各自的启动周期;同时对整个系统的启动周期的判断以及同类生态工艺的启动周期的判断方法做了初步探讨。研究结果表明:生态土壤深度处理系统的TP,CODCr和氨氮的去除启动周期分别为15～20,23～34和32～37d,系统的启动周期为37d左右。该系统属于非均匀混合型、多生态层次的生态处理工艺,其反应机理包括物理化学吸附作用、微生物生化作用和生态效应3类。启动周期完成的判断原则为:物理化学吸附作用是生化过程的结束;微生物生化作用是达到相应出水标准后稳定1周;高等植物的生态效应可以忽略,微生物生态系建立和稳定后的生态效应则视出水稳定达标情况而定,出水水质波动但达标的情况,即认为完成;反之,则达标稳定1周即认为完成。      

UBF反应器处理低浓度生活污水的启动研究

文章对上流式厌氧污泥床-厌氧滤池反应器在常温下(25±1℃)处理低浓度生活污水进行了启动试验研究。反应器经过约60d的启动后,在水力停留时间(HTR)为4.17h、进水容积负荷为3.08kgCOD/m·3d时,其COD去除率稳定在90%左右,产气率为0.135m3/m·3d,出水pH值与挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)总量分别在6.65～6.96与8.4～13.3mg/L之间波动,整个系统运行稳定。     

多级垂直流人工湿地对北方农村生活污水的处理分析

文章采用多级垂直流人工湿地处理北方农村生活污水,考察了稳定运行期水力负荷、植物收割以及季节对COD、NH~+_4-N、TN和TP的去除影响。结果表明:COD、TN和TP去除随水力负荷增加呈递减趋势,在0.15 m~3/(m~2·d)时去除最佳,出水浓度分别为18～30、9～25和0.4～0.5 mg/L。NH~+_4-N去除随水力负荷增加呈先增后减趋势,在0.25 m~3/(m~2·d)时去除率最佳,出水浓度为0～6 mg/L。在水力负荷为0.15 m~3/(m~2·d)时,植物收割后COD、NH~+_4-N、TN和TP的去除均有所降低。不同季节时,夏季湿地处理效果最佳,冬季最差。同时对比实验表明,夏季水力负荷为0.15 m~3/(m~2·d)时,多级垂直流人工湿地对COD、NH~+_4-N、TN和TP的去除效果优于单级水平流人工湿地,其出水达到城镇污水处理厂污染物排放一级A标准。     

上流式曝气生物滤池两种填料启动挂膜的试验研究

在相同运行条件下,对瓷粒和陶粒2种不同填料曝气生物滤池（BAF）的启动运行进行了实验研究,考察了不同填料在挂膜过程中CODCr和NH4^＋-N的去除效果及出水NO2^--N和NO3^--N质量浓度的变化。结果表明,在常温下（20～25℃）2种填料的所需的启动时间差异较大,陶粒填料所需时间为17d,而瓷粒填料别需37d。启动挂膜过程中,两者对CODCr和NH4^＋-N可达到基本相同的去除率,但所需运行时间差异较大,陶粒BAF较之瓷粒BAF稳定,且硝化效果好于瓷粒BAF．     

垂直潜流人工湿地处理城镇污水处理厂尾水的研究

利用人工配水模拟城镇污水处理厂尾水,采用两套垂直潜流人工湿地系统对其进行处理。结果表明:在处理负荷为36,108,216 L/d,水力停留时间为3,1,0.5 d时,两套系统均对COD具有良好的去除效果,COD平均去除率均在75%以上;种植芦苇的系统对TN去除有一定优势,其TN最高去除率能比种植空心菜的系统高出25%;两套系统对TP的去除效果无显著性差异,其去除率能达到90%左右;两套系统对COD、TN、TP的去除主要集中在系统的前1/3段,系统的后2/3段保证了出水的水质。两套系统均有较强的抗水力冲击负荷能力。     

不同滤料滤池启动期内对铁锰离子的去除机制

采用两座小试生物滤池,考察了锰矿砂和石英砂滤料在启动期内对铁锰离子的去除特性,并结合材料表征手段解析了过滤去除机制.启动运行结果表明,在进水铁锰质量浓度为2～3 mg·L~(-1)和0. 3～0. 6 mg·L~(-1)时,石英砂滤池分别需要15 d和30 d完成铁锰的去除,而锰矿砂滤池在10 d内完成除铁过程,而出水锰质量浓度始终低于0. 1 mg·L~(-1),满足国标要求.锰矿砂表面天然铁锰氧化物的吸附催化作用是其去除效果优于石英砂的关键.一方面,当铁氧化物在石英砂滤池内形成后,其同样能继续吸附催化铁离子,两滤池对铁离子的最终转化产物为复合氧化物,2价与3价铁的比值在1∶1. 44～1∶1. 54之间.其次,在启动期内,锰矿砂滤池对锰离子的去除以吸附催化氧化完成,其产物为3价态锰,而后续在生物作用下趋于转化为4价;石英砂滤池对锰离子的去除以吸附主导,但吸附容量饱和后以生物作用为主.最终,锰离子转化产物为2价、3价和4价态的复合态氧化物.此外,锰氧化产物呈层状结构,铁氧化产物为颗粒形态,二者均能披覆在滤料表面,但后者更容易被反洗出滤层,而前者则倾向于披覆在锰矿砂表面或积累在石英砂滤层孔隙间.     

污水处理厂SNAD工艺小试

在污水处理厂室外,以A/O除磷工艺出水为基质,启动全程自养脱氮(CANON)生物滤柱反应器.反应器启动成功后,进水中投加葡萄糖作为有机碳源,启动同步短程硝化、厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化(SNAD)工艺,研究SNAD生物滤柱处理城市生活污水的效果.结果表明,第119～128 d,CANON工艺氨氮去除率大于95%,最大出水总氮浓度为13. 0 mg·L~(-1),超过了北京市地标一级A排放标准.第129 d在进水中投加葡萄糖30 mg·L~(-1)启动SNAD工艺,第133～187 d时SNAD工艺总氮去除率在85%左右,出水总氮浓度为5. 5～7. 3 mg·L~(-1).第195d观察到滤柱出现堵塞现象,在第196 d对反应器进行反冲洗,反冲洗后的30d期间,反应器总氮去除率大于85%,出水总氮浓度维持在6. 2～7. 2 mg·L~(-1).与CANON工艺相比,SNAD工艺提高了总氮去除率,将出水总氮浓度降低了6 mg·L~(-1),使出水氨氮和总氮浓度达到北京市地标一级A标准.     

反硝化微生物燃料电池的基础研究

在启动双室型反硝化微生物燃料电池的基础上,研究了阴极溶解氧及外电阻对其产电性能和污染物去除效果的影响.结果表明,以乙酸钠为阳极电子供体,硝酸钠为阴极电子受体,在25℃的环境温度下,采用先间歇后连续培养的方式,42d内成功启动了反硝化微生物燃料电池.在阴极进水含氧的情况下,氧和硝酸盐可共同用作阴极电子受体.在较小电流密度区域内,氧是阴极的主要电子受体,相应的最大功率密度为26.0W/m3NC;电流密度增加到一定程度后,硝酸盐逐步变为阴极的主要电子受体,相应的最大功率密度为20.9W/m3NC.外阻变化对COD去除及反硝化程度影响较小,阳极COD去除负荷维持在1.2kg/(m3NC·d)左右,出水NO-2-N保持在0.05mg/L以下;但外阻减小有利于提高阴极脱氮效果,外阻为5 Ω时NO-3-N去除负荷达0.111kg/(m3NC·d).     

炉渣填料用于前置反硝化BAF处理生活污水的启动性能研究

曝气生物滤池(BAF)是在普通生物滤池的基础上,借鉴给水滤池工艺开发的污水处理新工艺。以炉渣为填料采用前置反硝化曝气生物滤池处理模拟生活污水,研究了前置反硝化曝气生物滤池处理生活污水的启动状况,考察了启动过程中COD、NH4+-N等主要污染物的去除情况。试验结果表明,在水力负荷为1.74m/h、回流比150%、气水比为3∶1的条件下,COD和NH4+-N分别在35d和45d内得到了有效地去除。其中,COD出水浓度降到30mg/L以下,去除率稳定在85%以上;NH4+-N出水浓度降到10mg/L以下,去除率稳定在65%以上。研究结果表明选用炉渣作填料的前置反硝化曝气生物滤池在相对较短的时间内启动效果良好。     

ABR处理乳品废水的研究

在中温条件下采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)处理乳品废水厌氧产氢发酵后的出水,研究了反应器的启动情况,考察了pH和HRT对运行效果的影响,并对有无添加填料的两种ABR的性能进行了比较。结果表明:采用固定HRT并逐步增大进水浓度的启动方式,反应器能在88 d内完成启动。在pH为7～8,HRT为24～48 h时,ABR对COD和SS均有较好的去除效果。当进水COD为3 000 mg/L、SS为200mg/L左右、容积负荷1.5～3 kg COD/(m.3d)时,COD去除率达95%以上,SS去除率在84%以上。在ABR中加入聚乙烯多孔小球填料,可使反应器有更强的抗冲击负荷能力。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.