云贵川交界区晚二叠世煤系地层出露风化土的酸性特征

云贵川交界区农村流行地氟病且曾以"土"拌煤作为生活燃料的现象普遍,煤系地层广泛出露且前人观察指出当地拌煤"土"常取自煤系地层风化土.本文以采自该区7个县域的71件煤系地层出露风化土为样本进行研究,结果表明,52%的风化土呈酸性,pH均值为4.62(2.39—5.54,n=37);硫酸根含量显著偏高,均值达到1778μg·g~(-1)(295—13086μg·g~(-1),n=71);氟含量总体偏高,均值达到751μg·g~(-1)(237—1764μg·g~(-1),n=71).酸性风化土的pH与其硫酸根含量的负对数-lg C[SO2-4]成正相关(r=0.75),表明风化土中酸的存在形式可能为酸性硫酸盐如KHSO4或Na HSO4,而后者可能源自煤系地层中黄铁矿的风化.在一定条件下(燃烧),风化土内部的酸与氟在燃烧条件下的相互作用可能导致氟化氢释放,且风化土中氟与高硫煤在燃烧条件下相互作用可能加剧氟化氢释放.     

广东大宝山矿区堆积土水土流失对重金属迁移量的影响

矿区水土流失和重金属污染是造成区域生态环境损害的重要途径。采用野外径流小区模拟径流原位冲刷试验方法,以广东省大宝山矿区堆积时间为3 a的老弃土和堆积时间为0. 5 a的新弃土为研究对象,以自然土为对照,分析水土流失及重金属的迁移特征,以期为科学认知矿区生态破坏和重金属污染协同治理提供案例支撑。结果表明:(1) 2种类型堆积土径流量均随时间呈上升变化趋势,其20 min平均径流量分别为6. 52和5. 75 L·min~(-1),远大于自然土(0. 69 L·min~(-1))。(2)新弃土径流含沙量和产沙率均最高,分别为156. 79 g·L~(-1)和0. 99kg·min~(-1),老弃土(51. 68 g·L~(-1),0. 27 kg·min~(-1))次之,自然土最低。(3)新、老2种堆积土侵蚀泥沙Cd平均含量分别为自然土的11. 43倍和11. 20倍,平均流失率分别为自然土的361. 67和135. 33倍,且在产流初期Cd流失率最高,有明显的"初期冲刷"效应。Pb、Zn和Cu表现出与Cd一致的迁移特征。(4)径流泥沙中重金属含量与径流量呈极显著正相关关系(P0. 01),重金属流失率与径流含沙量、产沙率呈极显著正相关关系(P0. 01),径流及泥沙流失对重金属的迁移有明显影响。矿区土壤经扰动堆积后,水土流失量及重金属迁移量明显增加,且堆积时间越短,增幅越大。若要控制重金属对矿区外部环境的危害,必须治理矿区水土流失。     

锰铁氧体吸附及催化柠檬酸还原六价铬的过程及机理

本文探究了磁性纳米铁锰氧体(MnFe_2O_4)及其黏土矿物负载材料对六价铬(Cr(Ⅵ))的吸附作用,同时研究了锰铁氧体-柠檬酸溶液体系中,铁锰氧体催化柠檬酸还原Cr(Ⅵ)的机理.结果表明,MnFe_2O_4材料对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量随着吸附时间的增加而增加,在0—5 min内快速吸附并达到平衡,符合准二级动力学模型.伴随MnFe_2O_4负载量的增加,凹凸棒土负载铁锰氧体(ATP-Fe Mn)的吸附量大幅增加,ATP-FeMn14吸附量最大达到了29.2 mg·g~(-1),且吸附等温线均可用Langmuir方程或Freundlich方程拟合,属于单分子层吸附.MnFe_2O_4和负载ATP材料吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的最佳pH值为3—4,ATP-FeMn14对六价铬的去除率最高,最佳投加量为5 g·L~(-1).在铁锰氧体-柠檬酸体系中,溶液pH值是影响Cr(Ⅵ)的去除效率的重要因素,当溶液pH值在4和5时,Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率(76.5%、66.2%)显著高于其他处理;4 mmol·L~(-1)柠檬酸的处理去除率(89.8%)显著高于其他浓度柠檬酸的处理去除率;而在相同体系中,MnFe_2O_4的处理去除率(89.8%)显著高于其他研究材料.本研究表明铁锰氧体不仅对Cr(Ⅵ)具有良好的吸附性能,在与有机酸共存时,还可以催化有机酸还原Cr(Ⅵ),降低Cr(Ⅵ)的环境风险.     

淀粉显色分光光度法测定土壤中的碘

本文介绍了测定土壤中碘的淀粉显色分光光度法。该法操作简便、快速、准确、容易掌握。平均回收率为100.5％,标准偏差为0.3mg kg~(-1),变异系数为4.8％(n=5)。     

微分脉冲阴极溶出伏安法测定环境水样中的痕量硒

采用微分脉冲阴极溶出法测定环境水样中的痕量硒,以银电极为工作电极,在酸性介质0.06mol.l^-1HCl-0.07mol.l^-1HNO3溶液中于－0.35V(vs SCE)处富集20min,使Se(IV)电沉积为硒化银,然后,以40mV.s^-1的扫速,在碱性介质2．0mol.l^-1NaOH溶液中阴极溶出至－1.2V(vsSCE),硒化银被还原为银的溶出峰电位约为－0.85V(vs SCE),硒的分析校正曲直到40ng.ml^-1仍然成线性,检测下限为11.5pg.ml^-1,相关系为0.9982,灵敏度为10.93uA/ng.ml^-1,20ng.ml^-1的RSD（n=5)为1．26％,检出限（3σ为3.46pg.ml^-1,环境水样中常见离子的存在不干扰痕量硒的测定。     

石墨探针直接收集、石墨探针炉原子吸收法测定APM中痕量银

本文采用一定气孔性的石墨探针直接收集大气颗粒物（APM）,然后用石墨探针炉原子吸收法直接测定收集在探针上的APM中痕量银。实验表明:峰面积吸光度与银的浓度在0—120ng·ml~(-1)范围内呈线性关系,银的特征量为6.75pg,检测限（3σ）为11.74pg,RSD（n=11）为3.92％,分析标准物质NBS1648（城市颗粒物）,其回收率和RSD（n=5）分别为90.2—105.0％和6.0％,证明此法准确、灵敏、快速、简便。     

极限精密差示紫外光度法测定工业含酚废水中高含量油的初步研究

本文用两个参比溶液的极限精密差示紫外光度法,测定工业含酚废水中的高含量油。选择二氯甲烷为溶剂,λmax=272nm,参比油浓度C_1和C_2分别为45(mg·1~(-1))和350(mg·1~(-1))左右,工作曲线测量范围为45—300(mg·1~(-1))。废水样含油量测定的相对标准偏差小于4％(n=8),回收率高于95％,与普通紫外光度法对比,准确度可提高10倍。     

气相色谱法测定水产品中氯丹残留量

以鱼、虾、贝的可食部分作为试验基质,建立了水产品中顺式氯丹、反式氯丹和氧氯丹的气相色谱测定方法.取均质试样1 g,加乙腈超声提取,正己烷反萃,弗罗里硅土-硅胶层析柱净化,使用配有电子捕获检测器的气相色谱仪测定氯丹含量.氯丹质量浓度线性范围为0.200～100μg·L-1(r=0.998 3～0.999 9,n=7,P＜0.001),3种氯丹的定量检测下限均为2.00μg·kg-1(试验基质质量以湿质量计).当加标水平为1～15倍定量限时,6次重复测定的加标回收率为72.2%～104.0%,批次内变异系数为2.81%～8.56%(n=6),批次间变异系数为8.50%(n=3).     

纳米Fe0对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原及其影响因素

采用纳米Fe0还原水溶液中的Cr(Ⅵ),考察纳米Fe0投加量、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度、溶液pH值和有机酸等因素对Cr(Ⅵ)还原的影响.结果表明,纳米Fe0对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原效果明显,其对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率分别是铁粉和铁屑的7和13倍.Cr(Ⅵ)溶液初始质量浓度为20 mg·L-1、Fe0投加量为5g·L-1条件下,反应24 h时纳米Fe0对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率达82.7％.溶液低pH值可以促进Fe0的腐蚀速度,提高反应速率,当pH值为3.0时还原效果最好.草酸、丙二酸和丁二酸对纳米Fe0还原Cr(Ⅵ)均有明显的促进作用,3种有机酸对Cr(Ⅵ)还原率的提高幅度由高到低依次为草酸、丙二酸和丁二酸.     

微塑料在日本虎斑猛水蚤(Tigriopus japonicus)体内的摄入、排出及对其摄食行为的影响

微塑料的生态毒理学效应,是近年来国际环境领域的研究热点和前沿问题。然而,由于生物体内的微塑料定量分析存在难度,导致其毒动力学过程和生物影响等方面的研究受限。本研究以10μm荧光标记的聚苯乙烯(PS)为测试对象,考察了日本虎斑猛水蚤(Tigriopus japonicus)对PS微粒的摄入及排出动力学,以及PS微粒对其摄食行为的影响。结果表明,日本虎斑猛水蚤暴露于表观浓度为1×10~3个·mL~(-1)的PS微粒溶液,其体内检出的PS微粒的量随着暴露时间增加呈现出逐渐增加的趋势,暴露24 h后达到最大值,为(7.00±2.44)个·只~(-1)(n=3),48 h后降至(3.20±1.93)个·只~(-1)(n=3)。将暴露于表观浓度为1×10~3个·mL~(-1)的PS微粒溶液中48 h后的日本虎斑猛水蚤转移至清洁海水中后,体内检出的PS微粒的量呈现下降趋势,24 h后可排出体内96.33%±1.18%(n=3)的PS微粒,48 h后生物体内无PS微粒检出。日本虎斑猛水蚤暴露于表观浓度为1×10~3个·mL~(-1)的PS微粒溶液中24 h和48 h后,其对微藻的摄食率与对照组相比无显著性差异(P0.05)。研究结果为科学评估微塑料的生态风险提供依据。     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.