一种新型复合球填料在低浓度污再生回用中的应用研究

新型复合球填料为沸石与悬浮球填料的有机组合体，密度约为0．92～0．97g／cm^3，比表面积为711～1185m^2/m^2，表面粗糙，物化性能稳定。在曝气量为20：1，停留时间为6h时，装有新型复合球填料的反应柱挂膜容易，成膜时间短，膜不易脱落，且生物相丰富。膜成熟时对生活污水中的氨氮和COD都有很好的去除效果，出水氨氮浓度≤2mg／L，去除率≥93％；出水COD浓度≤22mg／L，去除率≥80％。新型复合球反应柱在稳定状态处理低浓度的二级出水时，出水氨氮浓度≤2mg／L，去除率89％，出水COD浓度为10～36mg／L，去除率为48％～81％。出水水质符合GB50335-2002标准。     

污染物负荷对曝气生物滤池处理效果的影响研究

考察了进水有机负荷和氨氮负荷对曝气生物滤池出水水质的影响.结果表明,系统COD、氨氮和TN的去除率随进水有机负荷的增加而下降,在氨氮为28.3～33.6 mg/L、TN为39.0～45.8 mg/L条件下,有机负荷小于3.53 kg/(ms3·d)时,出水COD、氨氮和TN分别小于50、5、15 mg/L,去除率分别在85%、85%和65%以上;氨氮和TN的去除率随氨氮负荷的增加而下降,在COD为287.6～313.4 mg/L、氨氮负荷小于0.56 kg/(m3·d)时,出水氨氮小于8 mg/L,去除率在85%以上,出水TN小于15mg/L,去除率在65%以上.     

曝气生物滤池去除有机物及硝化氨氮的影响因素研究

采用以陶粒为填料的曝气生物滤池(BAF)处理低浓度生活污水,研究在气水比一定的条件下,水力负荷、有机负荷及氨氮负荷对BAF去除有机物及硝化氨氮的性能的影响.研究结果表明,当试验进水COD为105.8～156.6 mg/L,气水比为3:1的条件下,降解有机物的最佳水力负荷为1.35～1.68 m3/(m2·h),COD平均去除率为86.3%.氨氮负荷是影响反应器硝化性能的直接因素.当水力负荷为1.05 m3/(m2·h),平均进水COD为106.1 mg/L时,若使出水氨氮低于15 mg/L,则反应器能承受的最大进水氨氮负荷为0.5 kg/(m3·d)左右.并确立了相应的反应器动力学模型.     

两级UASB与好氧组合工艺处理城市生活垃圾渗滤液的启动研究

采用两级UASB与好氧组合工艺处理早期城市生活垃圾渗滤液.系统出水按不同比例回流到一级UASB中进行反硝化,同时进行产甲烷反应,有机物在二级UASB中被进一步降解,好氧池完成剩余有机物的去除和氨氮的硝化.启动阶段通过对原渗滤液不同比例的稀释,分5次逐步提高进水浓度,启动结束时完成了对原渗滤液的高效处理.在进水COD浓度从3000 mg/L提高到15000 mg/L,氨氮浓度从250 mg/L提高到1400 mg/L时,最终COD去除率稳定在92%左右,氨氮去除率可达99%以上,一级UASB中反硝化率接近100%,回流比为300%时系统总氮去除率为70%～80%.     

一体式膜生物反应器处理生活污水的中试研究

采用中试规模(1.8 m3/d)的缺氧-好氧膜生物反应器(A/O MBR)对城市污水处理回用进行了试验研究.试验结果表明,该工艺处理效果优良,系统对COD、氨氮、浊度、总氮、总磷去除率较高,COD、氨氮出水浓度分别为7～39 mg/L、0～1.31 mg/L.出水水质优于城市杂用水水质标准(GB/T18920-2002).     

A/O-生物膜系统处理煤化工废水

通过在传统A/O工艺好氧池投加聚氨酯填料组成A/O-生物膜复合工艺,建立了一套中试系统,以探讨处理实际煤化工高氨氮工业废水的可行性。结果表明该复合工艺具有很好的抗冲击负荷能力,并且在低温条件下仍能维持很高的去除效果。在温度为10℃以上、进水COD浓度为350～1 100 mg/L、氨氮浓度为80～280 mg/L时,出水COD和氨氮浓度始终维持在60和10 mg/L以下,去除率分别可达到90%和95%以上。低温对系统中悬浮污泥活性的影响比生物膜更大。常温条件下(20℃)生物膜的COD和氨氮降解速率分别为悬浮污泥的1.4和2.5倍,低温条件下(10℃)分别为3.1和3.0倍。     

水解酸化—多级厌氧—两级串联A/O处理阿奇霉素废水效果研究

阿奇霉素废水具有高COD、高氨氮、高抗生素残留等特点,为提高废水处理工艺的降解效率和稳定性,采用水解酸化—多级厌氧—两级串联A/O工艺对其进行处理。结果表明:当进水平均COD为8 753mg/L时,出水平均COD为377mg/L,COD去除率达到95.69%,多级厌氧段的平均容积产气率为0.136 m3/(m3·d);当进水平均氨氮为324 mg/L时,出水平均氨氮为31mg/L,氨氮去除率达到90.43%;当进水阿奇霉素为63.1mg/L时,出水阿奇霉素为4.5mg/L,阿奇霉素降解率为92.87%。系统稳定运行后,微型动物在一级O池内以豆形虫、草履虫为主,在二级O池内以红斑瓢体虫、表壳虫为主。     

混凝沉淀-SBR-活性炭过滤处理垃圾渗滤液

采用沉淀-SBR-活性炭过滤复合工艺对城市垃圾渗滤液进行处理,确定混凝、SBR和活性炭过滤的最隹参数.结果表明,当进水COD为2500mg/L、氨氮在900mg/L的条件下,经该系统处理后,出水COD均在300mg/L以下,氨氮在20mg/L以下,COD去除率达90%以上,氨氮去除率达98%以上,达到较好的去除有机物和去氨效果.     

两池轮流曝气活性污泥法处理城市污水的试验研究

提出一种新型活性污泥工艺--两池轮流曝气活性污泥法,试验研究了其对城市污水处理的效果及可行性.试验表明,两池轮流曝气活性污泥法处理城市污水对有机物和氨氮的去除效果明显.在进水COD浓度为402.18～413.06 mg/L,总氮为54.02～61.86 mg/L,氨氮为51.46～58.72 mg/L,总磷为2.43～3.51 mg/L时,该工艺对COD、总氮、氨氮和总磷的去除率分别为82.06%～88.11%、76.81%～81.36%、78.64%～85.87%和62.53%～70.26%,出水可达<污水综合排放标准>中的二级标准.本工艺具有良好的适用性,为城市污水处理提供了一条新的途径,为进一步研究提供了理论依据及思路.     

平板膜-生物反应器净化微污染水源水的研究

利用平板膜-生物反应器恒流运行处理微污染水源水,考察通量为18、25及30 L/m2·h时其运行特性及有机物和氨氮的去除效果.结果表明:3个工况对COD的去除率分别为78.7%、76.9%和80.4%,出水COD低于15 mg/L;3个工况对NH4 -N的去除率分别为90.4%、87.4%和92.8%,出水NH4 -N低于0.5 mg/L;3个工况对UV254的去除率分别为27.5%、28.2%和48.1%.胞外聚合物(EPS)的研究结果表明,其与膜污染之间并没有显著关系,运行通量的选择是影响膜污染和操作运行的一个重要原因.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.     

Mechanisms of biodegradation of dibenzoate plasticizers

Biodegradation mechanisms were elucidated for three dibenzoate plasticizers: diethylene glycol dibenzoate (D(EG)DB), dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (D(PG)DB), both of which are commercially available, and 1,6-hexanediol dibenzoate, a potential green plasticizer. Degradation studies were done using Rhodococcus rhodochrous in the presence of pure alkanes as a co-substrate. As expected, the first degradation step for all of these systems was the hydrolysis of one ester bond with the release of benzoic acid and a monoester. Subsequent biodegradation of the monobenzoates of diethylene glycol (D(EG)MB) and dipropylene glycol (D(PG)MB) was very slow, leading to significant accumulation of these monoesters. In contrast, 1,6-hexanediol monobenzoate was quickly degraded and characterization of the metabolites indicated that the biodegradation proceeded by way of the oxidation of the alcohol group to generate 6-(benzoyloxy) hexanoic acid followed by β-oxidation steps. This pathway was blocked for D(EG)MB and D(PG)MB by the presence of an ether function.The use of a pure hydrocarbon as a co-substrate resulted in the formation of another class of metabolites; namely the esters of the alcohols formed by the oxidation of the alkanes and the benzoic acid released by hydrolysis of the original diesters. These metabolites were biodegraded without the accumulation of any intermediates.     

混凝试验搅拌器的研制

影响混凝效果的因素众多,混凝沉淀烧杯试验是进行水的混合、絮凝、沉淀工艺研究、设计和生产指导的最有效方法之一,阐述了智能型混凝试验搅拌器的设计原理和技术性能.     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%（质量百分比）.反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究

中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染     

产油微藻培养与回收的关键技术研究进展

寻找廉价而高效的替代原料是实现生物柴油产业化的关键所在.微藻以含油量高、生长周期短、环境适应能力强、生物产量高等优点,有望成为一种极具潜力的生物柴油生产原料.然而,目前尚存在微藻培养低效成本高和微藻回收效率低两大难题.综述了微藻培养与回收过程中的关键技术,并对存在的两大难题及其改进技术进行了详细的探讨.最后,总结并展望了微藻培养、回收技术未来的发展趋势.