甘肃碌曲夏季鸟类群落结构与多样性

2016—2019年对甘肃省碌曲县夏季鸟类多样性进行调查,共记录到鸟类15目38科125种。其中,国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类3种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类6种。有4种调查鸟类被《中国脊椎动物红色名录》列为易危(VU)等级,6种被列为近危(NT)等级。依据居留型可将调查鸟类划分为留鸟(56种)、夏候鸟(51种)、旅鸟(14种)和冬候鸟(4种)。根据《中国动物地理》,繁殖鸟类中以古北界鸟类为主,兼有东洋界鸟类,种数居于前列的几种类型分别为古北型(23种)、喜马拉雅-横断山区型(18种)、不易归类的分布型(13种)、全北型(17种)、高地型(12种)和东洋型(10种)。该结果与碌曲处于东洋界和古北界过渡地带有关,充分体现了碌曲动物区系属古北界青藏高原区青海藏南亚区的基本特征。不同生境群落结构中,草原生境鸟类物种数最多,为71种,其次为乔木林生境,为61种,物种数最少的是河流生境,为39种。Shannon-Wiener多样性最高的生境是乔木林生境,其次是湖泊生境,灌丛生境最低。Simpson多样性最高的生境是湖泊生境,其次是乔木林生境,灌丛生境最低。G-F指数表明2016—2019年,整个调查区鸟类在科、属水平上的多样性较高。今后应加强对尕海湿地生态系统和则岔森林生态系统的保护以维护碌曲鸟类物种多样性。     

甘肃玉门地区繁殖期鸟类多样性及年度变化

2013年4月至2019年6月,采用样线法对玉门地区鸟类进行调查,共记录鸟类17目36科97种,其中水鸟46种,国家Ⅰ级保护鸟类1种,国家Ⅱ级保护鸟类10种。就居留型而言,夏候鸟(53种)和留鸟种数(23种)分别占鸟类总种数的54.64%和23.71%。各年度鸟类居留型组成略有差异,但差异不显著(F_(2,20)=1.385,P=0.296)。4种生境中,湿地生境鸟类物种多样性最高,村落生境最低;农田疏林和村落生境相似性指数最高,湿地和村落生境最低。湿地和荒漠生境鸟类多样性指数、均匀度指数与其他生境之间均呈显著差异(P0.05);农田疏林生境鸟类多样性指数、均匀度与村落生境之间无显著差异(P=0.065)。相关性分析发现,4—5月玉门地区平均降水量与鸟类多样性指数、均匀度指数之间相关不显著(r=0.02,P0.05;r=-0.070,P0.05),而4—5月均温与鸟类多样性指数之间呈显著正相关(r=0.879,P0.05)。玉门地区繁殖期鸟类群落变化总体平稳,年间波动幅度小。     

天祝夏玛林场不同生境夏季鸟类多样性

鸟类作为生命系统的一个重要类群,对维持生态系统的平衡具有重要意义。天祝县位于青藏高原东北边缘地带,植被群落多样,为鸟类提供了多样的栖息环境。为了解栖息于该地的夏季繁殖鸟类多样性状况,于2014—2019年6—7月采用固定样线法对甘肃省天祝县夏玛地区鸟类进行观测。共记录到鸟类77种,隶属于8目26科。其中,留鸟48种,夏候鸟29种;国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类1种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类7种;中国脊椎动物红色名录等级中的易危(VU)等级1种。不同生境鸟类群落结构在种数、多样性指数和均匀度上均以林地生境(59种,3.940 58,0.694 69)为最高,高山裸岩生境(9种,2.598 06,0.458 02)最低。采用广义线性混合模型对天祝地区不同生境不同海拔观测到的鸟种数和数量进行相关性分析,结果表明随着海拔升高,鸟种数显著下降(P0.001)。由于人类活动对该区生态环境的持续破坏,鸟类栖息地质量和面积受到不利影响,鸟类观测与保护工作任重道远。     

浙江省开化县钱江源国家公园及周边区域的鸟类多样性

于2015年夏季和冬季,采用样线法对浙江开化县钱江源国家公园及周边区域的鸟类多样性进行调查,共记录鸟类12目39科112种,其中国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类9种。两季总体而言留鸟种数最多,占鸟类物种总数的57. 14%,夏候鸟和冬候鸟各占19. 64%。夏季留鸟(67. 90%)比例高于冬季(61. 25%)。区系方面,东洋界最多(57. 14%),其次为古北界(38. 39%),夏季东洋界鸟类(70. 37%)比例高于冬季(52. 50%)。钱江源国家公园的物种数和物种多样性高于周边区域。夏季农田村庄(农田村庄周边分布有丘陵)和城镇用地的多样性指数和物种数较高,次生林优势度指数最高;冬季鸟类多样性指数和物种数最高的生境是农田村庄,物种数最低的生境为天然林。研究结果表明,中度干扰强度的生境(周边有丘陵的农田村庄)对鸟类多样性的保护起重要作用,而天然原生林对保护濒危鸡形目鸟类起重要作用,因此这2种生境均应得到很好的保护。     

黄河三角洲自然保护区秋冬季水鸟群落组成与生境关系分析

于2014年10月至2015年1月采用样线调查法对黄河三角洲自然保护区秋季迁徙期和越冬期水鸟群落结构进行调查研究,调查共包括8条样线40个观测点.结果表明:(1)秋季迁徙期共记录水鸟6目14科54种,国家Ⅰ级保护鸟类5种,国家Ⅱ级保护鸟类8种;越冬期共记录水鸟5目7科31种,国家Ⅰ级保护鸟类1种,国家Ⅱ级保护鸟类4种.(2)2个时期雁形目水鸟种类和数量均占优势,豆雁(Anser fabalis)、斑嘴鸭(Anas poecilorhycha)、赤膀鸭(Anas strepera)和绿头鸭(Anas platyrhynchos)为优势物种,丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)、东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana)和大大鹅(Cygnus cygnus)等珍稀水鸟也有一定的种群数量.(3)秋季迁徙期水鸟种数、数量和ShannonWiener多样性指数多于或高于越冬期.(4)5种典型生境之间水鸟种类和数量存在差异,天然水域是水鸟群落的主要分布区.(5)自然生境内的水鸟种数、数量和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数一般多于或高于人工生境.相似性分析结果表明,自然生境之间水鸟群落结构相似程度高于人工生境.     

河北沽源夏季鸟类群落多样性

为查明坝上高原沽源地区夏季鸟类群落现状,于2016—2019年每年的6月和7月,采用样线和样点法,对河北沽源夏季鸟类进行调查。结果表明:共记录鸟类15目40科138种,鸟类数量28 401只次。物种组成以雀形目鸟类为主,共21科66种20 049只次;居留型以夏候鸟(57种,占41.30%)和旅鸟(42种,占30.43%)居多;优势种为斑嘴鸭(Anas zonorhyncha)和栗耳鹀(Emberiza fucata);国家Ⅰ级保护鸟类1种,国家Ⅱ级保护鸟类7种,"三有动物"108种,世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)濒危物种1种,易危物种2种,近危物种5种。在不同生境,落叶阔叶林Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')(3.107)最高,城镇Pielou均匀度指数(J)(0.808)最高;鸟类群落S?rensen相似性显示:草本沼泽和大型湖泊生境的鸟类组成比较相近,落叶阔叶林和城镇生境的鸟类组成差异较大;各生境之间鸟类群落beta多样性周转组分均明显高于嵌套分组。研究表明沽源的落叶阔叶林、大型湖泊和小型湖泊这3种生境具有较稳定的群落结构,应成为鸟类保护的重点关注区域,同时还应控制人为干扰。     

陕西陇县关山繁殖鸟类群落多样性研究

于2016—2018年4—6月采用样线法对关山地区繁殖鸟类群落多样性进行调查。结果表明,关山地区共分布有繁殖鸟类142种,隶属于14目42科;呈古北界与东洋界鸟类并存的区系特征。研究区鸟类群落多样性指数为3.985 6,均匀度指数为0.804 2,优势度指数为0.030 2。根据植被和海拔不同,将调查区域分为低海拔农耕带、中海拔落叶阔叶林带、中高海拔针阔叶混交林带和高海拔亚高山草甸带4个生境带。其中,中海拔落叶阔叶林带鸟类种类最多,群落多样性和均匀度指数也最高;中高海拔针阔叶混交林带鸟类密度最高;高海拔亚高山草甸带鸟类优势度指数最高。相邻生境带相似性指数普遍高于相间隔生境带。不同生境带鸟类物种丰富度有一定差异,但整个研究区和同一生境带鸟类物种丰富度年际间变化不明显。不同生境带优势种组成不同,且不同年份基本无变化。根据各种鸟类食性不同,可将其分为4个取食集团。物种丰富度与海拔梯度的关系表明中海拔地区鸟类丰富度最高。陇县关山是部分鸟类迁移交流和迁徙的重要通道,通过对研究区繁殖鸟类群落结构组成和多样性的分析,可为研究区鸟类多样性保护提供相关基础资料。     

白龟湖自然保护区冬季鸟类多样性分析

鸟类是湿地生态系统的重要组成成分,也被认为是最好的生物指示物种。2019年12月至2021年12月采用样线法和样点法对白龟湖自然保护区鸟类多样性进行调查,共记录到鸟类94种,隶属于13目34科。其中,国家Ⅰ级保护动物2种,国家Ⅱ级保护动物11种,河南省重点保护鸟类4种。自然保护区内鸟类Shannon-Wiener指数(H)为3.71,均匀度指数(J)为0.57,Simpson指数(D)为0.84,Margalef指数(M)为9.73,优势种为白骨顶(Fulica atra)。IUCN红色名录濒危等级中极危1种,濒危2种,近危2种,易危1种。东洋界、古北界和广布种鸟类分别为9、34和51种。冬候鸟、夏候鸟、留鸟和旅鸟分别为30、9、26和29种。不同生境中多样性指数也有所不同,H、J和D指数均以乡村农田、人工灌木丛和公园生境为较高,以湖泊、河流河汊和石滩滩涂生境为较低;但M指数以湖泊、乡村农田和河流河汊生境为较高,以公园、人工灌木丛和石滩滩涂生境为较低。此次调查不仅丰富了白龟湖自然保护区鸟类名录,而且为保护该湿地冬季鸟类提供了科学依据。     

连云港市4个河口湿地越冬水鸟群落结构及多样性

连云港市地处东亚-澳大利西亚鸟类迁徙的重要通道上,是水鸟的重要停歇地和越冬地。分别于2016—2018年冬季,对连云港市临洪河口、青口河口、兴庄河口和埒子河口湿地水鸟多样性进行调查。共记录水鸟47种,隶属于8目12科;其中,冬候鸟37种(占总种数的78.72%),留鸟5种(占10.64%),旅鸟5种(占10.64%);有国家Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类各1种,累计共有5种水鸟的单次调查数量超过该物种全球种群数量1%的标准。不同年份间水鸟物种数和数量不同,2017年种类和数量均最多,2016年种类最少,2018年数量最少。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均以2017年为最高,2018年居中,2016年最低;而2016年Simpson优势度指数最高。4个河口间水鸟物种数和多样性指数差异不显著,但水鸟数量和密度差异显著(P均0.001)。河口间水鸟相似性指数(≥0.600)均较高,其中,兴庄河口和埓子河口水鸟相似性指数(0.714)最高。研究结果表明连云港市滨海湿地是重要的水鸟越冬地,且不同河口水鸟多样性受各区域的围垦、开发建设和生境改变等因素影响。针对越冬水鸟资源及栖息地保护和管理提出了合理建议。     

贡嘎山鸟类的多样性、分布及区系

鸟类是环境质量的指示物种,开展鸟类多样性的研究有助于了解区域生物多样性的现状和格局,为生物多样性的保护和管理提供科学参考. 2011-2018年采用固定样线法并辅以红外相机拍摄法,对贡嘎山东坡和西坡的鸟类进行调查.共记录到鸟类259种,隶属14目52科.其中非雀形目13目15科63种,雀形目37科196种,国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类5种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类20种,中国特有鸟类15种.贡嘎山区域以留鸟为主,达179种(占69.1%),夏候鸟63种,冬候鸟9种,旅鸟8种;鸟类多样性整体上呈现中锋分布模式,即以中海拔带鸟类的多样性最为丰富.东西坡鸟类的多样性和区系差异较大,东坡鸟类多样性高于西坡,虽均以东洋界物种为主,但古北界鸟种在西坡所占的比例高于东坡.本研究为贡嘎山自然保护区增加鸟类新纪录11种.(图1表4参28)     

中国水稻土碳循环研究进展

文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象，说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程，水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域，即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡，从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

森林土壤固碳机理研究进展

全球碳平衡中,土壤有机碳储量为2000 Pg,植被碳储量500 Pg,大气碳储量785 Pg,土壤中有机碳变化是影响大气温室气体含量的重要因素。中国人工林总量世界第一,可以通过造林树种的选择,增加森林土壤的碳汇功能,它主要通过4种机理来实现,包括稳定性有机-矿物复合体的形成、持久性封存的深层碳的增加、耐分解有机物成份的积累、以及土壤团聚体结构中碳的物理性保护。中国近年来对木材的需求上升,导致大量短轮伐期人工林的种植,采伐、火烧炼山、施肥与整地等营林措施对土壤碳汇功能形成重大影响。因而,通过加强对中国人工林土壤固碳机理的研究,通过人为措施实现具有较强固碳能力的森林类型,从而提高人工森林生态系统的固碳能力,它对中国减排增汇战略具有重要意义,而加强对不同营林措施对碳汇功能影响的研究是中国当前面临的重大课题。     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.     

中国公众参与环境管理的研究

回顾了中国公众参与环境管理的发展历程,分析了公众参与环境管理存在的问题。针对公众参与环境保护管理的有效性的影响因子,例如主观因素、传统背景、时效因素及执行技巧等进行一系列的探讨,并根据公众参与计划的设计构思、公众参与计划的关键两方面的讨论,提出增加公众参与环境保护管理有效性的一些建议。     

Environmental education in comprehensive schools in Greece

The new institution of comprehensive high school, in Greece today, aims to relate the school with the natural, social, economical and cultural environment. In this frame of process, interrelation and dynamic contact of school with the holistic environment, the subject “Ecology and Environment”; of the 2nd class (16–17 years old), informs, sensitizes and activizes the anxious young generation. The textbook of the subject determines and analyzes the human impact and their consequences to the natural ecosystems. In the total content there are also numerous examples from the natural, man‐made and cultural environment of Greece.     

生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用

综合评述了生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用研究进展和热点问题,并进行了展望。国际上十分重视水层-底栖界面耦合过程的研究并已有一定基础,生物扰动作为海洋生态学的重要内容之一早在20世纪50—60年代就已开展了工作,但直到10余年前才真正开始定量研究,进入了实验模拟、现场观测与建立模型相结合的新阶段。国内的生物扰动研究尚处于起步阶段,加上技术方法落后,一直未能取得突破性进展。目前国内外关于水层-底栖界面生物扰动效应研究基本上都在海洋中开展,尤其在河口、近岸和浅海水域进行,湖泊和河流研究明显薄弱。作为水生态动力学的重要分支和前沿领域,生物扰动研究具有广阔前景。急需针对我国水域特点,引进先进的现场观测和室内测试手段,进一步揭示水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动机制,更精准和更详细地掌握水域中各种物质的生物地球化学循环的全过程,为控制水体内源污染释放、富营养化治理和生态建模等提供科学依据。     

Variation in male courtship costs in butterflies

A cost of mating is common to both sexes but has predominantly been examined in females. In species where males provide resources to females at copulation, male mating costs are expected to be high as nutrient provisioning enhancing female fecundity is assumed to carry costs. In addition, males frequently court females prior to mating, which is known to carry survival costs to both sexes. However, the magnitude and basis of variation in males’ mating costs remains largely unknown. Here, I examine the effect of nutrient provisioning and courtship on male longevity across full-sib families in the paternally investing green-veined white butterfly, Pieris napi. Copulating males suffered a survival cost as did courting males prevented from copulating, indicating the courtship component of mating is costly. Male P. napi release aphrodisiacs during courtship to promote mating, indicating that these compounds may also be costly to produce. Contrary to expectation, nutrient provisioning was not associated with reduced survival relative to males only allowed to court females, although it is possible that this could be masked by the potentially elevated courtship rates of courting males relative to mating males. Families differed in magnitude of reduced male survivorship, indicating a likely genetic basis to variation in costs of courtship and copulation. Male weight was unrelated to longevity and mating success, whereas longevity strongly influenced male mating success, indicating lifespan is an important male fitness trait in this species.     

Is the antipredatory response in behaviour reflected in stress measured in faecal corticosteroids in a small rodent?

Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.