污泥回流对流化床生物膜—A/O活性污泥耦合工艺的影响研究

设计一套流化床生物膜(MBBR)—A/O活性污泥耦合装置处理城镇污水,考察了污泥回流对耦合工艺处理效率的影响,研究了系统中生物膜相和悬浮相微生物在有机物降解和脱氮反应中的活性差异。实验结果表明,当系统进水COD在200~400mg/L,进水氨氮在8.0~32.0mg/L,污泥回流比为1/8时,水力停留时间为12.4h,系统COD去除率平均值达81.4%,TN去除率平均值达70.6%,系统对较难降解城镇污水的处理具有明显的技术优势。污泥回流降低了生物膜相微生物的活性,而提高了悬浮相微生物活性,但生物膜相微生物活性速率仍高于悬浮相微生物活性。与传统活性污泥工艺相比,MBBR—A/O活性污泥耦合工艺将高活性生物膜引入,使悬浮污泥浓度极大降低,有助于减少污泥回流能耗与处理成本,具有明显应用价值。     

低温条件下硝化污泥的驯化

为了在低温13～14％下取得较好的硝化效果，分3个温度阶段25℃，16～17℃，13—14℃对活性污泥进行了驯化培养，研究了进水氨氮浓度和混合液COD对硝化污泥的影响。实验结果表明，硝化污泥经过驯化培养后，氨氮去除率可达80％以上，且在DO浓度为2ing／L，pH为6．7～7．5，进水氨氮为300mg／L，混合液COD为80mg／L条件下，硝化污泥能取得较快的增长，氨氮平均去除率可达89％。     

混合液氨氮浓度对短程硝化影响的数学模拟和实验研究

通过调节进水流量,维持混合液氨氮浓度在某一设定值,在保持混合液中挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)浓度稳定的条件下,采用数学模拟和实验方法研究混合液氨氮浓度对短程硝化的影响。数学模拟结果表明,维持一定的混合液氨氮浓度对实现短程硝化有帮助,较低温和较高DO条件下,可通过提高混合液氨氮浓度来实现短程硝化;混合液DO分别为0.6、1.5、3.0mg/L的条件下,20℃时需要维持混合液氨氮分别为2.0、3.0、5.0mg/L以上才能达到100%的亚硝酸盐氮累积率,维持短程硝化,10℃时则需要维持混合液氨氮分别为5.0、30.0、30.0mg/L以上。实验结果表明,在混合液DO为1.5mg/L条件下,通过调节进水流量维持混合液氨氮为20.0mg/L,实现了短程硝化过程,初步证明了数学模拟的结论。     

常温低基质厌氧氨氧化反应器启动及其稳定性

以上向流生物滤池为反应器,以实验室内氧化沟回流污泥为接种污泥,采用先培育好氧生物膜,后转为厌氧环境培育厌氧氨氧化生物膜的方式,成功实现了常温低基质浓度下厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动。控制反应器进水pH为7.50～7.80,NH4+-N为30～40 mg/L,NO2--N为35～50 mg/L,温度为20～25℃。224 d以后,反应器启动成功。在稳定运行阶段,出水亚硝氮和氨氮的平均浓度分别为1.4 mg/L和4.6 mg/L,平均去除率分别为95.3%和90.1%,去除比例为1～1.8∶1,主要集中在1.4～1.5∶1,亚硝氮和氨氮去除的容积负荷分别为104.2 mg/(L.d)和146.0 mg/(L.d)。     

竹丝生物膜法和生态床组合工艺废水处理的试验研究

研究了竹丝生物膜法和生态床组合工艺处理模拟废水,讨论了该组合工艺对模拟废水中COD、氨氮和浊度的去除效果,着重讨论了生态床处理效果的影响因子。试验结果表明,竹丝生物膜法能很好地去除COD、氨氮和浊度等,在水温为9.0～10.5℃、水力停留时间为5.0h、进水COD为98.78～222.69mg/L、氨氮为5.46～12.97mg/L、浊度为26.42～59.84NTU时,出水COD为11.53～20.38mg/L,氨氮为0.42～0.86mg/L,浊度为12.38～17.30NTU。竹丝生物膜法出水再经过简易的生态床工艺,生态床出水COD为9.59～18.84mg/L,氨氮为0.43～0.90mg/L,浊度为6.77～14.15NTU;在此过程中发现,生态床中的鱼类对浊度和COD的去除均有明显效果,而光合作用对生态床COD的去除有促进作用,但是生态床对氨氮浓度却有升高作用。     

MBBR-SA工艺处理模拟大豆深加工废水厌氧出水及污泥减量化

针对大豆深加工高浓度有机废水厌氧出水的特点,采用移动床生物膜反应器-沉淀池-厌氧池(MBBR-SA)工艺进行处理,重点考察了其COD去除、脱氮以及污泥减量化的性能。处理前厌氧出水水质参数为COD 1 350～1 851 mg/L、TN 45～73 mg/L和TP 35～55 mg/L。结果表明,经过70 d的运行,在最佳水力停留时间(HRT)1.68 d与最佳回流比0.75条件下,出水平均COD、TN和NH4+-N浓度分别为91.5、12.4和11.4 mg/L,分别达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》二级标准、二级标准和一级B标准,其平均去除率分别为96.0%、87.4%和88.3%;该工艺未排放剩余污泥,其表观污泥产率为0.13,比MBBR降低了43.5%,具有明显的污泥减量化特性。     

倒置AAO工艺处理啤酒废水脱氮除磷的研究

以某啤酒厂的生产废水为处理对象,对厌氧反应器的出水经倒置AAO工艺进行高效脱碳、深度脱氮除磷。倒置AAO工艺针对射流曝气池进行改造,在不改变原水力停留时间的情况下,采用缺氧区前置的方式,在厌氧区、缺氧区和好氧区设置悬挂式填料,构建生物膜与悬浮污泥的双泥处理系统。结果表明:在20℃条件下,AAO进水COD为180.1 mg/L～575.8 mg/L,NH 4+-N为20 mg/L～35 mg/L,TN为30 mg/L～45 mg/L,TP为5 mg/L～10 mg/L,其平均去除率分别达到了89.5%、97.4%、72.7%和62.5%。最后通过对啤酒废水深度处理工程的改造,废水排放达到一级A排放标准。     

一种新型复合球填料在低浓度污水再生回用中的应用研究

新型复合球填料为沸石与悬浮球填料的有机组合体,密度约为0.92～0.97g/cm3,比表面积为711～1185m2/m3,表面粗糙,物化性能稳定.在曝气量为20∶1,停留时间为6 h时,装有新型复合球填料的反应柱挂膜容易,成膜时间短,膜不易脱落,且生物相丰富.膜成熟时对生活污水中的氨氮和COD都有很好的去除效果,出水氨氮浓度≤2 mg/L,去除率≥93%;出水COD浓度≤22 mg/L,去除率≥80%.新型复合球反应柱在稳定状态处理低浓度的二级出水时,出水氨氮浓度≤2 mg/L,去除率≥89%,出水COD浓度为10～36 mg/L,去除率为48%～81%.出水水质符合GB50335-2002标准.     

曝气浸没固定生物膜反应器处理化粪池出水

研究了以丝瓜络作为生物膜载体的曝气浸没固定生物膜反应器在处理化粪池出水时的可行性以及运行性能。结果表明,丝瓜络生物膜反应器可以在2周内成功启动;水力停留时间(HRT)对COD和氨氮的去除效果有显著影响,在水力停留时间为4 h的条件下,系统对COD和氨氮的去除率分别达到了78.5%和96.4%。另外,系统有较强抗有机污染物冲击负荷的能力,当COD和氨氮的进水浓度分别为59.3 mg/L和15.9 mg/L时,系统对有机污染物的去除效果较佳,去除率分别达到了80.0%和98.9%。     

猪场废水厌氧发酵液循环脱氮工艺

研究了水解酸化与生物接触氧化组合循环工艺处理猪养殖场废水厌氧发酵液的脱氮特性,重点考察了组合工艺的最佳运行工况和参数,同时讨论了组合工艺低温运行的性能。结果表明,水力停留时间24 h和污水循环比1∶3为最佳运行工况,此时出水氨氮浓度为2.16～8.20 mg/L。溶解氧(DO)浓度2～3 mg/L和有机负荷3 g/L以下为最佳运行参数,出水氨氮浓度稳定在10 mg/L以下。在春季低温条件下(8～12℃),组合工艺也能较好运行,水解酸化池内小分子有机酸产生总量为114.50～244.22 mg/L。组合工艺连续运行3个月以上,污染物去除效果稳定。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.