环境气象学、环境空气动力学

X 16 Xsl 9801918G一H模式的缺陷及其改进/朱发庆(武汉大学环境科学系》二//中国环境科学/中国环境科学学会一1997,17(5)一393一396环信X一58 指出G一H模型在估算面源自身网格的大气污染物浓度时存在的严重缺陷。理论和实际两方面的分析表明,其根源在于G一H对自身网格的计算采用了不合理的面源均匀假定。采用面源局部均匀的假定,对G一H的自身网格模式作了改进。有效性分析表明,改进后的模式能适用于q(铅直向扩散参数a:的指数项.0:二bxq)的任何取值范围,其估算的浓度随大气稳定度的变化也与实际情况完全相符。值得在我国加以推广。图l表…     

对虚点源模式的一种改进

用虚点源模式可以将面源转化为点源来处理,它是一种常用的面源扩散计算模式,其缺点是在靠近污染源的地方计算所得浓度值偏高。针对虚点源模式的这一严重缺陷,文章提出了一个对面源自身网格污染浓度计算的改进方案:采用位于上风方向的一个源强为原来面源源强的1/4的等效面源来代替原来的面源,同时考虑该等效面源相对于原来面源的后退距离,仍然使用虚点源模式进行计算,就可以得到比较准确的污染物浓度场。这一改进措施的实际效果通过计算实例得到了验证。     

天津大气污染物日变化特征的WRF-Chem 数值模拟

利用大气化学完全耦合模式WRF-Chem 对天津市环境空气中特征污染物CO、NO_x、O₃、PM2.5 的时间变化规律和空间分布特征进行了数值模拟研究,并与实际观测资料进行了对比.结果表明,天津市CO、NO_x、O₃、PM_2.5 具有明显的时空变化特征:O₃ 浓度在中午出现最高值,夜间浓度较低;NO_x、O₃、PM_2.5 在晚上和清晨出现高浓度,午后至傍晚浓度较低.O₃ 在空间分布上表现为中午市区比郊区浓度高,夜间郊区浓度高.其他污染物则均表现为市区浓度高于郊区.在当日东北风情况下,周边地区对天津市污染的影响较小,4 类污染物主要是受本地源的影响.     

用平衡气球实测上海市区大气湍流扩散参数的初步报告

一、引言大气污染研究中的一个重要课题是研究污染物在大气中的扩散稀释规律。目前,在实际估算污染物浓度分布时,仍广泛采用扩散方程的一种基本解——正态分布函数,以它为出发点,根据排放源和气象条件的具体情况,作相应简化,算出污染物的浓度分布。这样,浓度分布标准差(扩散参数)σ_y、σ_z 就成为最重要的参数。σ_y、σ_z 与气象因素有关,它虽不象温度、压力、风向、风速这些物理量直观和容易     

香港大气气溶胶组成与特征

选用香港空气质量监测网中11个监测站1990～1994年间TSP（总悬浮粒子）和RSP（可吸入悬浮粒子）的监测数据,分析香港大气气溶胶的化学组成与时空变化。香港大气气溶胶的浓度较低,其浓度的季节变化主要受气候变化的影响。C是大气气溶胶中最重要的化学成分,它支配着气溶胶的季节和空间变化。SO^2-₄、NH⁺₄和NO^-₃的浓度很低,空间分布很均匀,其季节变化主要受东亚季风控制。海洋气溶胶主要以较大的颗粒形式存在,它的来源稳定且空间分布较均匀。扬尘浓度主要受降雨和湿度的影响。V和Ni浓度的季节变化与燃料油消耗量的季节变化相同,其空间的变化反映了当地工业窑炉排放对香港气溶胶的影响     

环境空气动力学

X1692(X)2叨713面源模式反扩散参数研究/谷清…(中国环科院)//环境科学研究/中国环科院一2001,14(5)一54一56环图X一6 笔者对我国大气环境界普遍采用的面源模式计算方法进行了分析,提出了一种全新的概念—面源反扩散参数。采用反扩散参数的方法可以解决各种不同的扩散参数反演,准确模拟面源模式计算。文中给出了计算的范例和计算机程序。表1参5X169 2(X)2(X) 714大气封闭型扩散浓度估算模式细探/石剑荣…(苏州城建环保学院)//环境科学研究/中国环科院.一2加l,14(5)一51一53环图X一6X1692印2(X)715香港海风条件下的内边界层结构二Intel二…     

我国东部地区硫沉降模拟研究──模式应用

利用作者研究的统计箱模式,模拟分析了1990年的硫沉降及其来源。结果表明,SO₂浓度分布与排放源有着密切的关系,而SO^2－₄浓度分布受气象场的影响较明显;干沉降作用对大气中的SO₂是一个重要的清除过程,SO^2－₄在大气中的清除主要通过湿沉降过程实现;硫沉降污染主要集中在华北大部,长江中下游的江浙地区、川贵部分地区和华中地区的武汉、长沙等地附近;直辖市的排硫大部分传输沉降到相邻的省份,其它省份的排硫一半左右沉降在本省,大约三分之一的排硫输送到相邻的省份。     

单合成衬层填埋场渗漏检测的多介质模型

建立了填埋场渗漏检测高压直流电法模型,将单衬层填埋场看作水平方向为无穷大的3 层均匀介质,上层为垃圾层,中间层为人工合成衬层,下层为土壤层;漏洞电流视为电流流入端的负电流源和电流流出端的正电流源;介质中任意检测点的感应电势是膜上漏洞面电流源和膜下漏洞面电流源以及膜上供电电极电流源在该点感应电势的叠加.漏洞电流与供电回路电流之间的关系分析表明,流经漏洞的电流(I₀)占总电流(I_s )的比例(f₀)随着填埋场底部面积的增加而减小,当填埋场底部面积≤3600m² 时,I₀ 占I_s 的90%以上,而当场底面积增为10⁵m² 时,I₀ 仅占I_s 的55%.根据独立作用原理,分析了多漏洞情况下各层介质中的电势分布并进行了试验验证.     

面源长期平均浓度的新算法

利用线源长期平均浓度模式对面源的积分得到了一个用风向、风速和稳定度的联合频率计算大气面源长期平均浓度的新算法。通过对比分析表明,该算法比传统的按16个风向一次浓度的叠加算法简便、快速,且能消除叠加算法夸大16个常规风向附近计算点的浓度而缩小远离常规风向计算点的浓度现象。     

小风扩散积分烟团解析模式及实用计算

一、引言随着风速的减小,空气的输送作用降低,大气污染物被堆积在排放源附近,不易被稀释,形成极严重的污染。目前,大气污染物扩散的估算,一般采用高斯模式。该模式忽略了顺风向扩散,一般适用于风速大于2m/s的条件。在风速较小时,则可把一个连续源分解成无穷多个、依时间序列的烟团。各烟团在被顺风输送的同时,作立体的扩散。每一个烟团,都对任意接受点(x,y,z)有所贡献。累加所有烟团的贡献,可得到连续烟团的积分模式: 式中,x轴指向下风向,σ_x、σ_y和σ_z分别为     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.