韩国电梯应急管理与事故统计分析研究

电梯是一类典型的特种设备,在公共场合使用的电梯同时具有公共安全属性。电梯突发事件应急管理与事故应对处置能力是国家/地区电梯安全管理水平的重要表征。韩国是中国的邻国,已经踏入中等发达国家之列,具有较高的电梯突发事件应对和应急管理水平,学习韩国电梯安全管理和事故应急管理经验,研读韩国电梯事故统计分析数据,有助于给出进一步提升我国电梯安全和应急管理水平的有效措施和建议。     

电梯PAR安全信息流管理模型构建及应用*

为从安全信息视角分析电梯全生命周期过程中事故致因因素,并在实践中提升电梯安全管理水平,基于PAR事故致因模型开展电梯安全信息管理研究。以安全信息为主线,安全感知-安全分析-安全应答（PAR）安全行为链为关键点,建立电梯PAR安全信息流管理模型。基于电梯PAR安全信息流管理模型的逻辑架构建立电梯信息综合监管服务体系,将模型的信息服务形式具体化。并运用电梯PAR安全信息流管理模型对典型电梯事故进行分析。研究结果表明:电梯PAR安全信息流管理模型能够全面分析各层级失误模式,提升各主体协同治理能力。电梯信息综合监管服务体系可打破电梯领域信息“孤岛”现状,对智慧电梯建设具有重要理论指导意义。     

如何安全乘坐电梯

湖北的电梯事故引发了公众对电梯安全的关注,电梯的本质安全非常重要,一旦发生意外正确的处理方法可大大降低事故的人员伤亡和损失,文中从运营方和乘客两方面说明如何处理电梯意外事件,保障安全乘坐电梯。     

电梯事故统计分析及防范措施

近些年,我国电梯的保有量处于高位,乘客的人身安全与电梯使用的安全性息息相关,为有效遏制电梯事故的发生,保障民众的人身财产安全,本文基于国内最近十年发生的电梯事故的统计结果,从人的不安全行为和物的不安全状态两方面分析了电梯事故发生的原因,提出了防范电梯事故的措施,为避免或减少电梯同类事故的发生提供了参考。     

盘点国外老电梯如何保安全

"电梯夺命周,3天4人丧生"的国内焦点事故,使人不得不把目光转移到"中国电梯步入老龄化"这个问题上。其实,自从150多年前美国人奥蒂斯发明第一部"安全升降梯"以来,电梯安全的话题在世界各国都长盛不衰。甚至在《死神来了》等多部恐怖片中,电梯都扮演过可怕的血腥"杀手"。相对而言,电梯在我国普及的年限不长,电梯安全管理尚未有成熟的体系。那么,发达国家的电梯又是如何保障安全的呢?美国事故扫描:"9·11"中200人命丧电梯     

行为安全视角下的氨泄漏事故分析

为了提高涉氨制冷企业的安全业绩,基于事故致因"2-4"模型分析典型氨泄漏事故的直接、间接、根本和根源原因。结果表明:氨泄漏事故的直接原因是操作人员在涉及氨制冷管道、有毒有害环境及带电作业中的违章操作和氨设备设施的不安全物态;间接原因是员工对于氨危险性认识的不足、较差的安全习惯以及安全意识不高;根本原因是组织缺失特定的安全管理组织程序,制度执行不力;根源原因可追溯到员工对安全的重要度、安全制度执行方式等安全文化元素理解不到位。进而提出实用性对策措施,为提高涉氨制冷企业安全管理水平提供理论依据与技术参考。     

电梯事故的分析与预防

随着电梯的广泛应用，电梯的事故也逐渐增多，已引起人们的普遍关注。《安全生产法》、《特种设备安全监察条例》、国家质检总局13号令等法律法规，对电梯的安全使用及有关要求作了较明确的规定；一系列国家标准，如电梯主要标准《电梯制造与安装安全规范》自1987年颁布后，已作了三次较大修改，逐步靠近国际标准。这些政策和技术标准的出台，     

电梯上行的超速保护

在众多的事故类型中,电梯上行超速事故是比较常见的,也是产生危害较大的一种。下面就结合检验工作实际,围绕电梯上行超速事故的原因分析、电梯上行超速保护装置的要求、电梯上行超速保护装置的类型及选择、电梯夹绳器选用和改进的建议和电梯上行超速保护装置的检验等问题进行探讨,提出自己浅显的见解,确保电梯上行超速保护装置更加安全、可靠。     

一起溜车事故案例分析

根据电梯典型事故进行分析，探讨杜绝电梯安全事故所需采取的必要措施。     

浅析电梯冲顶事故之制动器材质问题

电梯制动器是频繁使用的安全部件,也是维持电梯安全运行的重要基础。本文结合一起电梯冲顶事故,对事故电梯的制动器进行拆解,分析其内部结构型式,观察其受损情况,直观分析制动器的失效特征。基于相关试验和技术分析,由于制动器柱塞因本体材质问题引发机械卡阻,致使制动器制动功能失效。结合制动器失效的原因,建议在有关电梯法规标准中考虑增加对制动器相关零部件材质、化学成分符合性的要求,避免类似事故的再次发生。     

永磁同步曳引机冲顶事故分析

依据现行电梯标准中对安全控制的基本要求,从事故现象入手,对一起永磁同步曳引机冲顶事故进行分析,指出了电梯在电气控制回路设计和部件选型中存在的一些常见问题,模拟分析出了可能的事故过程,最后对改进电梯控制系统设计提出了一些建议。希望在电梯控制回路的绝缘保护等问题上能够引起业内人士对电路控制结构安全设计的足够重视。     

Age differences in safety attitudes and safety performance in Hong Kong construction workers

PROBLEM: Safety in the construction industry is a major issue in Hong Kong, representing about 46% of all occupational injuries in 1998. This study explored linear and curvilinear relations between age and safety performance (accident rates and occupational injuries), as well as safety attitudes, in construction workers in Hong Kong. METHOD: A Chinese version of the Safety Attitude Questionnaire (SAQ by Donald & Canter) was developed and administered to a sample of Chinese construction workers (N=374, 366 males, 8 females) from 27 construction sites. RESULTS: Accident rates were not related to age. Occupational injuries were related to age in a curvilinear manner, with injuries at first increasing with age, then decreasing. Two safety attitude scales were related to age with older workers exhibiting more positive attitudes to safety. If age and tenure are controlled, some attitude scales are predictors of safety performance. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Management/supervisors, team leaders, and workers are all responsible for safety, and any negative bias toward older construction workers is unfounded.     

基于CW-VIKOR法的电梯运行状况安全评估

为对曳引式电梯的状态进行评估,在VIKOR法的基础上,通过对电梯故障类型进行数理统计,构建相关性较强的电梯运行状况评估体系;同时将简洁高效的BWM法和表示指标相关性的CRITIC法相结合,并引入距离函数优化分配系数的方式构建组合赋权法(CW),从而确定电梯安全指标权重,并将电梯指标各安全等级的临界值作为电梯安全等级的理想值作为VIKOR法中待评估电梯的比较对象的一部分。以利益比率Qi为电梯运行状况的评估值,确定电梯运行状况安全评估等级;最后,通过5组曳引式电梯的实例验证基于CW-VIKOR法的有效性和可行性,评估结果显示与电梯实际安全状况相一致。研究结果表明:该方法对电梯运行状况进行安全评估具有一定的可行性和参考价值。     

Perceived benefits of applying Pay for Safety Scheme (PFSS) in construction – A factor analysis approach

In recent years, construction safety has been a hot topic in Hong Kong. The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) has launched different safety measures to improve the prevailing safety performance of the construction industry. The Pay for Safety Scheme (PFSS) has emerged as one of the major safety initiatives launched within the public sector construction industry since 1996. It aims to encourage the safety awareness by taking the contractor’s pricing for safety-related items out from the consideration of competitive bidding. The objective is to provide a concise review of the prevailing application of PFSS in Hong Kong in general, and to identify and analyse the key benefits of PFSS in construction through an industry-wide empirical questionnaire survey in particular. Altogether, 145 industrial practitioners who have derived extensive hands-on experience with the PFSS construction projects participated in the survey to indicate their levels of agreement to those 14 key benefits identified which were measured and analysed by factor analysis. The results of factor analysis indicated that the 14 individual benefits of implementing PFSS were consolidated under four underlying factors: (1) Enhancing safety climate and attitude; (2) Promoting effective safety-related communication; (3) Streamlining the safety procedures; and (4) Ensuring adequate safety training. A wider application of PFSS should be encouraged with a view to achieving better safety performance within the industry. It is recommended that a similar scheme to PFSS currently applied in Hong Kong may be developed for implementation in other regions or countries for international comparisons.     

Implementation of safety management systems in Hong Kong construction industry – A safety practitioner's perspective

IntroductionIn the 1980s, the safety management system (SMS) was introduced in the construction industry to mitigate against workplaces hazards, reduce the risk of injuries, and minimize property damage. Also, the Factories and Industrial Undertakings (Safety Management) Regulation was introduced on 24 November 1999 in Hong Kong to empower the mandatory implementation of a SMS in certain industries including building construction. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate the effectiveness of the SMS in improving construction safety and identify the factors that influence its implementation in Hong Kong.MethodA review of the current state-of-the-practice helped to establish the critical success factors (CSFs), benefits, and difficulties of implementing the SMS in the construction industry, while structured interviews were used to establish the key factors of the SMS implementation.ResultsResults of the state-of-the-practice review and structured interviews indicated that visible senior commitment, in terms of manpower and cost allocation, and competency of safety manager as key drivers for the SMS implementation. More so, reduced accident rates and accident costs, improved organization framework, and increased safety audit ratings were identified as core benefits of implementing the SMS. Meanwhile, factors such as insufficient resources, tight working schedule, and high labor turnover rate were the key challenges to the effective SMS implementation in Hong Kong.Practical applicationsThe findings of the study were consistent and indicative of the future development of safety management practice and the sustainable safety improvement of Hong Kong construction industry in the long run.     

电梯层门机械强度的探讨

层门机械强度是电梯层门的一项重要特性,层门机械强度不足时门扇受力后容易产生较大变形甚至脱落,造成人员坠落井道的伤亡事故。本文对国内外电梯标准t层门机械强度要求条文进行了解析,基于国家标准中层门机械强度的规定,通过试验方法进行测试验证,指出国家现有标准中关于层门机械强度要求的不足之处。在此基础上,提出适合于我国的提高电梯层门机械强度的措施和方法,以期提升我国在用电梯层门的安全性。     

电梯系统综合安全评价方法的研究

针对传统电梯安全评价方法的弊端,提出以数据库的方式集合电梯系统的参数和安全要求、整合风险降低措施,进行电梯系统的风险识别,同时以数学语言对安全概念和现象的模糊性进行描述和运算,完成风险评估和风险评定的过程。笔者以提出的多因素风险评价的综合方法和系统安全评判为准则,实现电梯系统的综合安全评价方法。以轿厢系统作为应用实例,运用安全评价方法进行验证,结果表明:该方法对电梯安全评价的研究具有一定的参考作用。     

电梯应急救援处置服务平台设计与应用

针对电梯安全事故救援问题,研究提出了电梯安全应急救援处置服务平台技术架构。该平台综合利用物联网、网格、GIS、智能终端等技术,基于.Net开发框架体系、B/S架构,实现电梯及应急救援网格化管理、电梯故障实时监测报警、电梯应急救援指挥调度等平台关键功能。目前该平台已在济南市建设运行,依托平台实现了三级应急救援响应。通过实际应用效果来看,平台的技术与功能架构具有较强的可复用性,有利于整体技术方案的快速推广。     

高层建筑火灾初期利用电梯进行人员疏散的可行性探讨

概述高层建筑火灾情况下人员疏散的复杂性,指明了高层建筑传统的疏散方式及其存在的主要问题。结合火灾发展的规律、火灾初期电梯疏散的原理,建立了高层建筑在火灾初期利用电梯进行人员疏散的模型。针对火灾时使用电梯的主要危害,提出从电梯及电梯井本身的安全、送风、电梯分区及供电保障4方面的改进措施,并对火灾初期利用电梯进行人员疏散的安全合理性进行分析,结果表明在火灾初期利用电梯进行人员疏散具有一定的可行性。