药厂阿斯匹林废水的治理

本文采用铁屑／烟道灰过滤－混凝－臭氧氧化组合工艺处理药厂阿斯匹林废水，ＣＯＤ去除率可达９６．５％，脱色率可达９９．５％，处理后的废水ＣＯＤ低于５０ｍｇ／Ｌ，色度低于２倍，水质清澈透明，各项水质指标均符合国家排放标准。     

柠檬酸废水的厌氧－兼氧－好氧处理

采用厌氧－兼氧－好氧工艺处理柠檬酸废水。管道厌氧消化器在进水ＰＨ３．４４～４．３８．ＣＯＤ１４１８７．５ｍｇ／Ｌ，处理水量为２００ｔ／ｄ，有机负荷率７．０９ｋｇＣＯＤ／（ｍ３·ｄ）条件下，出水ＰＨ７．０～７．５，ＣＯＤ去除率为用８１．１％，产气率为０．４３ｍ３／ｋｇＣＯＤ。兼氧－好氧处理进水ｐＨ３．２～４．６，ＣＯＤ１９２９ｍｇ，／Ｌ．处理水量１０８０ｔ／ｄ，停留时间为兼氧６ｈ、好氧１３ｈ，出水ｐＨ７．４～８．１，ＣＯＤ１０７．６ｍｇ／Ｌ，达到ＧＢ８９７８－８８二级标准。     

厌氧酸化—好氧法处理高浓度洗毛废水尾浆试验研究

采用厌氧酸化－好氧工艺对高浓度洗毛废水尾浆进行处理。试验结果表明，对于ＣＯＤ为２５０００ｍｇ／Ｌ的原废水，经１ｄ的厌氧酸化和１ｄ的二段串联的间歇活性污泥法好氧曝气处理，ＣＯＤ和ＢＯＤ５的总去除率分别达到９２％和９９％以上，生化处理出水ＣＯＤ为１５００～２０００ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＢＯＤ５＜６０ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

仿真丝生产中碱减量及染整废水的治理

采用“物化－兼氧水解－好氧－絮凝沉淀”处理合纤物仿真丝生产的碱减量，印染废水。碱减量废水在ｐＨ〈１４，ＣＯＤＣｒ１７８００ｍｇ／Ｌ，水量５０ｔ／ｄ的条件下，经预处理后与其余废水混合组成混合废水，水量１８５８ｔ／ｄ，ｐＨ６．６，ＣＯＤＣｒ，９６６ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＢＯＤ５３１０ｍｇ／Ｌ的条件下，进入２０００ｔ／ｄ的生产装置处理，出水ｐＨ６．５，ＣＯＤＣｒ６５．８ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＢＯＤ７．５４ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＳＳ１９．９     

Ni,Fe氧化物对吐氏酸废水催化臭氧化研究

用浸渍法和附着沉淀法制备了６种以Ｎｉ、Ｆｅ为活性组分，γＡｌ２Ｏ３载体的国型催化剂，催化臭经处理难生物降解的典型染料中间体废水－吐氏酸废水。初始ＣＯＤｃ浓度为１５００ｍｇ／Ｌ左右的废水，当臭氧投加量为０．８ｇ／Ｌ时，在活性最高的催化剂作用下，ＣＯＤＣｒ去除率大于５０％，而没有催化剂作用时小于３０％。     

甲胺磷农药废水絮凝处理的生物可降解性

甲胺磷生产排放废水ＣＯＤ在１－１．５×１０－＾４ｍｇ／Ｌ左右，经用聚合硫酸铁絮凝处理后废水ＣＯＤ下降１２％，经紫外分光扫描，絮凝后废水与原废水相比有机物呈均匀下降趋势。在活性污泥法的生化条件下的对比试验表明，在絮凝后甲胺磷废水ＣＯＤ高达４０００ｍｇ／Ｌ以上，仍可进生化池处理，生化过程甲胺磷降解速度快，生化周期缩短一半。     

味精稀废水水解—接触氧化—混凝处理

采用水解－膜法－混凝处理系统，进水ＣＯＤｃｒ，２３００ｍｇ／Ｌ调节废水ＰＨ至７．５，以水解１４ｈ，以气水比２５：１曝气２２ｈ后，出水ＣＯＤｃｒ１４０ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率达９４％。     

焚烧法处理氯霉素生产废水

采用焚烧法处理占氯霉素废水总量的６０％ＣＯＤ浓度为１１．６×１０＾４ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１的浓废水,被充分焚烧后的排气符合排放要求;对ＣＯＤ浓度为１．０９×１０＾４ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１的稀废水,自然稀释后浓度为５００－１０００ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１,于经还原－氧化二级物化处理,其水质符合上海市工业废水排放标准。     

高含硫味精废水处理的研究

采用吹脱－混凝－厌氧消化－两段ＳＢＲ－絮凝沉淀工艺处理味精废水，试验结果表明，当进水ＣＯＤ为２２３５１ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＳＯ＾２－４５１００００ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＮＨ３－Ｎ７５７１ｍｇ／Ｌ、色度（倍）３９０６和ＰＨ１．３时，出水ＣＯＤ９９ｍｇ／Ｌ、ＳＯ＾２－４９５ｍｇ／Ｌ、ＮＨ３－Ｎｌｍｇ／Ｌ色度１６和ＰＨ６．５，其水质均达到ＧＢ８９７８－１９９６规定的一级排放标准。     

药厂扑热息痛废水治理的研究

本文采用臭氧氧化－铁屑／烟道灰过滤－混凝吸附组合沉淀法处理药厂扑热息痛废水，ＣＯＤ去除率可达９４％以上，脱色率达９９．６％，可使处理后废水的ＣＯＤ低于５０ｍｇ／Ｌ，色度低于２倍，水质清澈透明，各项水质指标均符合国家排放标准。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.