二氯喹啉酸对湘云鲫的急性毒性及对鱼鳃、肝脏ATP酶活性的影响

研究了二氯喹啉酸对湘云鲫的急性毒性和 (1/8～ 1/2 )LC50 浓度下对湘云鲫鳃、肝脏中Na K ATPase和Mg2 ATPase活性的影响。结果表明 :(1)在 2 3± 1℃条件下 ,二氯喹啉酸对湘云鲫的 2 4、4 8、72、96h的LC50 分别为 15 1.6 4、15 0 .92、14 9.6 0、14 9.14mg·L-1,是一种低毒性农药 ;(2 )鱼鳃和肝脏中Na K ATPase、Mg2 ATPase活性的抑制随浓度的增加而加强 ,表现出显著的浓度 -效应关系 ,是一种较好的生物指示剂。此外 ,还讨论了二氯喹啉酸抑制ATPase活性的机制     

汞、硒暴露对紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)抗氧化酶系统的影响

为了研究重金属汞及微量元素硒对海洋贝类的毒性效应,揭示汞、硒在生物体内的相互作用机制,用汞和硒对指示生物紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)进行单一及联合亚慢性暴露实验。设置对照组(0μg·L-1)、汞暴露组(25μg·L-1Hg2+)、硒暴露组(4μg·L-1Se4+)以及硒汞联合暴露组(25μg·L-1Hg2++4μg·L-1Se4+)4个实验组,并分别在暴露期间的第0、2、4和6天定时采集样本,测定紫贻贝鳃SOD、GPx及CAT3种抗氧化酶活性。将实验数据进行ANOVA分析处理后,结果表明:与对照组相比,汞暴露组SOD和GPx均呈现先显著升高(p<0.05或p<0.01)后降低(p<0.01或p<0.001)的趋势,CAT则从第4天开始显著降低(p<0.05);硒暴露组中SOD活性始终高于对照组(p<0.001),GPx活性在第2天也显著升高(p<0.001),CAT活性始终与对照组相近;硒汞联合作用与汞暴露组相比,SOD、GPx和CAT活性在不同时间点均有显著升高(p<0.05),而与硒暴露组相比,3种酶活性均低于硒单独暴露的水平。说明汞在短期能够诱导抗氧化酶活性,随着暴露时间的延长,则表现出明显的抑制作用;微量硒能够增强抗氧化酶系统活性,对汞导致的氧化损伤具有拮抗作用。     

铬胁迫对拟穴青蟹组织器官中ATPase和SOD活性的影响

采用毒性实验方法研究水体中铬离子Cr6+(0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0、8.0mgL-1)胁迫1、3、5、7、9d后对拟穴青蟹组织器官中ATPase、SOD活性的影响,以未添加Cr6+的自然海水组为对照组.结果表明,拟穴青蟹鳃中Ca2+-ATPase、Na+,K+-ATPase活性在Cr6+暴露1d后即被显著抑制(P0.05),随胁迫时间延长,Cr6+又可诱导拟穴青蟹鳃中Ca2+-ATPase、Na+,K+-ATPase活性升高.Cr6+胁迫下拟穴青蟹鳃、肝胰腺、肌肉中SOD活性均可被显著诱导升高(P0.05),其中尤以鳃中SOD活性受影响更大.可见铬胁迫对拟穴青蟹生理生化影响显著.     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）对斑马鱼（Brachydanio rerio）生理生化特性的影响

为了研究邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)对水生生物的毒性效应,将斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)暴露于DBP5个浓度组中96h急性染毒,测得其半致死浓度(96h-LC50)为8.51mg·L-1,从而得出其安全浓度为0.85mg·L-1.在此基础上,等对数浓度差设置4个质量浓度0.38、0.85、1.90、4.25mg·L-1进行20d慢性染毒,期间每5d测定斑马鱼的体重、肝重和鳃重,同时测定斑马鱼肝脏、鳃中SOD酶和ATPase活性.结果表明,斑马鱼比肝重总体随DBP浓度的增加和暴露时间的延长而升高(p<0.01),而比鳃重总体变化不大.随DBP浓度增大和暴露时间延长,斑马鱼肝脏、鳃中SOD酶和ATPase活性均显著受到抑制(p<0.01).     

2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并二噁英和β-萘黄酮暴露对斑马鱼肝和鳃MROD酶活性的影响

为了研究2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并二噁英(TCDD)和β-萘黄酮(β-NF)对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)肝脏和鳃CYP1A依赖性7-甲氧基-3-异酚噁唑酮-脱甲基酶(MROD)活性的影响,分别利用不同浓度的TCDD(0、0.05、0.1、0.2、0.4μg·L-1)和β-NF(0、25、50、100、200μg·L-1)对斑马鱼进行水浴暴露,48h后取样测定肝脏和腮MROD活性.结果表明,与对照组比较,TCDD暴露组和β-NF暴露组斑马鱼肝脏和鳃MROD活性均显著增强(p<0.01),且MROD活性的增加与TCDD或β-NF暴露浓度呈现明显的剂量-效应关系.初步推断斑马鱼肝脏和鳃CYP1A依赖性MROD酶活性可能能够作为TCDD或β-NF污染的生物标志物.     

溴氰菊酯对菲律宾蛤仔体内酶活性和组织损伤的初步探索

采用不同质量浓度的溴氰菊酯(0.0070 mg·L~(-1)、0.014 mg·L~(-1)、0.020 mg·L~(-1)、0.027 mg·L~(-1))对菲律宾蛤仔进行20 d半静置染毒,测定不同时间淋巴液中乙酰胆碱酯酶(ACh E)和钠离子-钾离子-三磷酸腺苷酶(Na~+-K~+-ATPase)活性、鳃和肝脏中谷胱甘肽转硫酶(GST)活性的变化,并观察染毒20 d后鳃丝组织和消化盲囊组织的损伤情况。酶活性分析结果显示,与对照组相比,低浓度组(0.0070 mg·L~(-1))试验期间酶活性均无显著差异(P0.05);中浓度组(0.014 mg·L~(-1)、0.020 mg·L~(-1))淋巴液中ACh E和Na~+-K~+-ATPase均呈先激活后抑制的变化规律(P0.05),鳃和肝脏中GST活性均呈上升趋势(P0.05);高浓度组(0.027mg·L~(-1))淋巴液中ACh E和Na~+-K~+-ATPase、肝脏中GST活性在试验期间持续下降(P0.01),而鳃中GST活性呈先抑制后升高的趋势(P0.05)。研究表明,低中浓度的溴氰菊酯对菲律宾蛤仔体内的酶活性表现为先诱导后抑制,具有明显的时间、剂量效应;高浓度的溴氰菊酯对菲律宾蛤仔体内酶活持续抑制,且染毒浓度越高,组织细胞变异越显著,表现为鳃丝上皮细胞纤毛层萎缩、纤毛脱落,消化盲囊上皮细胞膨胀,出现包涵体样结构。     

垃圾渗滤液对斑马鱼的毒性及抗氧化酶活性的影响

在室内模拟条件下,以斑马鱼（Daniorerio）为受试动物,探讨生活垃圾渗滤液对斑马鱼的急性毒性及对其鱼鳃、肝脏中的过氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSI-I）及Na＋,K＋-ATP酶等3种酶的影响。结果表明,垃圾渗滤液对斑马鱼的96hLC50为13．2％。垃圾渗滤液对斑马鱼的急性毒性相对较高,斑马鱼对垃圾渗滤液毒性的敏感性强。慢性毒性测试结果显示,垃圾渗滤液对斑马鱼肝脏中SOD活性和GSH质量分数的诱导作用明显,对Na＋,K＋-ATP酶活性影响并不明显;垃圾渗滤液对斑马鱼鱼鳃中SOD活性影响显著（P〈0．05）。除Na＋,K＋-ATP酶外,斑马鱼的抗氧化防御相关生物标志物对渗滤液染毒胁迫具有相对较高的敏感性,SOD和GSH均可用作垃圾渗滤液慢性胁迫的有效生物标志物。     

鱼类肝脏微粒体对于硫代磷酸酯类杀虫剂活化代谢率的种间差异(Species-Related Difference of Liver Microsomes of Fish in Activation of Organothiophosphorus Insecticides)

为了弄清鱼类肝脏微粒体细胞色素P450s(CYPs)对于硫代磷酸酯类杀虫剂活化代谢率的种间差别,选用斑马鱼Brachydanio rerio、麦穗鱼Pseudorasbora parva、剑尾鱼Xiphophorus helleri、篮鳃太阳鱼Leponus macrohirus四种鱼作为受试生物,选用对硫磷、马拉硫磷、毒死蜱三种硫代磷酸酯类杀虫剂作为受试药剂,以外源乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)的抑制率为指标,在离体状态下间接测量了杀虫剂活化代谢物的相对生成量.离体试验表明,对于对硫磷,活化代谢物生成量的高低顺序为:斑马鱼、剑尾鱼、麦穗鱼>太阳鱼(p<0.05),最高的麦穗鱼和最低的太阳鱼之间相差10.0倍;对于马拉硫磷和毒死蜱,活化代谢物生成量的高低顺序均为:剑尾鱼>太阳鱼>斑马鱼、麦穗鱼(p<0.05),最高的剑尾鱼和最低的麦穗鱼之间的分别相差66.9和137倍.毒性测定表明,对于对硫磷、马拉硫磷和毒死蜱,四种鱼96hLC50之间的最大差别分别是45、18和77倍.对马拉硫磷而言,96hLC50的种间差异特征与活化代谢物生成量的种间差异特征比较吻合,而对于对硫磷和毒死蜱而言,两者之间的吻合度较低.研究证实了肝脏CYP在活化硫代磷酸酯杀虫剂方面具有明显的种间差异,同时也证实仅以活化代谢物的离体生成量这一指标来衡量鱼类对于硫代磷酸酯杀虫剂的敏感性,其结论可能会较大幅度地偏离生测结果.尽管如此,本研究证实在所测的鱼类当中,斑马鱼属于CYP活性较低的鱼种,而这一特性很可能是造成斑马鱼对于硫代磷酸酯杀虫剂的敏感性偏低的重要原因.     

稻虾共育田酰胺类除草剂胁迫对克氏原螯虾幼虾生长发育的影响

采用静水生物试验法,研究酰胺类除草剂在稻田常规使用浓度(丙草胺0.0021 mL·L-1;丁草胺0.0045 mL·L-1)下对克氏原螯虾生长发育的影响.结果表明,丙草胺和丁草胺对幼虾成活率无显著影响(P>0.05),幼虾体质量损失率显著高于对照组(P<0.05).丙草胺组幼虾淀粉酶(1 d、3 d)和脂肪酶(6 d)活性显著低于对照组(P<0.05).丁草胺组幼虾胰蛋白酶(1 d)活性显著低于对照组(P<0.05).至11 d时,3组之间幼虾各消化酶活性均无显著性差异(P>0.05).第1天时,丙草胺组幼虾超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)活性和总抗氧化力(T-AOC)显著升高(P<0.05),丁草胺组幼虾GPx活性和T-AOC显著升高(P<0.05),2组丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低(P<0.05).第3天时,丁草胺组幼虾SOD活性显著升高(P<0.05),丙草胺组和丁草胺组幼虾GPx活性显著降低(P<0.05),且T-AOC显著升高(P<0.05).至第17天时,3组之间幼虾各抗氧化酶指标,除丁草胺组GPx外,无显著性差异(P>0.05).丙草胺和丁草胺在稻田常规使用量下可以影响幼虾消化酶和抗氧化酶活性,幼虾体质量损失率增大,存在短期胁迫效应.     

Cd~(2+)污染对草鱼不同组织中过氧化物酶活性的影响

采用细静水生物测试法研究Cd2+对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)的肝胰脏、肾脏和鳃组织过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响。结果表明,在7 d的试验时间内,低浓度Cd2+胁迫时,肝胰脏和肾脏组织POD活性随时间变化均呈先降低后升高再降低的变化趋势,而高浓度Cd2+胁迫时,肝胰脏组织POD活性始终受到显著抑制(P<0.05),肾脏组织POD活性短时间内被诱导,但随着暴露时间的延长,其受到显著抑制(P<0.05);鳃组织在受到Cd2+污染时POD活性随时间变化呈先升高后降低变化趋势。草鱼鳃组织POD活性明显低于肝胰脏和肾脏组织。     

丙烯酰胺对斑马鱼各器官的毒性作用及生殖细胞的DNA损伤

在我国,聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)主要应用于石油开采,其长期暴露于环境中可以降解成有毒的丙烯酰胺(AM)。为探究在降解过程中AM的毒性作用,选择斑马鱼作为受试动物,进行AM长期毒性暴露40 d,考察了对斑马鱼的肝脏、脑组织、心脏、腮等器官的影响情况。结果表明:在2.04 mg·L~(-1)、6.12 mg·L~(-1)和18.36 mg·L~(-1)暴露浓度下,形态学观察斑马鱼的鳃丝,鳃小片和鳃细胞有严重的受损现象;随着浓度的升高斑马鱼肝脏、脑组织和心脏中MDA含量、LDH活力的升高,SDH和Na+-K+-ATPase活力的降低,均对其肝脏、脑组织和心脏造成氧化损伤作用,从而影响了斑马鱼体内细胞能量代谢过程。采用彗星试验检测斑马鱼的生殖腺细胞DNA损伤,结果显示暴露于浓度为2.04 mg·L~(-1)~18.36 mg·L~(-1)的AM后,斑马鱼的DNA损伤均表现为显著差异(P0.01)。上述研究结果均确定了AM对斑马鱼的毒性效应并可造成其生殖腺细胞的DNA损伤。     

Effects of environmental hypercapnia on hemato-immunological parameters,carbonic anhydrase,and Na+, K+-ATPase enzyme activities in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) tissues

In this study, the effects of environmental hypercapnia on hemato-immunological parameters and the activities of respiratory enzymes such as carbonic anhydrase (CA) and Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase were investigated in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) tissues (gill, liver and kidney). Batches of 12 fish were exposed to 4.5 mg L^?1 (control) and 14 mg L^?1 CO₂. No mortalities occurred during the 14 days of the experimental period. Red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Ht) levels, and innate immune parameters such as nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT), lysozyme, and myeloperoxidase activities, and the melano-macrophage frequency were negatively affected by elevated CO₂ levels. Patterns of change in CA activity differed among the gill, liver, and kidney. Compared with the activities of CA in the control group, the CA enzyme was significantly stimulated at day 7 in the gill tissue, whereas it was stimulated at day 14 of the experiment in the liver tissue of fish exposed to 14 mg L^?1 CO₂ (P < 0.05). In contrast to the pattern of CA enzyme activities, the Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase enzymes were stimulated significantly in the liver after day 7 but inhibited in the kidney and gill (P < 0.05). These results suggest that a subchronic exposure to hypercapnia of rainbow trout tissues may lead to adaptive changes in the respiratory enzymes and negatively affects hemato-immunological parameters.     

芘暴露对马氏珠母贝鳃和肝胰腺抗氧化酶活性的影响

在实验生态条件下,采用生态毒理学方法,选用海洋环境中常见的有机污染物多环芳烃芘（Pyrene）,以马氏珠母贝（Pinctada martensi）为实验材料进行毒理实验。研究了芘不同质量浓度（8、16、32和64μg·L^-1、不同时间（7,10 d）的胁迫对马氏珠母贝鳃和肝胰腺组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）3种抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明：3种酶在不同组织和不同胁迫时间的敏感性有所差异,在芘胁迫马氏珠母贝第7天,鳃组织中 SOD、POD、GPx 3种酶活性主要表现为诱导现象,高质量浓度组对3种酶活性均具有极显著诱导作用（p〈0.01）,而芘胁迫对肝胰腺3种酶活性的影响主要表现为抑制作用,且POD酶活性表现最敏感,在较低浓度组就被显著抑制（p〈0.01）;到染毒第10天,鳃组织中SOD、GPx两种酶诱导作用明显,POD诱导现象不显著（p〉0.05）,肝胰腺中3种酶活性与对照组相比诱导明显,并表现出一定的剂效关系。两种组织中SOD和GPx活性的变化具有一定的同步性。通过比较最低可观察效应质量浓度（LOEC）,发现在第7天,鳃组织中敏感性强弱表现为SOD=POD〉GPx,肝胰腺中表现为POD〉GPx〉SOD,而到第10d,两组织中敏感性又分别表现为GPx〉SOD〉POD,GPx=SOD〉POD。因此,在较短的暴露时间,POD酶活性可作为芘胁迫对马氏珠母贝的生物标志物,而对于较长时间的染毒实验,可选用 GPx 酶作为芘胁迫对马氏珠母贝的生物标志物以监测海洋环境芘污染。     

硫氰酸钠对斑马鱼毒性的评价

为了研究植物性饲料代谢产生的中间产物硫氰酸钠(NaSCN)对水生生物的毒性效应,首先将斑马鱼(Brachy danio rerio)暴露于NaSCN的8个浓度组中进行96 h-LC50急性毒性试验,测得其半致死浓度(96 h-LC50)为403 mg·L-1.再以安全浓度(1/10LC50.)为基准,等对数设置3个质量...     

Biomarkers as tools to assess the chronic toxicity of ammonia in the juvenile Mugil cephalus

With juvenile fish as the subject, the effects of low concentration ammonia on antioxidant system were studied using Mugil cephalus. Samples of gill and liver tissue were obtained from 0.35, 0.70, 1.5 and 3?mg/L ammonia groups at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days of exposure, at which times the biomarkers were measured. Results showed that gill malondialdehyde (MDA) content exhibited an initial significant increase (p?≤?0.05) at unionised ammonia concentrations of 0.70, 1.5 and 3.0?mg/L on day 5, followed by subsequent declines, while liver MDA levels exhibited significant increases (p?≤?0.05) at unionised ammonia concentrations of 1.5?mg/L starting on day 10 and at 3.0?mg/L starting on day 5. With exposure to ammonia at different concentrations, Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity in liver and gill decreased over time. The Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity was negatively related to ammonia concentration from 0.70 to 3.0?mg/L. Overall, our results show that MDA and Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase, evaluated here as potential biomarkers of ammonia exposure, exhibited responses to sublethal concentrations of ammonia that were concentration dependent.     

Mercury-selenium-bromine imbalance in premature parturient California sea lions

High premature birth rates have been observed in the rookeries of the California sea lion Zalophus californianus since 1968. The reasons for the premature pupping are complex and, hence, not well understood, although leptospirosis infection and elevated PCB and DDT residues have been implicated. We were interested in determining what role trace and major elements played in these events. Livers and kidneys from 10 normal parturient and 10 premature parturient mothers and their pups were analyzed for Hg, Se, Br, Cd, Ag, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, K, Na, Ca, and Mg in order to detect differences that might exist between the two groups. A further objective was to establish how these elements varied in relation to each other in the normal and abnormal sea lions. Our results revealed that Hg, Se, Cd, and Br levels were significantly higher in the livers of the normal mothers and that these elements were all in balance (highly correlated) with each other. This was especially true for Hg, Se, and Br. In mothers with high concentrations of these elements (e.g. Hg greater than 800 g/g dry weight), atomic ratios of approximately 1Hg:1Se:1Br were observed. Atomic Se:Hg ratios were also near unity in the abnormal mothers; however, Br concentrations were always severely depressed in these individuals. Normal full-term pups had higher hepatic levels of Hg and Se, and near-perfect 1:1 Se:Hg atomic ratios were almost always observed. In contrast, the livers of the premature pups appeared to be deficient in Hg, and, consequently, elevated Se:Hg ratios were always found. In almost all cases, the premature pups had increased concentrations of Na, Ca, and Br. Levels of these elements were correlated with their Se:Hg ratios. Amounts of Mn and Cu were reduced in the premature pups and negatively correlated with Se:Hg ratios. The results suggest that balance between elements is of more importance than absolute concentration when the possible effects of toxic elements are considered. It also appears that bromine may be important in the detoxification process involving Se and Hg and perhaps Cd as well; i.e., every mother that had Br in balance with Hg, Cd, and Se had a normal pup, while every mother that lacked sufficient Br had a premature pup. The question of whether Hg detoxifies Se is also raised. All the normal pups had Se:Hg atomic ratios of less than 2.2, while all the premature pups had reduced Hg amounts and Se:Hg ratios above 3.4.     

Distribution of toxic and essential elements in various chicken organs

An instrumental neutron activation technique was applied to determine toxic, essential and other elements in various chicken organs namely; liver, heart, gizzard, breast and leg. The range, arithmetic mean, geometric mean and median were computed which indicate normal distribution pattern for Hg, Se, Cl, Fe, Zn, Mn, Na, K and Cs in the five chicken organs. The concentration of Hg, Se, As, Fe, Zn and Mn in local chicken liver were also compared with the literature values. Dietary intake value for toxic and essential elements were also computed and compared with the recommended values.