不同挂膜方式生物滴滤塔处理含H2S恶臭气体简

采用菌剂挂膜，活性污泥挂膜和自然挂膜3种不同方式形成生物滴滤塔，考察挂膜方式对生物滴滤塔去除H₂S恶臭气体的影响。结果表明，当进气H₂S浓度为5 mg/m³时，菌剂挂膜、活性污泥挂膜、自然挂膜形成的生物滴滤塔出气H₂S浓度分别为15.7~17.4、11.6~14.8和15.0~15.9 μg/m³；塔内压降分别为3~4 mm水柱、6 mm水柱和4~5 mm水柱；喷淋后滤出液中硫酸根的浓度分别为14、22和17 mg/L，硫的转化率分别为45%、60%和50%。当进气H₂S浓度增大至7 mg/m³时，3个塔经过7 d的调整后，均能达到稳定状态，稳定后3个塔中出气H₂S浓度和压降基本没变，喷淋后滤出液中硫酸根浓度依次增大至25、31和30 mg/L左右。采用活性污泥挂膜形成的生物滴滤塔处理H₂S的能力比菌剂挂膜和自然挂膜的高。     

O3/GAC-常规处理珠江水系不同原水简

以东江、西江和北江3种原水为研究对象，采用臭氧预处理-常规处理-臭氧活性炭系列处理，研究原水中有机物的去除及臭氧化副产物的产生和转化。结果表明，东江、西江和北江水中COD_Mn、UV₂₅₄、甲醛和溴酸盐沿各处理单元过程变化规律基本一致；COD_Mn总去除率分别为60%、51%和39%，UV₂₅₄总去除率分别为74%、96%和97%，最终出水甲醛浓度分别为0.004 mg/L、0 mg/L和0 mg/L，BrO₃^-分别为3.1 μg/L、8.7 μg/L和35.5 μg/L；COD_Mn的去除主要在预臭氧和活性炭过滤2个处理单元，预臭氧对UV₂₅₄总去除率贡献最大，甲醛和溴酸盐浓度在主臭氧处理单元达到其峰值（西江甲醛除外）；氨氮和有机物浓度较低、pH值较高的北江原水，出水溴酸盐浓度最高。     

人工湿地基质对 NH+4-N 吸附性能简

为研究建筑废物红砖和工业废物煤渣用作人工湿地脱氮基质的可行性，分别通过静态吸附实验和动态NH₄⁺-N去除效果实验进行考察。结果表明，红砖和煤渣对NH₄⁺-N最大静态吸附量分别为0.2533 mg/g和0.0533 mg/g，其吸附等温曲线均符合Freundlich型吸附方程，吸附常数分别为0.0419和0.0091；红砖煤渣组合对污水中NH₄⁺-N平均动态脱除率达到41.18%，高于红砖的37.63%和煤渣的30.92%。     

摇动床缺氧-好氧工艺处理渔业加工废水试验研究

试验采用摇动床缺氧-好氧工艺处理渔业加工废水，研究结果表明，摇动床缺氧-好氧工艺对污染物去除效果良好，在BOD₅容积负荷为1.5 kg/(m³·d)，HRT=5.9～4.7 h，硝化液回流比为1.0的条件下，系统进水中COD、TN和NH⁺₄-N的平均值分别为543.1、72.1和63.6 mg/L时，去除率分别达到93.6%、72.7%和98.9%，出水平均浓度值分别为34.1、19.5和0.7 mg/L，达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002) 一级标准。试验期间MLSS最高可达到17 425 mg/L，同时保持SVI在50～70 mL/g的低范围内，污泥沉降性能良好。通过显微镜观察，反应器中生物种类多样，从而保证了摇动床系统极低的污泥产率(MLSS/CODremoval为0.1891)，实现了污泥减量。     

温度对复合厌氧折流板膜生物反应器处理生活污水效能的影响简

将新型CAMBR反应器（厌氧折流板反应器（ABR）与膜生物反应器（MBR）优化组合）用于处理生活污水，研究温度对该反应器处理效能的影响。实验水力停留时间7.5 h，混合液回流比设置为200%，pH值为6.5~8.5，溶解氧3 mg/L左右。控制3个温度梯度：高温（32~37℃），中温（20~25℃），低温（5~10℃），每个温度运行35 d。结果表明，在高温条件下，系统出水COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN和TP平均浓度分别为25、0.5、12.5和0.7 mg/L。在中温条件下，系统出水COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN和TP浓度分别30、1.2、12.5和0.4 mg/L。在低温条件下，COD和TP分别经过15 d和20 d调整适应，出水可恢复至35 mg/L和1 mg/L。由于低温（10℃以下）对硝化细菌产生强烈抑制，出水NH₄⁺-N去除率最终稳定在35%，TN去除率为40%。低温条件下，该反应器应用于污水处理中需注意适当保温，以保证出水水质。     

MBR工艺处理含50%海水的污水试验研究

采用MBR工艺对含50%海水的污水生物处理进行了试验研究。实验条件为进水COD为300～2 600 mg/L，NH₃-N为50～300 mg/L，pH值为6～9，混合液污泥浓度为7 000 mg/L，溶解氧浓度为2～4 mg/L，温度为20～25℃。试验结果表明，系统的最佳运行条件为：有机负荷＜3.2 kg COD/（m³·d），氨氮负荷＜0.35 kg/（m³·d），pH值在7.5～8.5之间，HRT＞12 h。在此条件下，COD与氨氮的去除率可同时达到90%。高盐环境下微生物所分泌的大量胞外多聚物是造成MBR工艺处理含盐废水过程中膜污染的主要原因。     

用于石化废水处理的聚氨酯泡沫球形载体的挂膜方法

采用物理吸附的方式对用于石化废水处理的聚氨酯泡沫球形载体的挂膜方法进行了研究。直接挂膜时，投加石化废水生物处理剂后，载体出现了严重的堵塞现象，孔隙内无机颗粒含量较高，生物多样性差，从而无法保持稳定的石化废水处理效果。通过分析聚氨酯泡沫表层和孔隙内部附着的生物量及孔隙内附着物的粒度分布，采取间接挂膜法，即采用投加颗粒状物质活性炭、电气石及酵母粉的方式，对聚氨酯泡沫球形载体进行预挂膜后，再投加生物处理剂，进行进一步的挂膜。结果表明：间接挂膜法可有效地避免载体的堵塞问题，使得孔隙内部附着生长大量的活性微生物，从而在石化废水进水COD和NH⁺₄-N浓度在280～420 mg/L和5～25 mg/L时，出水COD和NH⁺₄-N浓度分别稳定在70 mg/L和3 mg/L以下。     

A/O和A2/O工艺对膜生物反应器处理焦化废水影响的研究

为提高膜生物反应器对焦化废水的处理效果，采用A/O和A²/O两种工艺的膜生物反应器处理焦化废水，通过对比处理效果、分析膜污染情况，寻求膜生物反应处理焦化废水的最优工艺。实验结果表明：A²/O工艺系统对酚、NH₃-N、COD的去除率分别为99%、90%和95%；A/O工艺系统对酚、NH₃-N和COD的去除率分别为97%、75%和93%。A²/O膜生物反应器系统对焦化废水中NH₃-N的去除效果明显优于A/O膜生物反应器系统，其反硝化率为50%～70%。对膜污染分析表明不同工艺对膜污染的影响不显著，A²/O工艺膜通量衰减59%，A/O工艺膜通量衰减56%。研究表明在膜生物反应器中，A²/O工艺对焦化废水的去除效果要优于A/O工艺。     

Fenton氧化/高浓度泥浆法处理矿山废水

为了解决某大型铜矿废水COD不达标问题，采用Fenton氧化对原有高浓度泥浆（HDS）工艺进行改进。探讨了Fenton氧化矿山废水各指标的去除效果以及H₂O₂浓度对出水COD去除效果的影响，结果表明，Fenton氧化-电石乳中和絮凝沉淀工艺处理矿山废水是可行的，最优实验条件为：pH稳定在3.0～4.5，H₂O₂投加量0.5 mL/L，电石乳投加量8.5 g/L，PAM投加量1.5 mg/L；系统对废水COD的去除机理是加入的H₂O₂和矿山酸性废水中的Fe²⁺离子在低pH下形成Fenton试剂；系统对TFe、Zn²⁺、Cu2+ 的去除效果比Mn²⁺的去除效果更稳定。     

C/N比和曝气量影响MBR同步硝化反硝化的研究

通过连续运行MBR研究了C/N比和曝气量对同步硝化反硝化的影响，结果表明，在环境温度13～23℃，MLSS为6.0～6.8 g/L，进水NH⁺₄-N浓度50 mg/L，曝气量0.5 m³/h，HRT为6 h实验条件下，总氮去除率随着进水C/N比的增加而增加，在C/N比为6∶1～8∶1时，TN去除率达到79%～89%，低的C/N比抑制反硝化，过高的C/N比增加了碳源补加的成本。改变反应曝气量，当C/N比为6∶1，曝气量为0.4 m³/h时，TN的去除率达到了最大值85%。曝气量过高或过低，TN去除率均下降。并对在不同曝气量下MBR 内的DO 值分布进行了初步研究。     

好氧颗粒污泥对膜生物反应器污泥性能的影响

采用膜生物反应器进行含酚废水的处理,探讨投加好氧颗粒污泥对反应器中污泥性能的影响。结果表明,在膜生物反应器中投加好氧颗粒污泥能有效改善污泥性能,提高处理效果。从采用絮状污泥到逐渐增加好氧颗粒污泥投加量为100%的过程中,反应器中污泥浓度明显提高,MLSS由5 582 mg/L增加到8 168 mg/L;沉降性能得到改善,SVI由135.85 mL/g下降到29.36 mL/g;疏水性增强,Zeta电位由-20.302 mV升高到-4.325 mV;对含酚废水中COD、NH3-N的降解能力明显提高,COD、NH3-N、NO3-N去除率分别由87.3%、83.2%、55.3%增加到99.2%、94.9%、66.3%。改善了膜污染现象,膜通量衰减率由63.3%降低到42.8%。用二元多项式三维回归分析,得到污染物去除率关于好氧颗粒污泥投加量和反应器运行时间的二元方程,对指导好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器的连续运行具有重要意义。     

MBR净化受污染地表水的自然启动及稳定运行除污染特性

为了考察膜生物反应器(MBR)净化受污染地表水自然启动过程中功能菌群的成熟规律及碱度对MBR去除水中氨氮的影响,通过构建小试规模的MBR,考察了MBR处理受污染地表水的自然启动和稳定运行除污染特性。结果表明,MBR在自然启动过程中不会出现异养菌成熟的标志,系统对进水DOC、UV254和CODMn的平均去除率分别仅为(14.5±5.1)%、(12.6±5.6)%和(31.2±7.4)%,应考虑将其他工艺与MBR联用以提高系统的有机物去除能力。启动23天后,MBR中的亚硝化细菌成熟,NH3-N去除率达到80%以上;启动31 d后,MBR中的硝化细菌成熟,出水NO2--N稳定在0.05mg/L以下。碱度对MBR去除NH3-N效能影响较大,向进水中投加30 mg/L的NaHCO3能使MBR对NH3-N的去除率由(86.1±3.7)%提高至(98.0±1.6)%。在连续曝气、10 L/(m2.h)通量、每10 min反洗15 s运行模式下,MBR的膜污染较为严重,平均TMP增长速率为0.45 kPa/d,需进一步优化相关参数以实现MBR的长期稳定运行。     

MFC-MBR耦合系统运行效果

膜生物反应器(MBR)是一种高效的污水处理工艺,而微生物燃料电池(MFC)能有效降解污泥中的胞外生物有机质(EBOM)并回收电能.将MFC与MBR联用,建立了一套能够有效抑制膜污染同时回收电能的新系统——MFC-MBR耦合系统,MBR的剩余污泥经MFC处理后回流.以传统MBR为对照,对耦合系统中污水处理效果、膜污染情况和污泥混合液的性质进行研究.研究表明,耦合系统的污水处理效果没有明显恶化,COD去除率为94％,NH4+-N的去除率为92％.耦合系统能够有效减缓膜污染的发生,清洗周期延长了28％.污泥混合液的MLVSS/MLSS稳定在80％ ～ 88％,系统内几乎没有无机颗粒积累.松散结合态胞外聚合物(LB-EPS)降低了48％,使污泥混合液性质得到改善.较低的污泥比阻(2.69×1012m/kg)和标准化毛细吸水时间(1.67 s·L/g MLSS),证明耦合系统污泥混合液脱水性能提高了.     

Evaluation of membrane bioreactor process capabilities to meet stringent effluent nutrient discharge requirements.

A six-stage membrane bioreactor (MBR) pilot plant was operated to determine and demonstrate the capability of this process to produce a low-nutrient effluent, consistent with the nutrient reduction goals for the Chesapeake Bay. Biological nitrogen removal was accomplished using a multistage configuration with an initial anoxic zone (using the carbon in the influent wastewater), an aerobic zone (where nitrification occurred), a downstream anoxic zone (where methanol was added as a carbon source), and the aerated submerged membrane zone. The capability to reliably reduce effluent total nitrogen to less than 3 mg/L as nitrogen (N) was demonstrated. A combination of biological (using an initial anaerobic zone) and chemical (using alum) phosphorus removal was used to achieve effluent total phosphate concentrations reliably less than 0.1 mg/L as phosphorus (P) and as low as 0.03 mg/L as P. Alum addition also appeared to enhance the filtration characteristics of the MBR sludge and to reduce membrane fouling. Aeration of the submerged membranes results in thickened sludge with a high dissolved oxygen concentration (approaching saturation), which can be recycled to the main aeration zone rather than to an anoxic or anaerobic zone to optimize biological nutrient removal. Biological nutrient removal was characterized using the International Water Association Activated Sludge Model No. 2d. The stoichiometry of chemical phosphorus removal was also consistent with conventional theory and experience. The characteristics of the solids produced in the MBR were compared with those of a parallel full-scale conventional biological nitrogen removal process and were generally found to be similar. These results provide valuable insight to the design and operating characteristics of MBRs intended to produce effluents with very low nutrient concentrations.     

改良型A2/O-MBR工艺的反硝化除磷性能研究简

重点考察了一种改良型膜生物反应器（A²/O-MBR）的脱氮除磷性能。该工艺主要特点在于对膜池硝化回流液进行了固液分离，并将上清液和浓缩污泥分别回流至缺氧池和厌氧池，这种改进提高了系统对氮、磷的同步去除效率。实验结果表明，在水力停留时间（HRT）为12 h，污泥龄（SRT）为30 d，混合液回流比为200%的运行条件下，进水COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN和TP平均浓度分别为（225±38）、（24.8±3.9）、（26.7±2.9）和（2.90±0.53）mg/L时，增加膜池硝化回流液固液分离装置前后，系统对COD和NH₄⁺-N的去除都维持在较高水平，而系统对TN和TP的去除效果显著提高，出水TN和TP平均浓度分别由（14.9±3.3）mg/L和（1.95±0.72）mg/L下降到（9.4± 1.9）mg/L和（0.91±0.38）mg/L，表明增加膜池硝化回流液固液分离装置显著改善了A²/O-MBR系统的脱氮除磷效果。反硝化除磷活性实验结果进一步表明，改进后系统中反硝化除磷活性占总除磷活性的比例由51.5%上升至61.7%，说明增加膜池硝化回流液固液分离装置强化了系统的反硝化除磷性能。     

A/O+MBR工艺处理玉米深加工废水的中试研究

实验基于企业污水站的改造工程,研究了MBR对玉米深加工废水的处理效果并对工艺运行参数优化提出建议.结果表明,该工艺对COD的去除率可以达到90％以上,出水稳定在26 mg/L左右;出水NH4-N达到1 mg/L以下;TN去除率达到70％以上,出水TN达到10 mg/L以下,出水完全达到排放标准.通过4种工况的比较,说明在污泥浓度8 g/L左右,曝气池内DO在3 mg/L左右,MBR内DO＞4 mg/L,好氧段停留时间13.5 h,并保证3h以上的缺氧段水力停留段时间的条件下,A/O+ MBR工艺可以有效去除玉米深加工废水中的污染物.     

Laboratory and field evaluation of a pretreatment system for removing organics from produced water

Co-produced water from the oil and gas industry accounts for a significant waste stream in the United States. This "produced water" is characterized by saline water containing a variety of pollutants, including water soluble and immiscible organics and many inorganic species. To reuse produced water, removal of both the inorganic dissolved solids and organic compounds is necessary. In this research, the effectiveness of a pretreatment system consisting of surfactant modified zeolite (SMZ) adsorption followed by a membrane bioreactor (MBR) was evaluated for simultaneous removal of carboxylates and hazardous substances, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) from saline-produced water. A laboratory-scale MBR, operated at a 9.6-hour hydraulic residence time, degraded 92% of the carboxylates present in synthetic produced water. When BTEX was introduced simultaneously to the MBR system with the carboxylates, the system achieved 80 to 95% removal of BTEX via biodegradation. These results suggest that simultaneous biodegradation of both BTEX and carboxylate constituents found in produced water is possible. A field test conducted at a produced water disposal facility in Farmington, New Mexico confirmed the laboratory-scale results for the MBR and demonstrated enhanced removal of BTEX using a treatment train consisting of SMZ columns followed by the MBR. While most of the BTEX constituents of the produced water adsorbed onto the SMZ adsorption system, approximately 95% of the BTEX that penetrated the SMZ and entered the MBR was biodegraded in the MBR. Removal rates of acetate (influent concentrations of 120 to 170 mg/L) ranged from 91 to 100%, and total organic carbon (influent concentrations as high as 580 mg/L) ranged from 74 to 92%, respectively. Organic removal in the MBR was accomplished at a low biomass concentration of 1 g/L throughout the field trial. While the transmembrane pressure during the laboratory-scale tests was well-controlled, it rose substantially during the field test, where no pH control was implemented. The results suggest that pretreatment with an SMZ/MBR system can provide substantial removal of organic compounds present in produced water, a necessary first step for many water-reuse applications.     

好氧硝化颗粒污泥膜生物反应器性能和膜污染研究

实验研究了好氧硝化颗粒污泥膜生物反应器AGMBR的处理性能,并将其与活性污泥膜生物反应器ASMBR进行对比,考察了颗粒污泥在减缓膜污染中所起的作用.好氧硝化颗粒污泥膜生物反应器AGMBR连续稳定运行102 d,系统具有良好的去除有机物和同时硝化反硝化能力,在进水COD和NH+4-N浓度分别为500和200 mg/L时,COD、NH+4-N和TN的去除率分别稳定在86%、94%和45%以上.颗粒污泥有效减缓了膜污染,延长了膜清洗的周期,AGMBR中的膜污染以膜孔堵塞为主,占总阻力的64.81%;滤饼层的阻力为2.1×1012m-1,远小于ASMBR中的16.07×10"m-1;膜清洗周期是相同条件下ASMBR的2.43倍以上;而且AGMBR内不断有新颗粒生成,维持了AGMBR系统性能和运行的稳定.     

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification of municipal wastewater in aerobic membrane bioreactors.

Simultaneous nitrification-denitrification (SND) of municipal wastewater was investigated in a laboratory-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) operated at two different hydraulic retention times (HRTs), 0.5 and 1 day, dissolved oxygen 3.0 to 0.5 mg/L, and solids retention time (SRT) between 28 and 120 days. The organic loading rate (OLR) (0.11 to 0.64 kg chemical oxygen demand [COD]/m3/d) and influent soluble COD (SCOD)/ total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) ratio (5 to 19) were varied by the addition of glucose. The ammonia-nitrogen and TKN removals were over 97%, and total nitrogen removal was approximately 89% in the MBR. The maximum specific nitrification rates (98 mg N/d/g VSS) and specific denitrification rates (81 mg N/d/g VSS) occurred at an SCOD/TKN ratio of 9.1. The optimum conditions for maximum total nitrogen removal by SND in a single reactor MBR have been found to be low dissolved oxygen (< 0.6 mg/L) and high OLR (approximately 0.64 kg COD/m3/d) at an HRT of 0.5 day and SRT of approximately 85 days.     

一体式MFC-好氧MBR运行效果及膜污染特性

膜生物反应器(MBR)是一种高效的污水处理工艺,而微生物燃料电池(MFC)能利用NO-3作为电子受体进行脱氮。为解决膜生物反应器(MBR)脱氮效率低和膜污染问题,建立了一套能够进行脱氮、有效抑制膜污染的一体式MFC-好氧MBR新工艺。以开路MFC-MBR反应器为对照,对耦合系统中污水处理效果、膜污染情况进行研究。研究表明,2套系统的COD去除率均超过88%,对NH4-N的去除均达到99%。闭路MFC-MBR系统TN去除率达到69.4%,高于开路系统的55.3%。混合液的MLVSS/MLSS稳定在88%左右,同时耦合系统能够改善污泥混合液的性质,zeta电位的绝对值和粘度较开路系统有所减少,污泥颗粒平均体积粒径(233.482μm)较开路系统(94.877μm)有明显增加,膜清洗周期延长了41.17%。