大气化学模式的数值计算方法

大气化学模式计算的一个重要研究热点是如何快速、精确地对相互关联的非线性常微分方程组（ＯＤＥｓ） 进行数值积分求解。由于大气中各物种寿命长短相差很大，导致ＯＤＥｓ 具有了很强的刚性，因而在数值求算过程中存在着计算精度和计算效率的平衡问题。笔者介绍了当前几种常见的大气化学模式的计算方法，包括ＧＥＡＲ，ＱＳＳＡ（ ＭＱＳＳＡ） ，Ｙ＆ Ｂ（ ＭＹ＆ Ｂ） ，ＲＡＤＭ ，ＬＳＯＤＥ，ＳＭＶＧＥＡＲ，小参数法，Ｇｏｎｇ ａｎｄ Ｃｈｏ及ＴＷＯＳＴＥＰ 等，并结合当前本领域内的部分研究成果对一些重要的方法进行了比较和分析     

多功能射流除尘器在燃煤锅炉上的应用

多功能射流除尘器在燃煤锅炉上的应用陈光明李东明后德强袁晓春唐雪婧李晓东（冶金工业部安全环保研究院，武汉４３００８１）ＡＰＰＬＩＣＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＭＵＬＴＩＰＬＥＦＵＮＣＴＩＯＮＡＬＦＬＵＩＤＩＣＤＥＤＵＳＴＥＲＩＮＤＵＳＴＲＥＭＯＶＡＬＦＲＯＭＣＯＡＬ...     

一种新型海上溢油凝油剂的研制

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剩余混凝土的技术处理与生态环境

剩余混凝土的技术处理与生态环境徐洛屹（国家建材局技术情报研究所，北京１０００２４）ＴＥＣＨＮＩＣＡＬＴＲＥＡＴＭＥＮＴＯＦＳＵＲＰＬＵＳＣＯＮＣＲＥＴＥＡＮＤＥＣＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬＥＮＶＩＲＯＮＭＥＮＴＸｕＬｕｏｙｉ（ＴｅｃｈｎｉｃａｌＩｎｆｏｒｍａｔ...     

铝渣处理与回收技术

铝渣处理是废铝回收利用中重要组成部分。从铝渣中除回收金属铝外，对渣灰的有效利用也是我们研究的目的，渣灰已经开始在水泥、研磨剂、肥料等方面获得应用。从渣中回收铝要求回收率高、成本低、良好的工作环境和不污染环境，这就要求开发铝渣处理新技术和新设备。本文重点介绍铝渣回收技术中的ＭＲＭ法、ＩＧＤＣ法、ＡＲＯＳ法、ＳＰＭ法、ＥＣＯＣＥＮＴ法、ＡＬＵＫＥＣ法、等离子处理法和渣灰处理与利用。铝渣分为白渣、黑渣、盐渣饼和渣灰。最后介绍铝渣回收处理设备生产情况。     

清洁生产产生经济效益

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经济手段对环境保护的作用

经济手段对环境保护的作用王奇,李庆伦（沈阳市环境保护投资公司沈阳１１０００３）（东北大学表面所）ＩＭＰＲＯＶＩＮＧＴＨＥＴＲＥＡＴＭＥＮＴＥＦＦＣＴＯＦＷＡＳＴＥＷＡＴＥＲＣＯＮＴＡＩＮＩＮＧＬＥＡＤＡＮＤＡＣＩＤＢＹＳＣＩＥＮＴＩＦＩＣＭＡＮＡＧＥ...     

荧光法测定水中微量油有关萃取条件的讨论

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沈阳市铁西区大气环境质量状况及变化趋势的分析

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全球环境基金三年执行情况

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一个液相化学反应机理的建立和应用

利用比较积分反应速率的方法,建立了一个简化液相化学反应机理ARCML,并在各种大气状况下以及各种物理参数下对ARCML作了验证.然后利用ARCML模拟光化学烟雾形成初期的云水酸化过程,结果表明,自由基氧化s(Ⅳ)在污染或高NO_x的大气中非常重要.     

Cloud chemistry measurements and estimates of acidic deposition on an above cloudbase coniferous forest

The wet, dry and cloud water deposition of acidic substances on the forest canopy are considered as major mechanisms for pollutant induced forest decline at high elevations. Direct cloud capture plays a predominant role of intercepting acidic substances in above cloud-base forests. We conducted a field study at Mt. Mitchell, North Carolina (35°44′05″N, 82°17′15″W; 2038 m MSL)—the highest peak in the eastern U.S.—during May–September 1986 and 1987 in order to analyze the chemistry of clouds in which the red spruce and Fraser fir stands stay immersed. It was found that Mt. Mitchell was exposed to cloud episodes 71% of summer days, the cloud immersion time being 28% for 1986 (a record drought summer in southeastern U.S.) and 41% for 1987. Sulfate, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺ and H⁺ ions were found to be the major constituents of the cloud water, which was collected atop a 16.5 m tall meteorological tower situated among 6–7 m tall Fraser fir trees. The initiation of precipitation in clouds invariably diluted the cloud water acidity. The cloud water pH during short episodes (8 h duration or less), which resulted from the orographic lifting mechanisms, was substantially lower than that during long episodes, which were associated with meso-scale and synoptic-scale disturbances. Sulfate accounted for 65% acidity in cloud water, on the average, and contributed 2–3 times more than the NO₃⁻. Inferential micrometeorological models were used to determine deposition of SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻ on the forest canopy and the hydrological input due to direct cloud capture mechanism. The cloud water deposition ranged between 32 and 55 cm a⁻¹ in contrast to the bulk precipitation which was about 130 cm a⁻¹ as measured by an on-site NADP (National Atmospheric Deposition Program) collector. For S compounds, wet, dry and cloud water deposition accounted for 19%, 11% and 70%, respectively for 1986, and 16%, 8% and 76%, respectively for 1987. For N compounds, dry deposition contributed 35% and 23% for 1986 and 1987, respectively, whereas, cloud water deposition contributed 50% and 65% for 1986 and 1987, respectively. Our estimates are compared with the reported literature values for the other sites.     

活性炭催化臭氧氧化扑热息痛的机制研究

采用活性炭催化臭氧处理典型解热镇痛药扑热息痛,研究了活性炭/臭氧体系的协同效应,优化了工艺参数,分析了降解产物并探讨了降解机制.结果表明:在臭氧活性炭体系下,反应60 min后,TOC的去除率为55.11%,效果明显优于臭氧体系的20.22%和活性炭体系的27.39%之和,具有明显的协同作用,并且BOD5/COD比值从反应前的0.086提高到反应后的0.543,可生化性显著提高.研究了pH、臭氧投加量、污染物初始浓度和活性炭投加量等操作参数的作用规律.在此基础上,探讨了臭氧活性炭体系在不同pH下的催化反应机制,发现在酸性条件下是吸附和臭氧直接氧化共同作用,在碱性条件下以活性炭催化臭氧氧化为主.     

O3/UV反应体系的有机物消解动力学模型

为了提高O₃/UV（臭氧协同紫外）反应体系对有机物的消解效率,降低能源消耗,基于O₃分解的SHB机理和O₃、有机物在紫外辐射下的光解机理,并考虑该反应体系中存在的3种可能的有机物消解途径和反应器出口处O₃气体浓度变化,建立了O₃/UV反应体系的动力学模型.将该模型用于消解过程中有机物消解率变化规律的研究,进一步优化消解工艺参数.结果表明:使用苯酚和乙酸作为目标有机物,以该模型进行仿真,从理论上验证了O₃气体浓度与紫外辐射间存在协同作用和不同工艺参数下所建立模型的灵敏性;将该模型与其他模型、试验测量值进行对比,验证了其优越性和准确性;对比不同pH下的3种消解途径各自贡献率的仿真结果,发现O₃/UV反应体系的pH对其消解有机物效率具有重要影响.研究显示:在O₃/UV反应体系中,紫外辐射强度和投加的O₃气体浓度二者间具有协同作用,同时调节可获得更好的消解效果;在酸性条件下有机物消解以O₃直接氧化为主,碱性条件下则以自由基间接氧化为主.      

Interannual variability in acidic deposition on the Mt. Mitchell area forest

Recently the forest decline at high elevation mountains in the eastern U.S. has been suggested to be associated with the deposition of acidic substances on the forest canopy through dry, wet and cloud deposition pathways. To determine the relative importance of these deposition mechanisms, a field study was initiated in May 1986, at Mt. Mitchell, NC. Since Mt. Mitchell is frequently immersed in clouds (immersion time being in the range of 28–41%), our investigations were primarily focused on the collection of cloud water and the monitoring of meteorology and ambient air quality. The precipitation data and related chemistry were obtained from a nearby NADP (National Atmospheric Deposition Program) site (Clingman's Peak). To estimate the dry and cloud deposition, the deposition velocities for gases and the rates of cloud deposition for cloud droplets are calculated with the ATDD (Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) model and a cloud deposition model (CDM), respectively. The wet deposition is obtained from NADP annual reports. Computations show the deposition velocities for SO₂, NO₂ and O₃ to be in the range of tenths of cm s⁻¹. The mean rate of cloud deposition is about 0.13–0.21 mm h⁻¹. The rainfall ranged from 40 to 60 cm during the growing seasons (from mid-May to the end of September) of 1986–1988. Using these deposition parameters and the 3 year database, the deposition fluxes of sulfur (S) compounds are found primarily contributed through cloud capture mechanism (60%) followed by incident precipitation (25%) and dry deposition (15%). As to the deposition fluxes of nitrogen (N) compounds, cloud, wet and dry deposition contributedf about 50%, 25% and 25%, respectively. A comparison of deposition estimates at Mt. Mitchell with those at other sites shows that the sulfate deposition at sites exceeding 1200 m MSL in elevation in Bavaria, F.R.G., and the eastern U.S. is a almost identical within error limits. Reasons for large uncertainties in deposition estimates are also discussed as the mechanisms for redistribution of the deposited material on the forest canopy.     

SO2 oxidation in an entraining cloud model with explicit microphysics

A model of the chemical evolution of the droplets in a hill-cap cloud is presented. The chemistry of individual droplets forming on cloud condensation nuclei of differing size and chemical composition is considered, and the take-up of species from the gas phase by the droplets is treated explicity for the droplet population. Oxidation of S(IV) dissolved in cloud droplets is assumed to be dominated by hydrogen peroxide and ozone.Hydrogen peroxide is normally found to be the dominant oxidant for the oxidation of sulphur dioxide (except in the presence of substantial concentrations of ammonia gas, which increases droplet pH and the contribution made by the oxidant ozone). The entrainment of hydrogen peroxide from above the cloud top increases the amount of sulphate produced in conditions where the reaction is otherwise oxidant limited by the availability hydrogen peroxide. These conditions occur when there are high concentrations of sulphur dioxide accompanied by low cloudwater pH values.Within droplets formed on sodium chloride aerosol, reduced levels of acidity lead to an increase in sulphate production as a result of an enhanced reaction between SO₂ and the oxidant ozone. This results in an overall higher increase in cloudwater sulphate than would be expected assuming an even distribution of all reactants amongst the droplets. In addition, concentrations of the hydrogen sulphite ion predicted to occur in the cloudwater can be substantially in excess of those predicted from the bulk cloudwater pH. This is consistent with recent observations.     

Sulfur dioxide oxidation in laboratory clouds

SO₂ oxidation in the presence of NH₃ was studied in a mixing-type continuous-flow cloud chamber. NaCl and soot particles (∼5–15 μ m⁻³) were used as cloud condensation nuclei. Cloud liquid water content was varied between 0.2 and 3 g m⁻³. SO₂ and NH₃ concentrations were 0.6 and 1.1 ppm, respectively. The contact time between the SO₂ and the cloud drops was varied from 8 s to 3 min. Up to 80% of the input SO₂ can be oxidized within short contact times in the presence of NH₃ and when the water is in the condensed cloud-drop phase. Negligible sulfate formation was observed in the absence of the liquid phase regardless of the presence or absence of NH₃. No significant dependence of the oxidation on the cloud condensation nuclei type nor the contact time was found. This in-cloud SO₂ oxidation is much faster than predicted by S(IV) oxidation by molecular oxygen measured in bulk solutions.     

废气和废渣协同作用脱钠反应特性及机制研究

以氧化铝冶炼过程中排出的碱性固体废渣赤泥为研究对象,利用烟气中CO2对其进行了脱钠工艺的实验分析.研究了在不同pH、反应时间和温度下废气中CO2与废渣赤泥协同作用脱钠反应特性及机制,结果表明,赤泥脱钠反应过程是赤泥中钠基固体物质与CO2-H2O和OH--CO2系统协同作用的结果,脱钠过程与pH值、温度和反应时间有一定的反应规律.采用XRD和SEM方法对赤泥脱钠前后物料特性进行表征分析,结果表明赤泥中的碱性物质与CO2发生反应,赤泥脱钠后固相中的钠含量明显降低.通过合理的设计和适当的操作,可使赤泥脱钠率达70%以上,为低成本赤泥脱钠提供了一种有效的途径.     

Cloud chemistry at Mt Rigi,Switzerland: Dependence on drop size and relationship to precipitation chemistry

The chemical composition of winter and spring cloud water sampled at 1620 masl elevation on Mt Rigi in central Switzerland was dominated by NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, NH₄⁺ and H⁺. A wide range of concentration levels was observed, with maxima of 3700, 1800 and 4600 micronormal for NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻ and NH₄⁺, respectively. Concentrations at a lower elevation (1030 masl) site on the mountain were higher due to lower cloud liquid water contents and higher pollutant levels at that site. The lowest pH observed was 2.95; large concentrations of NH₃ in the region prevented pH values from falling even lower. A comparison of simultaneously sampled cloud water and precipitation revealed much higher concentrations for most species in the cloud water, except in one case of extreme precipitation riming when the concentrations in the two phases converged. An exception to the pattern was H⁺; at times the precipitation was more acidic than the cloud water. The chemical composition of the cloud drops varied with drop size. Drops smaller than 10 μm diameter were enriched in NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻ and NH₄⁺ relative to larger drops. Since the larger drops are the ones most effeciently captured by snow crystals, knowledge of their composition is essential to understanding the chemical implications of accretional growth of precipitation.