不同品质燃油对公交车道路颗粒排放特征的影响

以国Ⅳ排放柴油公交车为样车,研究了3种燃油公交车的颗粒数量排放特性. 3种燃油分别为纯柴油、B20燃油〔V(生物柴油)∶V(纯柴油)=2∶8〕和G20燃油〔V(天然气制油)∶V(纯柴油)=2∶8〕. 结果表明:公交车燃用3种燃油的排气颗粒数量随粒径变化均呈双峰对数分布,其中核态颗粒数量峰值粒径均为10.8 nm;聚集态颗粒数量峰值粒径则因燃料差异而不同,其中纯柴油、B20燃油和G20燃油分别为80.6、69.8和60.4 nm. 对于不同类型道路,在公交车燃用纯柴油时,其快速路下的排气颗粒数量(7.35×1015 km-1)最低,分别比主干道和次干道低47.7%和55.1%. 对于不同品质燃油而言,在全程测试线路内,燃用G20燃油的公交车排气颗粒总数量(6.92×1015 km-1)最低,较纯柴油和B20燃油分别降低了42.5%和32.4%. 其中,G20燃油排气中核态颗粒数量为1.81×1015 km-1,较纯柴油和B20燃油分别降低了3.1%和15.4%,而聚集态颗粒数量则分别降低了49.7%和37.0%. 表明公交车燃用天然气制油可有效降低颗粒排放.      

A comparative study of particle size distribution from two oxygenated fuels and diesel fuel

Oxygenated fuels are known to reduce particulate matter (PM) emissions from diesel engines. In this study, 100% soy methyl ester (SME) biodiesel fuel (B100) and a blend of 10% acetal denoted by A-diesel with diesel fuel were tested as oxygenated fuels. Particle size and number distributions from a diesel engine fueled with oxygenated fuels and base diesel fuel were measured using an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI). Measurements were made at ten steady-state operational modes of various loads at two engine speeds. It was found that the geometric mean diameters of particles from SME and Adiesel were lower than that from base diesel fuel. Compared to diesel fuel, SME emitted more ultra-fine particles at rated speed while emitting less ultra-fine particles at maximum speed. Ultra-fine particle number concentrations of A-diesel were much higher than those of base diesel fuel at most test modes.     

含氧柴油对柴油机排放及细颗粒物碳质组分的影响

乙缩醛(1,1-diethoxyethane)与柴油互溶性好, 可替代乙醇作为生物质来源的柴油含氧添加成分. 生物柴油掺混可以提高乙缩醛和柴油混合燃料的闪点及含氧量. 在柴油发动机台架上, 考察柴油和2种含氧柴油(10%乙缩醛+90%柴油和10%乙缩醛＋10%生物柴油＋80%柴油)在2个固定转速不同负荷的5个工况点的排放特性, 分析了NO_x、HC、CO和PM_2.5排放情况, 并用DRI的碳分析仪分析了PM_2.5中的碳质组分.结果表明, 与普通柴油排放相比, 含氧柴油对NO_x排放速率的影响不大, 在某些工况点HC排放速率有较显著的增加. 含氧柴油降低了柴油机PM_2.5排放速率, 最大降低幅度29%. 从碳质组成上看, 含氧燃料降低了PM_2.5中总碳 (total carbon,TC) 的排放速率, 最大降低幅度24%. 含氧柴油的元素碳(elemental carbon,EC)排放速率普遍低于普通柴油; 有机碳(organic carbon,OC)的排放速率在发动机高转速工况时明显低于普通柴油; PM_2.5的OC/EC值在大多数工况下高于普通柴油. 3种燃料排放PM_2.5的碳质组成百分比相似, OC和EC主要为OC1和EC1. 含氧柴油降低了柴油机PM_2.5的排放速率, 颗粒物中OC的比例有所增加, 但对颗粒物的碳质组分组成没有明显的影响.     

Dynamic changes in microbial activity and community structure during biodegradation of petroleum compounds： A laboratory experiment

With 110-d incubation experiment in laboratory,the responses of microbial quantity,soil enzymatic activity,and bacterial community structure to different amounts of diesel fuel amendments were studied to reveal whether certain biological and biochemical characteristics could serve as reliable indicators of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in meadow-brown soil,and use these indicators to evaluate the actual ecological impacts of 50-year petroleum-refining wastewater irrigation on soil function in Sbenfu irrigation area.Results showed that amendments of≤1000 mg/kg diesel fuel stimulated the growth of aerobic beterotrophic bacteria,and increased the activity of soil dehydrogenase,hydrogenperoxidase,polypbenol oxidase and substrate-induced respiration.Soil bacterial diversity decreased slightly during the first 15 d of incubation and recovered to the control level on day 30.The significant decrease of the colony forming units of soil actinomyces and filamentous fungi can be taken as the sensitive biological indicators of petroleum contamination when soil was amended with≥5000 mg/kg diesel fuel.The sharp decrease in urease activity was recommended as the most sensitive biochemical indicator of heavy diesel fuel contamination.The shifts in community structure to a community documented by Sphingomonadaceae withinα-subgroup of Proteobacteria could be served as a sensitive and precise indicator of diesel fuel contamination.Based on the results described in this paper,the soil function in Shenfu irrigation area was disturbed to some extent.     

Adaptability of microbial inoculators and their contribution to degradation of mineral oil and PAHs

Five dominant bacteria strains（A cetobacter sp., Alcdigenes sp., Micrococcus sp., Arthrobacter sp. and Bacillus sp.） and five fungi strains （Cephalosporium sp. Ⅰ, Cephalosporlum sp. Ⅱ, Aspergillus sp. Ⅰ, Aspergillus sp. Ⅱ and Fusarium sp.） isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil were used to assess the potential capability of mineral oil and PAH enhanced degradation separately and jointly using the batch liquid medium cultivation with diesel oil spiked at 1000 mg/L. The experiment was performed on a reciprocal shaker in the darkness at 25℃ to 30℃ for 100 d. The dynamic variation in the activity of microbial inoculators in each treatment and the degradation of the target pollutants during the period of experiment were monitored. Results showed a more rapid biodegradation of mineral oil and PAHs at the beginning of the experiment （about 20 d） by dominant bacteria, fungi and their mixture than that of the indigenous microorganisms, however, thereafter an opposite trcnd was exhibited that the removal ratio by indigenous microorganisms was superior to any other dominant treatments and the tendency lasted till the end of the experiment, indicating the limited competitive capability of dominant microorganisms to degrade the contaminants, and the natural selection of indigenous microorganisms for use in the removal of the contaminants. At the end of the experiment, the removal ratio of mineral oil ranged from 56.8 % to 79.2 % and PAHs ranged from 96.8 % to 99.1% in each treatment by microbial inoculators,     

DOC+CDPF对生物柴油燃烧颗粒排放特性的影响

以一台满足国五排放法规的车用柴油机为样机,研究加装氧化催化转化器DOC与催化型颗粒捕集器CDPF(DOC+CDPF后处理装置)前后,柴油机燃用B20燃料(燃料含20%体积掺混比的生物柴油)的颗粒排放特性.结果表明,在未加装该后处理装置时,该机排气颗粒数量浓度的粒径分布呈双峰形态,B20燃料的排气颗粒数量浓度的峰值粒径在10nm和50nm附近,纯柴油的排气颗粒数量浓度的峰值粒径在50nm和200nm附近.在颗粒粒径小于120nm的区域,该机燃用B20燃料的排气颗粒数量浓度大于纯柴油.加装该后处理装置后,该机排气颗粒数量浓度的粒径分布呈多峰形态,峰值粒径在10nm、20nm和60nm附近.加装DOC+CDPF后,不论是柴油还是B20燃料,与原机相比,柴油机排气颗粒总数量下降明显,其中60~200nm粒径范围的颗粒数量浓度降幅更为显著.在相同工况下,DOC+CDPF对柴油机燃用B20燃料的颗粒总数量净化效率高于纯柴油.     

不同喷油策略对柴油-四氢呋喃混合燃料燃烧和排放的影响

为了解决环境污染和能源短缺等问题,本研究针对四氢呋喃作为一种含氧替代燃料展开研究.在一台六缸增压柴油机上开展了不同喷油策略下四氢呋喃和柴油混合燃料对柴油机燃烧和排放的影响研究,所用3种燃料分别为：纯柴油、5%四氢呋喃和95%柴油、15%四氢呋喃和85%柴油混合燃料（混合比例均为体积比）,以原机国六脉谱图为基准调节主喷时刻和喷油压力.结果表明,添加5%四氢呋喃使燃油消耗率增加,有效热效率降低,当加入15%四氢呋喃后燃油消耗率进一步升高,有效热效率相比于添加5%四氢呋喃有一定程度改善,但仍低于纯柴油燃料;当喷油压力高于100 MPa时,混合燃料的燃油消耗率和有效热效率随喷油压力的提高基本保持不变.四氢呋喃加入使小负荷下NO_x、CO和HC排放增加;大负荷下使NO_x排放增加,CO和HC排放逐渐降低,各工况下的碳烟排放均降低.由此可见,柴油-四氢呋喃混合燃料的有效热效率相比于纯柴油降低了1%~2%,加入四氢呋喃可有效降低碳烟排放和改善部分工况下的气体污染物排放.     

纯菌株与混合菌株在MFC中降解喹啉及产电性能的研究

微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)阳极微生物菌群组成与MFC产电性能有重要关系.从稳定运行了210 d以上,以200 mg.L-1喹啉为燃料的MFC阳极室分离提纯出4株兼性厌氧菌Q1、b、c和d,分别代表原MFC中所有4类不同菌落形态的可培养菌.16S rDNA序列分析结果表明,菌株Q1、c和d属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.),菌株b属于伯克霍尔德菌属(Burkholderia sp.).通过构建双室MFC,以200 mg.L-1喹啉和300 mg.L-1葡萄糖为混合燃料,以铁氰化钾为电子受体测定各菌株产电能力,结果表明菌株b、c和d均为非产电菌.产电菌Q1与非产电菌b、c、d复合产电电荷量依次为3.00、3.57和5.13C,库仑效率依次为3.85%、4.59%和6.58%,产电菌与非产电菌对燃料的降解利用存在竞争关系,使得复合菌产电能力比产电菌Q1单独时的产电能力差.在MFC中,非产电菌与产电菌复合产电时24h内对喹啉的去除率均可以达到100%,降解喹啉效果优于4株菌单独构建的MFC,即混合菌更有利于利用复杂碳源.GC/MS的测定结果表明,产电菌株Q1构建的纯菌MFC和原混合菌MFC周期结束时出水中存在的喹啉代谢产物均为2-羟基喹啉和苯酚.     

BED含氧燃料在不同海拔下对柴油机PM和NOx排放的影响

为研究生物柴油-乙醇-柴油(简称为BED)含氧燃料在不同海拔下对柴油机微粒(PM)和氮氧化物(NO_x)排放的影响,在一台高压共轨柴油机上分别燃用纯柴油和BED含氧燃料,在两种大气压力(81和100 k Pa)下进行了排放试验研究.结果表明,燃用纯柴油和B15E5(15%生物柴油+5%乙醇+80%柴油,体积比)燃料后,在中、低负荷时的PM排放在高气压下基本高于低气压下,最高增幅分别达到26.2%和19.0%;在全负荷时的PM排放在高气压下降低,最高降幅分别达到6.1%和17.0%.燃用B25E5(25%生物柴油+5%乙醇+70%柴油,体积比)燃料后,PM排放在高气压下降低.燃用纯柴油后,柴油机在高气压下的NO_x排放低于低气压下;燃用B15E5和B25E5含氧燃料后,在中、低负荷下的NO_x排放在高气压下降低,在全负荷下的NO_x排放在高气压下升高.在中、低负荷下NO_x排放最高降幅分别达到12.1%和15.3%;在全负荷下,NO_x排放最高增幅分别达到6.5%和5.8%.在不同大气压力下,柴油机燃用纯柴油和BED含氧燃料后,PM与NO_x排放均呈现明显的trade-off关系.相比于在低气压下,随负荷增加引起的PM排放降幅和NO_x排放增幅在高气压下增加.     

乙醇柴油混合燃料的制备工艺和废气的排放特性

为降低柴油机排放对环境造成的污染,用乙醇部分替代柴油,探索了乙醇柴油混合燃料的制备方法,研究了掺混乙醇及助溶剂对柴油机排放的影响.结果表明:无水乙醇可以和柴油以任意比例混溶,但痕量水(0.2%)的添加即导致混合物分层,合成的有机助溶剂可保证乙醇-柴油-痕量水体系的稳定性基于台架实验,考察了掺混10%、20%、30%乙醇对燃料排放性能的影响乙醇的最佳掺混比为20%在额定工况点(功率为13kW,转速为1540r/min)时,掺混20%乙醇的混合燃料可降低烟度55%,降低HC排放70%,降低CO排放45%.不添加助溶剂时,乙醇的掺混导致排放尾气中产生乙醇、微量乙醛等有机物.而添加非金属离子助溶剂可使HC、乙醇、乙醛排放的浓度明显降低.     

Construction and application of the Synechocystis sp. PCC6803-ftnA in microbial contamination control in a coupled cultivation and wastewater treatment

Inspired by iron fertilization experiments in HNLC (high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll) sea areas, we proposed the use of iron-rich engineered microalgae for microbial contaminant control in iron-free culture media. Based on the genome sequence and natural transformation system of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803, ftnA (encoding ferritin) was selected as our target gene and was cloned into wild-type Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. Tests at the molecular level confirmed the successful construction of the engineered Synechocystis sp. PCC6803-ftnA. After Fe^3 +-EDTA pulsing, the intracellular iron content of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803-ftnA was significantly enhanced, and the algae was used in the microbial contamination control system. In the coupled Synechocystis sp. PCC6803-ftnA production and municipal wastewater (MW, including Scenedesmus obliquus and Bacillus) treatment, Synechocystis sp. PCC6803-ftnA accounted for all of the microbial activity and significantly increased from 70% of the microbial community to 95%. These results revealed that while the stored iron in the Synechocystis sp. PCC6803-ftnA cells was used for growth and reproduction of this microalga in the MW, the growth of other microbes was inhibited because of the iron limitation, and these results provide a new method for microbial contamination control during a coupling process.     

以玉米秸秆为底物的纤维素降解菌与产电菌联合产电的可行性

利用单室空气阴极微生物燃料电池（MFC）反应器,以玉米秸秆为底物,以本实验室筛选和保存的纤维素降解菌Chaetomium sp.和Bacillus sp.,以及纤维素降解混合菌PCS-S和H-C为秸秆降解的生物催化剂,探讨了以汽爆秸秆固体为底物进行微生物产电的可行性.结果表明,在MFC系统内,纤维素降解纯菌和混合菌均能使纤维素降解,但产生的电压很低（<90mV,1000Ω）,升高温度（30～38.5℃）对电压输出无明显影响.单独以生活污水作为菌源不能直接降解秸秆产电.只有将H-C和生活污水（产电菌源）混合作为接种体,MFC才能获得较高的电压输出.此时得到的以汽爆秸秆固体作为底物时的最大功率密度为406mW·m-2,仅比葡萄糖作为底物时所得到的最大功率密度510 mW·m-2低20%.     

Battery powered electric vehicles charged via solar photovoltaic arrays developed for light agricultural duties in remote hilly areas in the Southern Mediterranean region

In the Southern Mediterranean region hilly and remote areas are afflicted with the high cost of diesel fuel, problematic supply, poor or non-existent grid connections and lack of maintenance technicians to service farm grid generation systems and machinery. A prototype Battery Powered Electric Vehicle (BPEV) charged using a solar photovoltaic array (10 kWp) was installed at a monastery situated at Achkout (Lebanon) with a total agricultural area of 50 ha, 10 ha of which was devoted to viticulture. The purpose of this was to investigate the potential for the cleaner production of power hence reducing the use of diesel fuels in agriculture. Data collected from the test site is presented and used to validate a numerical model. The numerical model was then used to extend the study further to the other countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea which have different levels of solar irradiance. Currently the average cost of diesel fuel within the EU is at an all-time high of 1.32 €/L. A life cycle costing determined that if the current trends in inflation in the EU continue and that fuel costs increase by 7.5% per annum, then battery powered electric vehicles charged using solar photovoltaics are economically viable in areas of high solar irradiance. The numerical model was then used to determine the outcome of using lithium titanate batteries instead of conventional lead-acid batteries. Adoption of the described system for a 10 ha vineyard would result in annual fuel saving of 4200–5200 L of diesel depending on which location in the Mediterranean area a system such as this is installed.     

以吲哚为燃料的微生物燃料电池降解和产电特性

以铁氰化钾为电子受体,在两极阴阳室内使用碳毛刷纤维为电极材料构建了循环式微生物燃料电池(MFC),研究了以吲哚为单一燃料和吲哚+葡萄糖为混合燃料条件下MFC的产电特性以及对吲哚和COD的去除效果.结果表明,以1000mg/L葡萄糖+250mg/L吲哚为混合燃料时,MFC的最高电压和最大功率密度分别为660mV和51.2W/m3(阳极),MFC运行10h对吲哚和COD的去除率分别为100%和89.5%;分别以250,500mg/L吲哚为单一燃料时,MFC的平均最高电压分别为115,118mV,最大功率密度分别为2.1,2.3W/m3(阳极).在MFC中,250,500mg/L吲哚被完全降解的时间分别为6,30h.MFC能够利用吲哚为燃料,在实现高效降解吲哚的同时对外产生电能,可用于处理含有毒且难降解有机物的焦化工业废水.     

青藏铁路沿线土壤可培养微生物种群多样性分析

选择青藏铁路沿线不同海拔高度的10个地点采集土壤样品,采用3种不同的培养基分离培养其中的微生物;提取各土壤样品可培养微生物菌体基因组DNA,进行16S rDNA的PCR扩增,对可培养微生物种群多样性进行分析.结果表明,该地区可培养微生物的数量为1×106～8×106 CFU/g.16S rDNA序列分析发现,分离培养的微生物主要包括厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和变形菌门γ亚群(Gammaproteobacteria) 3个类群,分别占菌株总数的53.1%,29.6%和16.0%.其中,Bacillus sp.为优势菌属,占菌株总数的29.6%;Bacillus simplex为优势种,占菌株总数的12.3%.      

Preparation and emission characteristics of ethanol-diesel fuel blends

The preparation of ethanol-diesel fuel blends and their emission characteristics were investigated. Results showed the absolute ethanol can dissolve in diesel fuel at an arbitrary ratio and a small quantity of water(0.2% ) addition can lead to the phase separation of blends. An organic additive was synthesized and it can develop the ability of resistance to water and maintain the stability of ethanol-diesel-trace amounts of water system. The emission characteristics of 10%, 20%, and 30% ethanol-diesel fuel blends, with or without additives, were compared with those of diesel fuel in a direct injection(DI) diesel engine. The experimental results indicated that the blend of ethanol with diesel fuel significantly reduced the concentrations of smoke, hydrocarbon(HC), and carbon monoxide(CO) in exhaust gas. Using 20% ethanol-diesel fuel blend with the additive of 2% of the total volume, the optimum mixing ratio was achieved, at which the bench diesel engine testing showed a significant decrease in exhaust gas. Bosch smoke number was reduced by 55%, HC emission by 70%, and CO emission by 45%, at 13 kW/1540 r/min. However, ethanol-diesel fuel blends produced a few ppm acetaldehydes and more ethanol in exhaust gas.     

柴油/碳酸二甲酯燃烧颗粒的微观结构和分形特征

为降低柴油机颗粒物排放,探讨了柴油机燃用柴油/碳酸二甲酯混合燃料燃烧颗粒微观结构和分形特征的变化规律. 采用扫描电镜、透射电镜和SAXS(同步辐射小角X射线散射)相结合的方法,针对DMC(碳酸二甲酯)添加量(以w计)对柴油机燃烧颗粒微观结构和分形特征参数的影响规律进行了研究. 结果表明:与柴油燃烧颗粒相比,D10〔w(DMC)为10%〕、D20〔w(DMC)为10%〕燃烧颗粒的碳粒子平均层面间距分别增加了5.3%、15.1%,弯曲度平均值分别增加了4.0%和10.3%,表明燃烧颗粒的氧化活性增加;与柴油相比,D10、D20燃烧颗粒的质量分形维数分别增加了0.44和0.52,下限均升高了0.2,SAXS与电镜图像对燃烧颗粒的质量分形维数的分析结果相一致,即质量分形维数随DMC添加量的增加而升高,表明燃烧颗粒的团聚程度提高;与柴油燃烧颗粒相比,D10、D20燃烧颗粒表面分形维数的下限分别升高了0.1和0.2,表明其燃烧颗粒表面的粗糙程度和不规则程度提高;与柴油燃烧颗粒相比,D10、D20燃烧颗粒的活化能分别降低了3.9和7.9 kJ/mol,表明燃烧颗粒的氧化活性随着DMC添加量的增加而增强,验证了燃烧颗粒微观尺寸结构和分形特征的研究结果. 研究显示,柴油中添加DMC能够提高燃烧颗粒的氧化活性,燃烧颗粒的氧化活性越强,其在后处理过程中就越易被氧化,有助于降低柴油机的颗粒物排放.      

生物柴油的研究与应用

生物柴油作为一种可再生能源，可以由动植物油脂通过转酯化反应来制备，它在燃料特性方面与矿物柴油有着十分相似的品质，因此使用生物柴油无须对现有的柴油发动机做任何改造，以生物柴油为燃料的机动车尾气中不含硫氧化物，排出的总颗粒物、总ＨＣ和ＣＯ的量分别是矿物柴油的３０％、４０％和５０％。生物柴油的热效率比矿物柴油高５％～８％，而两者在发动机输出功率上并没有太大的差异。     

Isolation and characterization of gasoline-degrading bacteria from gas station leaking-contaminated soils

The effects of culture conditions in vitro and biosurfactant detection were studied on bacterial strains capable of degrading gasoline from contaminated soils near gas station. The main results were summarized as follows. Three bacteria （strains Q10, Q14 and Q18） that were considered as efficiently degrading strains were isolated and identified as Pseudomonas sp., Flavobaeterium sp. and Rhodococcus sp., respectively. The optimal growth conditions of three bacteria including pH, temperature and the concentration of gasoline were similar. The reduction in surface tension was observed with all the three bacteria, indicating the production of biosurfactant compounds. The value of surface tension reduced by the three strains Q10, Q14 and Q18 was 32.6 mN.m, 12.4 mN. m and 21.9 mN.m, respectively. Strain Q10 could be considered as a potential biosurfactant producer. Gasoline, diesel oil, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene （BTEX） could easily be degraded by the three isolates. The consortium was more effective than the individual cultures in degrading added gasoline, diesel oil, and BTEX. These results indicate that these strains have great potential for in situ remediation of soils contaminated by gas station leaking.     

弧菌拮抗菌的筛选及其对凡纳滨对虾的抑菌防病作用

从海洋沉积物中分离到2株弧菌拮抗菌(H2和H4),经生理生化特性、16S rRNA基因序列分析分别鉴定为短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus H2)和地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis H4). H2和H4菌株均对需钠弧菌的生长有显著的抑制作用;但只有H2菌株在模拟养殖动物小肠环境中生长良好. 选择H2进行模拟试验(20尾凡纳滨对虾虾苗为1组).结果表明,对照组(不接种)虾苗存活32h,接种弧菌的试验组虾苗仅存活16h,同时接种H2菌株和弧菌的试验组虾苗存活48h,而仅接种H2菌株的试验组虾苗存活了72h,说明菌株H2可显著提高凡纳滨对虾的存活时间.现场试验中,100L养殖池中(50尾虾/池),分别接种0 (对照), 103, 104 CFU/mL的H2菌株并养殖14d,再用104 CFU/mL需钠弧菌处理14d.接种104 CFU/mL H2菌株的试验组,虾的死亡率仅为12.5%,显著低于对照组的30.8%(P0.05).