污水源热泵机组性能的研究

利用热泵系统回收城市污水中的热能，既开发了一种清洁能源，同时又降低了城市废热的排放，保护了环境。通过对以水源热泵为中心设备的污水热能回收与利用实验装置冬季供暖工况的实验研究，考察了热泵机组在以污水（模拟）为热源时的工作性能，测得热泵机组性能系数为2．61。     

离子交换富集回收生活污水超滤膜滤后出水的氨氮

利用离子交换实现生活污水超滤膜滤后出水中低浓度氨氮的富集回收。通过静态实验,考察了pH波动、阳离子存在(Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+))和离子吸收剂种类对氨氮回收利用的影响。钙、镁离子显著降低了强酸树脂和改性沸石的氨氮吸收量,而对天然沸石影响较小。实际生活污水经超滤膜去除碳源后出水的柱式动态实验表明,污水中钙、镁等阳离子的存在极大抑制了强酸树脂的氨氮富集效果,而天然沸石虽然具有吸收选择性,但吸收量低、难以解吸完全。实现膜浓缩出水中低浓度氨氮高效回收利用,需要找到兼备良好选择性和再生性能的吸收剂,或者研发适当的预处理技术消除杂质阳离子的干扰。     

侧流磷回收强化低碳源污水脱氮除磷效果的模拟与实验研究

以实验室营养物(BNR)去除工艺为研究对象,通过模拟预测与实验验证,对侧流磷回收强化低碳源污水脱氮除磷效果的影响进行研究.实验结果与模拟预测均显示,在低碳源生活污水(BOD5/TKN=3.2,COD/TKN=4.8,COD/TP=48.9)前提下,厌氧上清液侧流磷沉淀/回收可以使得出水氮、磷达标(TP≤0.5 mg P/L、TN≤15 mg N/L).研究结果表明,侧流磷回收可以相对提高后续生物脱氮除磷所需C/N、C/P比,从而强化低碳源污水生物营养物去除效果.模拟预测与实验验证几乎一致的结果表明,数学模拟技术完全可以取代传统实验,对所关心的工艺运行问题进行准确预测.     

基于膜分离的原污水碳源浓缩与能量平衡分析

将污水中蕴含大量的有机物收集浓缩转化成甲烷等可利用能源,是污水资源化利用的重要方式。利用膜分离作用,将原污水的有机物直接收集浓缩,并探索最佳运行参数和操作策略。结果表明,截留有机物停留时间为3～4 d较合适,耗氧污染物(以COD计)回收率超过90%。能量平衡分析显示,通过回收有机物转化为甲烷能量为0.087 6 kW·h^-1·m^-3,回收量占总能耗的33%。中孔纤维膜表面形成的吸附性滤饼层阻止有机物与膜紧密结合,提高了膜分离效率。进一步解析了膜污染控制机理,以探索提高耗氧污染物(以COD计)浓缩效率的优化方案。本研究结果可为污水碳源捕获方法的研究提供参考,对城市水务行业碳减排工作有积极意义。     

污水中磷的回收和利用途径

综述了近年来污水中磷回收的主要技术方法,重点针对磷酸铵镁结晶法,对磷酸铵镁的形成、用途及该方法的可行性做了详细的介绍与评述.同时,阐述了利用磷酸盐溶解微生物,实现磷产品肥效的回收.并对今后磷回收、回用工作的开展,提出了建议.     

粉煤灰在水厂污泥处理和处置中的作用研究

在水厂污泥水中加入电厂粉煤灰,不需再添加其他材料,即可以很好地改善水厂污泥的脱水性能.细粉煤灰最佳投加量为20%,粗粉煤灰最佳投加量为30%,不但可以节约能耗,粉煤灰有了新的出路,干化污泥对环境友好,而且还能制成低热值燃料作焚烧处置,回收部分热能.     

造纸黑液碱回收的技术和经济评述

造纸黑液碱回收是当今治理造纸工业污染的最主要途径.近十年来,在碱回收技术的研究和开发上取得不少成就.在此,根据有关资料,对其主要技术线路和经济效益进行评述.1 燃烧法碱回收技术1.1 基本原理燃烧法减回收技术由于开发最早,故常被称作传统法碱回收技术.该技术的基本原理为:采用将黑液中有机物烧掉的办法以消除污染,并达到回收碱和热能的目的.碱回收共包括:提取、蒸发、燃烧、苛化和石灰回收等五个生产工序,简要工艺流程见图1.     

城市生活污水处理后回用作热电厂循环冷却水的可行性研究

选用适合热电厂特点的水处理剂,利用静态试验,动态模拟试验手段,对城市生活污水回用于热电厂循环冷却水系统中的复配药剂的阻垢缓蚀性能进行了研究.通过试验表明,污水回用是可行的,为城市生活污水回用于热电厂循环冷却水系统工程提供了可靠的参数.     

天津市污水再生利用经验与现状分析

对天津市污水再生利用发展现状进行了分析,总结了以双膜工艺为核心的天津污水再生利用工艺的运行管理经验.在上述基础上分析了天津市污水再生利用中存在的问题,并针对推动再生水产业发展提出总体对策,为我国再生水技术和行业的发展提供参考.     

新型潮汐流人工湿地在分散型生活污水处理中的应用研究

为了克服人工湿地存在的供氧能力不足、总化学需氧量(TCOD)去除率不高及生物硝化不完全等问题,采用新型的潮汐流人工湿地(TF-CWs)处理分散型生活污水。TF-CWs由四级人工湿地构成,以潮汐流方式运行(运行周期为8h),以提高DO供给量;并以从建筑固体废弃物中回收的砾石和粉煤灰为填料,以强化除磷效果。结果表明,出水水质基本满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)一级A标准,其中NH+4-N、TP的达标率均为100%,TCOD的达标率为98.31%;TF-CWs采用潮汐流方式运行,提高了DO供给能力,强化了对NH+4-N和TCOD的去除效果,其平均去除率分别达到96.78%、86.98%;以建筑固体废弃物粉煤灰砖制成的粉煤灰颗粒为填料的人工湿地对磷的吸附性能良好。TF-CWs可作为分散型生活污水的有效处理工艺之一,而且为建筑固体废弃物的资源化利用提供了新途径。     

苏州污水处理厂污泥干化工艺方案的比选

污泥处理及其处置所面临的重要问题之一,就是如何对城市污水处理厂产生的污泥进行有效减容,尽量降低对外部能源的需求。文中在掌握国内外污泥干化主要工艺技术的基础上,针对某城市污水处理厂的污泥干化工程,拟对采用燃煤烟气干燥、污泥消化一干化一体化、太阳能热泵干燥等三种不同污泥干化工艺进行物料、能量工艺核算。并在此基础上,计算初期投资与15年的运行费用总和。通过对燃料价格、环保和安全等影响因素的研究,分析比较了五种供热系统,以太阳能热泵供热系统为最优,值得大力推广和应用。     

Anaerobic codigestion of municipal, farm, and industrial organic wastes: a survey of recent literature.

Codigestion of organic wastes is a technology that is increasingly being applied for simultaneous treatment of several solid and liquid organic wastes. The main advantages of this technology are improved methane yield because of the supply of additional nutrients from the codigestates and more efficient use of equipment and cost-sharing by processing multiple waste streams in a single facility. Many municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in industrialized countries currently process wastewater sludge in large digesters. Codigestion of organic wastes with municipal wastewater sludge can increase digester gas production and provide savings in the overall energy costs of plant operations. Methane recovery also helps to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. The goal of this literature survey was to summarize the research conducted in the last four years on anaerobic codigestion to identify applications of codigestion at WWTPs. Because the solids content in municipal wastewater sludge is low, this survey only focuses on codigestion processes operated at relative low solids content (slurry mode). Semi-solid or solid codigestion processes were not included. Municipal wastewater sludge, the organic fraction of municipal solid waste, and cattle manure (CAM) are the main wastes most often used in codigestion processes. Wastes that are codigested with these main wastes are wood wastes, industrial organic wastes, and farm wastes. These are referred to in this survey as codigestates. The literature provides many laboratory studies (batch assays and bench-scale digesters) that assess the digestibility of codigestates and evaluate the performance and monitoring of codigestion, inhibition of digestion by codigestates, the design of the process (e.g., single-stage or two-stage processes), and the operation temperature (e.g., mesophilic or thermophilic). Only a few reports on pilot- and full-scale studies were found. These evaluate general process performance and pretreatment of codigestates, energy production, and treatment costs.     

Applicability of energy-positive net-zero water management in Alaska: technology status and case study

Challenges of water and wastewater management in Alaska include the potential need for above-grade and freeze-protected piping, high unit energy costs and, in many rural areas, low population density and median annual income. However, recently developed net-zero water (NZW), i.e., nearly closed-loop, direct potable water reuse systems, can retain the thermal energy in municipal wastewater, producing warm treated potable water without the need for substantial water re-heating, heat pumping or transfer, or additional energy conversion. Consequently, these systems are projected to be capable of saving more energy than they use in water treatment and conveyance, in the temperate USA. In this paper, NZW technology is reviewed in terms of potential applicability in Alaska by performing a hypothetical case study for the city of Fairbanks, Alaska. Results of this paper study indicate that in municipalities of Alaska with local engineering and road access, the use of NZW systems may provide an energy-efficient water service option. In particular, case study modeling suggests hot water energy savings are equivalent to five times the energy used for treatment, much greater savings than in mid-latitudes, due largely to the substantially higher energy needed for heating water from a conventional treatment system and lack of need for freeze-protected piping. Further study of the applicability of NZW technology in cold regions, with expanded evaluation in terms of system-wide lifecycle cost, is recommended.     

Landfill leachates and wastewater of maritime origin as possible sources of endocrine disruptors in municipal wastewater

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this study, wastewater from municipal services, such as a port wastewater reception facility (PRF-WW) and a municipal solid waste plant (MSWP), was...     

中国城市污水强化一级处理研究现状与进展

综述了近年来中国城市污水强化一级处理的一些技术方法：化学强化一级处理；生物絮凝吸附强化一级处理；化学一生物联合絮凝强化一级处理。结合当前中国城市水污染控制现状以及亟待解决的突出问题，阐述了城市污水强化一级处理的重要性，同时提出了城市污水强化处理的建议和对策。     

城市污水中有关新型微污染物PPCPs归趋研究的进展

药品和个人护理用品 (PPCPs) 是最近十年引起关注的新型有机微量污染物,其引起的环境安全风险受到人们越来越多的关注。一些研究发现,城市污水处理厂出水中存在着一定浓度的PPCPs,城市污水排放是PPCPs进入环境的一条重要途径。从城市污水中PPCPs的分析方法、迁移转化和减量化技术研究等三个方面综述了有关PPCPs在城市污水中归趋的研究进展,介绍了我国城市污水中PPCPs的研究现状;并对在我国进行相关研究提出了建议,以期推动相关研究的开展。     

南京市某城镇污水处理厂运行问题分析及对策

随着大量污水处理厂的建成投运,中国污水处理事业的重心必然会从以建设为主转向建设与运行并重,运行管理将发挥越来越重要的作用。文中以南京市某城镇污水处理厂为例,分析该污水处理厂运行过程COD、NH^3-N排放超标问题,并提出对策(健全配套污水收集管网,提升工艺参数DO、NO^3-、NO^2-的控制水平,规范运行台账管理等),以期为其他城镇污水处理厂的运行管理提供参考。     

城市生活污水厌氧生物处理发展现状

回顾了国内外污水厌氧生物处理工艺的发展情况,着重分析了中国城市污水的特点以及厌氧生物处理工艺在城市生活污水处理中的应用情况。     

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification with anoxic phosphorus uptake in a membrane bioreactor system.

The performance of an innovative membrane bioreactor (MBR) process using anoxic phosphorus uptake with nitrification and denitrification for the treatment of municipal wastewater with respect to operational performance and effluent quality is addressed in this paper. The system was operated at steady-state conditions with a synthetic acetate-based wastewater at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 12 hours and on degritted municipal wastewater at a total system HRT of 6 hours. The MBR system was able to achieve 99% biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and ammonia-nitrogen (NH4(+)-N); 98% total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN); and 97% phosphorus removal, producing effluent BOD, COD, NH4+-N, TKN, nitrate-nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen, and phosphate-phosphorus of <3, 14, 0.2, 0.26, 5.8, 0.21, and <0.01 mg/L, respectively, at the 6-hour HRT. The comparison of the synthetic and municipal wastewater run is presented in this paper. Steady-state mass balance on municipal wastewater was performed to reveal some key features of the modified MBR system.