Industrial symbiosis networks and the contribution to environmental innovation: The case of the Landskrona industrial symbiosis programme

This paper considers the potential contribution of Industrial Symbiosis (IS) networks in fostering environmental innovation at the local or regional level. Drawing on literature from innovation studies and innovation in spatial proximity, we outline three factors that are important for the innovation process and identify where the effects from IS networks can be explored. We use observations from the first IS programme in Sweden to provide examples of previously hypothesised effects. The implications of this inquiry are discussed in terms of design and development of IS programmes and for further research into the innovation effect of IS networks.     

Critical success and limiting factors for eco-industrial parks: global trends and Egyptian context

The trend of clustering industries into regional estates or cities was adopted in the mid 1900’s. At present, the number of industrial estates in the world is estimated to be between 12,000 and 20,000 (UNEP, 1997) and this trend is continuing to rise in both developed and developing countries. The implementation of the EIP concept continues to evolve especially with the environmental threats and impact on climate change that industries pose. However, there is not yet a fully developed EIP that is operating; although some successful examples of regional by-product exchanges are functioning ( [Lowe, 2001], [Peck, 2002], [Lowe et?al., 1995] and [Chertow, 2000]). Actually, a significant number of projects have failed or have abandoned the goal of becoming an EIP. Furthermore the current body of knowledge on industrial ecology is not sufficient to provide practical solutions to the obstacles facing EIPs.This paper is based upon the Ph.D. Doctoral thesis research of D. Sakr. It was prepared to examine means to improve the uptake of cleaner production & industrial symbiosis in industrial areas in Middle East & North Africa Region focusing on Egypt as a case study. An extensive literature review was performed on eco-industrial development projects’ experiences around the world, in order to identify the critical driving and limiting factors for EIPs. This paper summarizes the lessons learned from worldwide EIP experiences as a basis for the planning and implementation of future EIPs. The paper reflects as well upon the Egyptian context for the identified EIP success and limiting factors. The identified key success and limiting factors are: the creation of symbiotic relationship, information sharing and awareness, financial benefits, organizational structure, and legal and regulatory framework.     

Industrial symbiosis contributing to more sustainable energy use - an example from the forest industry in Kymenlaakso, Finland

Industrial symbiosis (IS) studies the physical flows of materials and energy in local industrial systems using a systems approach. In this study the total fuel and energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions are calculated for an ‘industrial park’ operating in the same manner as an IS. Moreover the relevance of industrial symbiosis, particularly one centred on pulp and paper manufacturing, in moving towards more sustainable fuel consumption and reduced greenhouse gas emissions is discussed. The system is compared to hypothetical stand-alone production. Moreover, possibilities to reduce the energy use and total greenhouse gas emissions of the park are identified.     

Industrial symbiosis and the policy instruments of sustainable consumption and production

Industrial symbioses (ISs) and eco-industrial parks (EIPs) are key concepts of industrial ecology (IE). The aim of ISs and EIPs is to minimise inefficient material and energy use by utilising local by-product and energy flows. Industrial symbioses tend to develop through spontaneous action of economic actors, for gaining of economic benefit, but these systems can be designed and promoted via policy instruments as well. A literature review showed that national programmes for eco-industrial parks can be found in different parts of the world. In the action programmes and other sustainable consumption and production (SCP) policy documents of the EU, on the other hand, industrial symbioses gain less recognition as a path to enhanced sustainable production. In this article, we consider this and also analyse how the evolution and environmental performance of an industrial symbiosis system centred on a Finnish pulp and paper mill have been affected by SCP policy instruments. With regard to the system forming the subject of the case study, and Finnish industrial systems in general, policy instruments have succeeded in reducing emissions but not in systematically encouraging operators toward symbiosis-like activities. All in all, few studies exist on the overall impact of policy instruments promoting design of eco-industrial parks. It is not self-evident that symbiosis-like production systems would be sustainable in every case, as the background assumptions for political promotion of EIPs suggest. We concluded that industrial symbioses should be analysed and developed on a life cycle basis, with documentation of the real environmental benefits due to efficient resource use and decreased emissions in comparison to standalone production. ISs can then bring eco-competitiveness to companies in relation to SCP tools, such as environmental permits, ecolabels, and future product regulation based on the Ecodesign Directive in Europe. Indirect encouragement of symbiosis through land-use regulation and planning, in such a way that material fluxes between companies are possible both in operations and in financial terms, may prove effective. The same holds for waste policies that encourage increased reuse of a company’s waste by other enterprises.     

Waste management policies for industrial symbiosis development: case studies in European countries

Industrial symbiosis (IS) emerged as a self-organizing business strategy among firms that are willing to cooperate to improve their economic and environmental performance. The adoption of such cooperative strategies relates to increasing costs of waste management, most of which are driven by policy and legislative requirements.Development of IS depends on an enabling context of social, informational, technological, economical and political factors. The power to influence this context varies among the agents involved such as the government, businesses or coordinating entities. Governmental intervention, as manifested through policies, could influence a wider range of factors; and we believe this is an area which is under-researched.This paper aims to critically appraise the waste policy interventions from supra-national to sub-national levels of government. A case study methodology has been applied to four European countries i.e. Denmark, the UK, Portugal and Switzerland, in which IS emerged or is being fostered.The findings suggest that there are commonalities in policy instruments that may have led to an IS enabling context. The paper concludes with lessons learnt and recommendations on shaping the policy context for IS development.     

环境生态视角下的产业共生理论与实践研究进展

产业共生是推进全球经济可持续发展的创新途径 ,主要实践载体是以高效的能源利用以及优化的资源配置特点的生态工业园区.目前产业共生研究现状中存在整体缺乏系统和深度,缺少可操作性的定量模型和评估方法及理论与产业实际过程的结合分析较少等问题,未来研究应该在总结大量产业共生实践案例的基础上,逐步建立各层面指标体系及量化方法,制定完善评价标准和综合评估技术,为生态工业园共生模式优化、共生网络稳定性和共生效率评估奠定科学依据.     

广州市番禺区工业经济结构与环境质量的优化研究

从经济与环境协调发展的角度出发 ,兼顾工业基础、优势资源 (原材料 )、经济效益、物耗及排污量等要素 ,用环境经济多目标规划法研究广州市番禺区工业结构优化调整。以 1 999年为基准年 ,选取九个主要行业的产值为决策变量 ,设定调整目标 ,建立优化模型。经过运算 ,提出了既可满足经济发展要求 ,又使污染物排放量增加率尽可能降低的番禺区 2 0 1 0年工业结构优化方案     

区域环境承载力与工业布局研究

利用区域环境承载力理论对城市工业布局进行了探讨，提出了工业布局合理度的概念，并将它应用于北海市的城市环境规划之中，对其工业布局现状进行了评价．     

低碳经济背景下我国产业结构升级对策研究

为了实现我国经济的平稳发展,改变以"高消耗、高增长、高污染"的传统经济增长方式,解决资源的过度消耗和温室气体的过量排放等问题,文章从我国产业及内部结构、产业的碳排放量和产业节能率三个方面进行了分析,提出了在低碳经济背景下实现我国产业结构升级的对策。     

重视沿海地区控制工业污染出现的新问题

沿海地区对外开放１５年来，外资、合资、集体、个体企业在工业结构中的比重明显增加。它们均要求有良好的投资环境，依靠社会办企业。新兴工业多集中在城镇附近，厂址不少选在较关键的须加强环境保护的地区，如自然保护区，水源保护区等附近。在此情况下，必须按社会主义市场经济规律征收资源费和排污费等；须加强环境规划，建立环境管理系统，有效控制污染源；为保证受损环境得到恢复，必须加强环境建设和环境投资。     

工业园区环境管理现状及对策研究——以江西省工业园区环境保护为例

以江西省为例,介绍了工业园区的发展现状及其经济发展和污染物排放在全省中的比例,并从环境管理制度建设、机构建设、管理绩效和存在的问题等方面介绍了工业园区环境管理现状。最后提出了加强制度建设、健全机构、分解指标、建立环境统计制度、建设生态工业基础数据库、推进生态工业园区动态核查制度、完善工业园区环境报告书制度等六大措施,落实工业园区管委会环境保护责任,提升管委会环境管理参与度。     

The concept of sustainable islands: cleaner production, industrial ecology and the network paradigm as preconditions for regional sustainable development

This paper introduces a bottom-up approach towards sustainability which is called the Island approach. The basic assumption of ‘Islands of Sustainability’ is that development towards sustainability can be introduced starting from small sustainable regions. An Island is an area where sustainability is reached locally. Key points to create a sustainable region are communication activities, such as exchange of matter, energy, information, culture, capital and persons within the regional network and with the environment. One of the main theses is that sustainability is linked to the complexity of the regional network. The intensity, the speed and the comprehensive of internal and external interactions, as well as the connectedness of the regional network, have to be changed in order to reach local sustainability.Relations between different approaches such as the Cleaner Production approach, the Industrial Ecology approach and the Island approach are investigated. It is assumed that a combination of these approaches will lead to sustainability, which might not be the case with one approach in isolation. All concepts are based on the new Network Paradigm, which is a reduction of the holistic world view. Cooperation on different hierarchical levels, from the interfirm level up to the interregional level, becomes an important part of behaviour. Networks, such as information networks or matter-flow networks, are introduced and become most important with regard to sustainability.     

中国水资源利用效率评估及区域差异研究

水资源危机、水环境恶化已成为我国所面临的严峻挑战,对我国的水资源利用效率进行科学合理的评价,并且讨论造成区域差异的影响因素显得尤为迫切。在全要素生产框架下,将环境要素纳入到效率分析中,利用数据包络分析模型,采用省级层面统计数据,以资本、劳动力和水资源使用量为投入,以国内生产总值与废水排放量为产出,计算我国2000~2011年区域水资源利用效率。研究发现,在时间序列上,我国各省份之间的用水效率差距逐年增大;在空间上,我国的水资源利用效率存在明显的东、中、西部区域差异。进一步研究发现,产业结构、经济发展水平、水资源禀赋、水的基础设施投入对区域水资源利用效率均有显著影响,而水价并没有对水资源利用效率产生显著影响。     

能源资源开发与区域经济发展协调研究——以我国西北地区为例

本文探讨了能源资源富集、但经济发展相对落后的经济大区能源资源开发同地区经济协调发展的问题。侧重以我国西北地区为例,从实证的角度,阐述了能源开发对地区经济繁荣的意义和作用、富能地区经济系统的空间组织以及推动能源开发同可持续发展相互协调的区域政策要点。     

自然资源结构在地区产业结构演进中的宏观作用——以环渤海地区为例

在我国产业结构演进的现阶段和今后较长的时期中,地区自然资源结构仍然是影响产业结构的关键因素之一。本文分别从时间、空间和结构等三种尺度,分析了自然资源结构在地区产业结构演进中的宏观作用。主要包括:自然资源结构在产业结构发展不同阶段的作用程度和形式;地区内部区域间自然资源结构的差异性和地区间自然资源结构的互补性对制定地区产业发展总体和区域战略的主要影响;不同自然资源结构形式与产业结构组织的可能性和合理性的相互关系。     

自然资源结构在地区产业结构演进中的宏观作用——以环渤海地区为例

在我国产业结构演进的现阶段和今后较长的时期中,地区自然资源结构仍然是影响产业结构的关键因素之一。本文分别从时间、空间和结构等三种尺度,分析了自然资源结构在地区产业结构演进中的宏观作用。主要包括:自然资源结构在产业结构发展不同阶段的作用程度和形式;地区内部区域间自然资源结构的差异性和地区间自然资源结构的互补性对制定地区产业发展总体和区域战略的主要影响;不同自然资源结构形式与产业结构组织的可能性和合理性的相互关系。     

淮河下游小流域空间开发功能分区研究-以江苏沿海地区为例

基于区域开发与水环境保护的相互作用关系,以江苏沿海地区某小流域为研究对象,在流域层面上,建立定性与定量相结合,环境、经济、社会紧密结合的区域分析方法。选取水体使用功能、水质目标、清水通道、水体通达性、现状水质达标情况5项指标,将流域分为强约束区、较强约束区、中等约束区、弱约束区4类空间开发功能区。以此为依据,对各分区针对性提出了空间开发和产业发展的导向。其中水环境约束较弱的地区可以适当布局酿造、造纸、化工等水污染物排放量相对较大的产业;水环境约束较强的地区需要严格控制乃至禁止水污染物排放量大的产业,而适度发展编织品制造等不排水的农副产品加工业,或清洁生产水平先进、中水回用率高、排水量小的家具制造、木材加工等。     

市场一体化的工业污染排放机制:长江经济带例证

采用长江经济带2003~2015年105个城市面板数据,利用动态面板系统GMM方法探讨了市场一体化影响长江经济带工业二氧化硫、工业烟尘以及工业废水的实证结果及中间机制.研究表明：长江经济带各类工业污染物排放都具有动态累积效应以及存在路径依赖问题,市场规模加剧了工业污染排放,第三产业结构比例以及技术水平的提升则降低了各类工业污染排放水平,市场一体化存在影响各类工业污染物排放的规模、结构与技术传导路径.具体地,全样本中,市场一体化对各类工业污染排放物都具有技术中介效应,对于除工业烟尘之外的其他工业污染物排放具有市场规模中介效应,但第三产业结构中介效应不显著;分析区域异质性可知,与中下游地区相比,长江经济带上游地区市场一体化水平偏低,导致其对技术进步的促进不显著,缺乏影响各类工业污染物排放的技术中介效应,另外市场一体化对各地区工业烟尘的排放都具有一定的显著中介效应,至少能够从规模、结构以及技术进步层面找到一条显著的传导路径.本文推测,市场一体化对工业污染排放的影响可能受到了经济发展阶段、地区企业所有权属性、产业结构以及交通基础设施建设等潜在因素影响,而且工业烟尘排放量较大的行业是未来降低长江经济带工业污染排放的政策重点.     

论昆山市产业结构调整的环境约束

以昆山市经济发展、产业结构调整的实际情况为依据,从土地资源、水环境、大气环境、社会环境等方面,研究产业结构调整的环境约束,并提出如何提高土地效益、保护水源地、控制水环境污染、建立严格的环境管治、控制人口增长、提升劳动力素质和进行投资转型的发展策略,以此优化产业结构,促进经济发展.     

工业生态学视角下的环境信息披露研究

随着人类社会的发展,工业生产与环境污染之间的问题日益突出,工业生态学将工业社会视为一个生态系统,成为人类实现可持续发展的重要途径。本文研究了环境信息披露的有关内容,提出了工业生态学指导下的环境信息披露涵义,重点要披露生态系统下企业间合作的环境信息,同时就如何加强我国环境信息披露提出了相关建议。