紫露草微核技术检测单甲脒农药的致突变性

本文通过对紫露草微核技术检测单甲脒的致突变性，结果表明，随着单脒浓度的增加，紫露草花粉母细胞四分体微核率明显增高，并与蒸馏水（阴性对照）比较有显著差异（Ｐ〉０．００１），显示单甲脒对植物具有一定的致突性。     

武汉地表水对蚕豆根尖细胞微核的影响

采用蚕豆Vicia faba根尖微核检测技术对武汉市主要地表水(河流、湖泊)的污染情况进行了研究.分别于东湖、西北湖和长江武汉江段共12个位点进行水样采集,以源水直接处理蚕豆根尖,检测各组水样对蚕豆根尖细胞形成微核的诱导效应.结果表明,各水样处理蚕豆根尖细胞后微核率在2‰～10‰之间,其中,4个样点水样可显著诱导蚕豆根尖细胞形成微核(P＜0.05),水样污染达到中度污染水平.表明该市地表水中存在一定致突变性,具有明显的遗传毒性;同时,这些污染较为严重的样点主要分布于水体流动性较差的湖泊中,因此,水体流动性的增加可有效改善湖泊水质.     

三价钇对紫露草的遗传毒性研究

用紫露草四分体微核试验法和紫露草雄蕊毛细胞突变法研究了稀土元素三价钇的遗传毒性．结果表明：Y3＋能引起紫露草四分体微核率显著升高，提示Y3＋是诱变剂或纺锤丝毒剂；Y3＋能引起雄蕊毛细胞突变率显著升高，进一步明确Y3＋是诱变剂．     

发光菌的流动注射分析体系及其应用

本文以明亮发光杆菌作为污染物质毒性检测的指示生物，探讨了有机磷农药、酸、碱、分配等污染物对发光细菌的毒性作用；研究了ｐＨ值、温度对有机磷农药降解的影响；测定了该本系对水体中的部分重金属离子，无机离子、阴离子洗涤剂ＳＤＳ和大肠杆菌的检测灵敏度；并对采自于厦门市区的若干水样进行监测分析。     

滇池及青海湖沿岸土样中总铬分布

为了了解内陆湖泊岸边土壤中环境元素铬的含量及差异 .分别对青海湖、滇池沿岸土样中的总铬进行了初步测定和研究 ,对所测数据进行数理统计及研究表明 ,滇池土样中的铬含量显著高于青海湖土样 .1　样本的采取和土样的制备青海湖和滇池岸边各设 5个样点 .每个湖都有 3个样点在旅游区 ,另外两个在农业 (或牧业 )区 .青海湖的 1 ,2号样点在元者、大仓附近的牧业区 ,3 ,4,5号样点在旅游区 (鸟岛的三个不同地方 ) ,而滇池的 1 ,2号样点分别在灰湾和观音山附近的农业区 ,3 ,4,5号也在旅游区 (白渔口 ) .每个样点都有 6个取样点 ,每个点取土样约 1…     

利用泥鳅红细胞核的遗传损伤监测福州市内河水质

利用泥鳅红细胞核的遗传损伤监测福州市内河水质,探讨红细胞核的遗传损伤与水质常规衡量指标间的相关性.结果表明:泥鳅红细胞微核率及核异变率的高低能够反映出河水的综合污染程度,差异达到显著或极显著.在一定范围内河水受污染程度越严重,微核及核异常率越高.但当染毒时间太长时,微核率及核异常率反而有所下降.微核率与水质的几项常规衡量指标间的相关程度依次为:高锰酸盐指数 >溶解氧 >氨氮比 >pH值;总核异常率与河水的几项常规指标间的相关程度依次为:高锰酸盐指数 >氨氮比>溶解氧>pH值.核异常率与微核率达到最高值的处理时间不完全同步.核异常率显著高于微核率,微核率与核异常率相关系数为 0. 44,这反映出生物体本身具有自动修复能力,能通过各种途径修复受损的DNA.此外,还探讨了泥鳅红细胞的微核来源和利用泥鳅红细胞核的遗传损伤监测河水水质的可行性及注意问题. 图 3表 6参 16     

中国南方地区12个城市水源水的水质特征

对中国南方地区具有代表性的武汉、长沙、成都等12个城市饮用水水源的水质状况进行了调查、监测与分析，结果显示，南方地区的水源普遍存在着低浊、高藻、微污染的特征．据统计，78．6％的水源浊度平均值处于50NTU以下，63．6％的水源藻类污染严重，57．1％的水源微污染状况正逐渐加剧。     

化学农药对生态环境安全评价研究——Ⅵ.用紫露草微核技术测定农药的毒性

在农药的生态环境毒理学研究中,化学分析方法只能测定农药在生态环境中的残留动态,不能直接测定农药对作物和人畜的危害程度,而生物测定法则能反应农药的毒性状况。近年来国内外广泛采用的紫露草微核测试法是一种简易快速的监测环境污染物的方法。本试验是利用该方法测定农药的毒性,为农药对生态环境的安全评价提供依据。     

淮南某煤矿邻近农田土壤中重金属的生态风险研究

以淮南某煤矿为例,从煤矿堆积的矸石山邻近农田采集了表层土壤,在测定土壤中Zn、Pb、Cd和Cu浓度和分析重金属形态基础上,利用蚕豆(Vicia faba L.)早期生长及微核试验检测了土壤生态毒性,同时,采用污染负荷指数、潜在生态风险指数和基于微核率的污染指数比较了土壤重金属的生态风险。结果表明:煤矿区农田土壤中Zn、Pb、Cd和Cu浓度均高于淮南土壤背景值,个别样点Cd浓度高出淮南土壤背景值7.83倍(S3:0.47 mg·kg-1)和6.83倍(S4:0.41 mg·kg-1),但4种重金属浓度均低于国家土壤环境质量(GB15618─2008)二级标准。矿区土壤重金属虽均以残渣态为主,但交换态(6.62%~23.33%)和潜在可利用态的比例(32.90%~57.94%)比对照高,说明煤矿区土壤重金属有效性较高。个别土壤样点(S4)较高的重金属浓度导致发芽率和根长显著降低,而矿区土壤各样点的微核率较校园土均显著增加,这表明煤矿区土壤确实存在一定生态毒性,且微核可能比发芽率和根长对土壤重金属的污染更敏感。同时,3种污染评价指数均表明矿区土壤处于轻度-中度风险水平(以校园土为参考),说明煤矿区土壤确实产生了一定生态风险,而微核率的污染指数与潜在生态风险指数对各样点的风险评价结果较为一致,表明微核代表的生态毒性评价是煤矿区重金属生态风险评价的有益补充。     

外来入侵杂草空心莲子草对植物生物多样性的影响

利用样方法调查了南京市空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)生长生境中杂草的种类和分布。结果表明，南京市秋季空心莲子草分布样点有杂草30科101种，其中以禾本科、菊科、蓼科居多。主成分分析表明，影响杂草分布的主要因素是土壤水分条件和人为干扰强度。经Q型分析，24个样点可划分为3个聚类群：聚类群Ⅰ包括的样点均分布在路边和田边开阔地以及小河、小沟和湖的岸边，以马唐、狗尾草和牛筋草为优势种；聚类群Ⅱ的样点都是农田隔离带如田埂以及农田中的沟壑，以波斯婆婆纳、碎米莎草、野塘蒿和铁苋菜为优势种；聚类群Ⅲ的样点以菜地和果园为主，以马唐、香附子、马齿苋和黄鹌菜为优势种。分析了空心莲子草重要值与物种丰富度之间的关系，当空心莲子草重要值大于1．5时，样方物种丰富度随重要值的增加而减小。2者之间具有显著相关性，表明空心莲子草的入侵对生物多样性有不利影响。     

滇池水体磷的时空变化与藻类生长的关系

水体磷的时空变化与藻类生长的关系对研究水体富营养化具有十分重要的作用。采用GPS定位,对滇池海埂、斗南、罗家村、新街、昆阳等5个代表性位点监测断面水体总磷、可溶性磷及叶绿素a含量进行了为期1年（2003年5月至2004年5月）的动态研究,并在滇池海埂位点进行了日变化试验,全面分析了滇池不同区域、不同层次、不同时期水体总磷和可溶性磷的年变化、日变化及水体氮/磷比对藻类生长的影响。结果表明,滇池水体磷与藻类生长呈现显著的年变化和日变化特征,显示了滇池全湖水体总磷与叶绿素a周年变化呈显著正相关,水体可溶性磷与叶绿素a呈正相关趋势;海埂位点水体总磷与叶绿素a日变化呈显著正相关,水体可溶性磷与叶绿素a日变化呈显著的负相关,水体氮磷比与叶绿素a呈显著正相关。表明水体磷负荷对藻类生长影响呈现显著的水体区域性和水层差异性和季节性,藻类生长主要吸收水体中的可溶性磷,暗示了滇池水体磷是藻类生长的主要限制因子之一。     

Role of rural solid waste management in non-point source pollution control of Dianchi Lake catchments, China

In recent years, with control of the main municipal and industrial point pollution sources and implementation of cleaning for some inner pollution sources in the water body, the discharge of point source pollution decreased gradually, while non-point source pollution has become increasingly distressing in Dianchi Lake catchments. As one of the major targets in non-point source pollution control, an integrated solid waste controlling strategy combined with a technological solution and management system was proposed and implemented based on the waste disposal situation and characteristics of rural solid waste in the demonstration area. As the key technology in rural solid waste treatment, both centralized plant-scale composting and a dispersed farmer-operated waste treating system showed promise in rendering timely benefits in efficiency, large handling capacity, high quality of the end product, as well as good economic return. Problems encountered during multi-substrates co-composting such as pathogens, high moisture content, asynchronism in the decomposition of different substrates, and low quality of the end product can all be tackled. 92.5% of solid waste was collected in the demonstration area, while the treating and recycling ratio reached 87.9%, which prevented 32.2 t nitrogen and 3.9 t phosphorus per year from entering the water body of Dianchi Lake after implementation of the project.     

滇池湖泊生态系统水动力学模拟

针对滇池富营养化状况,依据滇池生态环境建设规划,在以前研究工作的基础上,综合考虑湿地植物、底泥、水域条件变化,根据水动力学原理建立了垂向平均的二维生态系统水动力学模型,模拟了滇池现有水体、拆除防浪堤水域扩展后水体和滇池湿地建成后总水体3种情况的流场和浓度场,以及入滇河道达标排放后的水质浓度场,分析了湿地植物和水域扩展对滇池流场的影响,以及水域扩展、湿地植物、入湖河流达标排放对滇池水质的影响。结果表明,水域拓展对滇池流场的影响是局部的,湿地植物对滇池流场的影响主要发生在湿地区域。水域拓展对滇池水质具有一定影响,TN、TP平均质量浓度由2.08和0.19 mg.L-1(现有水体)降至1.69和0.16 mg.L-1;人工湿地建设对滇池水体TN、TP浓度影响较大,湿地建成后平均质量浓度降至0.76和0.05 mg.L-1,基本达到GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类水质标准;人工湿地建设完成并且入滇池河流达标排放后,TN、TP平均质量浓度分别降至0.17和0.01 mg.L-1,水质明显改善。因此,人工湿地建设及入滇池河流的达标排放对滇池生态环境的改善具有重要作用。     

滇池沉积物中重金属污染特征及其生态风险评估

采集了滇池北部和中心区域2根柱状沉积物样品,分析其常量元素（Fe、Mn、Al、Ti、Ca、K）、微量元素（Ba、Sr、Cu、Pb、Zn、V、Cd）剖面分布特征,并采用H？kanson潜在生态危害指数法对典型重金属（Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb）进行了污染潜在生态风险评估。结果表明：沉积物中常量元素以Fe2O3、CaO及Al2O3为主,MnO、K2O及TiO2含量较少,变化范围是Fe2O3为8.0～14.9%、MnO为0.1～0.2%、Al2O3为9.0～20.1%、TiO2为1.5%～2.8%、CaO为0.4～21.7%、K2O为1.5～2.0%;微量元素Pb, Cd, Zn, Ba, Cu, Sr 及V含量均较高,变化范围是Pb为73.8～105.3 mg·kg^-1、Cd为1.0～3.4 mg·kg^-1、Zn为123.4～210.6 mg·kg^-1、Ba为264.8～435.7 mg·kg^-1、Cu为77.5～133.5 mg·kg^-1、Sr为34.9～137.5 mg·kg^-1以及V为177.7～284.7 mg·kg^-1。尤其表层0～12 cm内（1950 s以后）,各元素含量值均明显高于12 cm以下各值,20世纪50年代后滇池流域内工农业发展及污染物输入是造成金属元素含量累积的主要因素。沉积物中典型重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd污染潜在生态风险评估结果：Cu、Zn和Pb处于中度污染,且C if 值越接近表层（0～12 cm）其值越高,这表明自1950S后污染程度不断加重,其中 Cd 累积与污染比较严重,分析多种元素的多因子污染参数之和C d表明滇池沉积物中多种元素污染整体处于“较高”污染程度,分析多种元素的潜在生态风险指数RI表明滇池沉积物中重金属潜在生态风险处于“很高”水平。同时,滇池北部沉积物中重金属潜在危害较严重且近年来污染有加重趋势。     

Photodegradation of chromophoric dissolved organic matters in the water of Lake Dianchi,China

Water samples were taken from Lake Dianchi, on the Yungui Plateau of southwest China, and experiments were conducted to simulate the photochemical degradation characteristic of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the lake water. Three groups of experiments under different light conditions: ultraviolet (UV) light, visible light, and dark, were done and variations of fluorescence properties, UV absorbance, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations during the experiments were analyzed to study the photodegradation process of CDOM with time. The result showed that light irradiation led to significant photochemical degradation of CDOM, resulting in changes in florescent properties, absorbance losses, decreases in aromaticity and average molecular weight, as well as decline in DOC concentration in the water. It was also observed that UV irradiation had greater effect than visible light did. However, various fluorophores had different sensitivities to the same irradiation condition, that is, protein-like fluorophore at the low excitation wavelengths is more sensitive to UV irradiation than the other fluorophores, and is more readily to undergo photo-degradation. In addition, visible light irradiation did not have significant impact on DOC in the water, with DOC concentration decrease by 5.57% –59.9% during the experiment time. These results may provide new knowledge on the environment behavior of CDOM in the water of Lake Dianchi.     

Spatial distribution of phosphorus forms in sediments with different distances to the estuary of the Dianchi Lake,China

Effects of human activity on the distribution of phosphorus (P) forms were investigated for the sediments and porewaters in Daqinghe Estuary of Dianchi Lake, China. The concentrations of total P (TP), inorganic-P (I-P),and organic-P (Org-P), and the ratio of iron-bound P (Fe-P)/calcium-bound P (Ca-P) in the sediments decreased with the increasing distance from the sampling site to the estuary. This is probably due to the flocculant materials, e.g., ferric and aluminous salts, usually being added in the wastewater treatment processes. The concentration of ammonia in the sediment porewaters significantly decreased with the increasing distance from the sampling site to the estuary. Both concentrations of total nitrogen and nitrogen in the sediment porewaters decreased to some content with the increasing distance from the sampling site to the estuary. However, the concentrations of nitrate, dissolved total P (DTP), and TP did not have strong relationship with the distances from the sampling sites to the estuary. Pollution load and water quantity also had an important influence on the concentrations of P in sediments and its interstitial water in estuary sedimentary area.     

灰色聚类法综合评价滴水湖水系环境质量

将滴水湖水系看作一个灰色系统进行研究,利用灰色聚类理论,以地表水环境标准和富营养化分级标准为基础建立灰类评价体系,确定聚类指标的隶属度和标准灰类的权重,得到各聚类指标对标准灰类的聚类系数,最大聚类系数关联的等级即水体质量等级。2010年,每2周1次对滴水湖水系11个监测点的溶解氧（DO）、化学需氧量（CODMn）、五日生化需氧量（BOD5）、总磷（TP）、总氮（TN）、氨氮（NH3-N）、透明度（SD）及叶绿素a（Chl.a）进行监测,取各指标的年均值,建立灰类评价系统。结果表明：滴水湖水源大治河及引水干道随塘河处水质属于Ⅳ类～Ⅴ类,呈富营养化和极度富营养化状态;闸外引水河芦潮引河段水质类型为Ⅲ类,为富营养化水平;闸内引水河道水质总体呈现富营养化状态,水质类型为Ⅲ类;滴水湖湖区水体质量良好,水质类型为Ⅲ类,呈中营养水平。     

Patterns of the Remnant Cichlid Fauna in Southern Lake Victoria

During the years 1984–1987 Lake Victoria in East Africa experienced what is probably the largest mass extinction of contemporary vertebrates. Within a decade about 200 endemic species of haplochromine cichlids disappeared. The extinctions that occurred in the 1980s have been documented predominantly on species of offshore and sub-littoral waters in the Mwanza Gulf of southern Lake Victoria. Although the littoral fauna of southern Lake Victoria had not been examined in detail, their diversity seemed less affected by the changes in the ecosystem. We give results of the first comprehensive inventory of the littoral cichlid fauna in southern Lake Victoria and discuss its conservation status. We also report on new developments in the sub-littoral fauna after 1990. More than 50 littoral and 15 sub-littoral stations were sampled between the years 1991 to 1995. Of the littoral stations, 34 were sampled for the first time. One hundred sixty three species of haplochromines were collected. Of these, 102 species were previously unknown. About two thirds of them live in rocky areas that were sampled for the first time. Littoral rocky habitats harbored the highest diversity. Since 1990, however, 13 more species disappeared from established sampling stations in littoral habitats. Fishing practices, spreading of exotic fishes, water hyacinth, and eutrophication are considered important threats to the littoral fauna. Also in the upper sub-littoral the number of species declined further. On deeper sub-littoral mud bottoms individual and species numbers increased again, although they are nowhere close to those found before the Nile perch (Lates niloticus) upsurge. This fauna differs from the well studied pre-Nile perch fauna. At well-established sampling stations, the sub-littoral zone is dominated by previously unknown species, and some known species have performed dramatic habitat shifts.     

Field experiment on biological contact oxidation process to treat polluted river water in the Dianchi Lake watershed

In this study two types of biological contact oxidation processes (BCOP), a step-feed (SBCOP) unit and an inter-recycle (IBCOP) unit, were designed to investigate the treatment of heavily polluted river water. The Daqing River, which is the largest pollutant contributor to the Dianchi Lake, one of the most eutrophic freshwater lakes in China, was taken for the case study. It was found that the SBCOP had higher adaptability and better performance in the reduction of COD, TN, and TP, which made it applicable for the treatment of polluted river water entering the Dianchi Lake. Nitrification rate was observed to be greatly affected by the influent temperature. During each season, the nitrification in the SBCOP was higher than that in the IBCOP. TN removal efficiency in the SBCOP was higher than that in the IBCOP during the winter and spring but poorer during the summer, possibly due to the inhibition of denitrification by higher dissolved oxygen level in the summer. Moreover, symbiotic algaebacteria growth may be conducive to the removal of pollutants.     

白洋淀芦苇型水陆交错带水化学动态及其净化功能研究

于2007年3月-11月对富营养化湖泊一白洋淀进行了现场调查,分析了温度、溶解氧（DO）、叶绿素、总磷（TP）及其他水化学指标的动态变化规律,并讨论了它们之间的相互关系。结果表明：白洋淀芦苇（Phragmites australis var．baiyangdiansis）型水陆交错带对营养物质具有强烈的截留作用,可以达到净化白洋淀水体的效果。从水质指标的空间分布看,污染较重的府河河口区域其水体TP、化学需氧量（CODc,）含量明显高于污染较轻的湖泊中心区域,空间梯度上呈逐步递减趋势。根据水体盐度、总溶解性固体、TP及DO含量进行聚类分析,可以将采样点分为3类：Ⅰ区、污染较重河口区域;Ⅱ区、中间过渡缓冲区域;Ⅲ区、污染较轻中心区域。Ⅰ区其水体DO含量明显低于Ⅲ区,而水体盐度则明显高于Ⅲ区。通过调查发现：在8月份,白洋淀水体DO含量突然增加;相关分析表明：叶绿素含量与DO（P=0．046）及温度（P〈0．01）之间呈显著正相关关系。结合叶绿素等指标的动态变化规律,8月份左右可能是白洋淀藻类爆发的危险时期。