聚硅酸阳离子絮凝剂处理印染废水

以工业废弃物为主要原料,经过同时聚合制备聚硅酸阳离子絮凝剂(PSiC)。实现硅酸缩合自聚、铁铝离子羟化聚合以及硅与铁铝离子聚合同步交互进行。利用PSiC处理印染废水,研究PSiC去除浊度、色度和和UV254的性能,分析其除污染机理。结果表明,PSiC处理印染废水时最佳投放量为80mg/L,此时浊度和色度去除率分别达到50%和90%。废水pH为7、PSiC投加量80mg/L时对印染废水UV254的去除率为65%。pH和投加量过大或过小都会降低PSiC去除UV254的效果。在混凝搅拌初期UV254迅速下降,停止搅拌后又略有所上升。沉淀初期UV254稍有波动,沉降10min后基本趋于稳定。     

不同铝系混凝剂处理印染废水

印染废水具有色度大、有机物含量高、水质变化大等特点,处理难度较大。对比了不同种类的混凝剂对印染废水的处理效果,结果表明,随着混凝剂投加量的增加,SS,色度和COD的去除率逐渐增大,当混凝剂的投加量达到80 mg/L时,4种混凝剂的混凝效果达到最优。Al_(13)在最优投加量下SS的去除率达到92.47%,色度去除率达到88.49%,COD的去除率达到80.47%。不同p H值条件下的混凝实验结果表明,随着p H值的升高,混凝效果逐渐提高,在p H值处于6.0~9.0的范围内均具有良好的混凝效果。在沉降的初始阶段,随着沉降时间的延长,4种混凝剂的混凝效果逐渐提高;当沉降时间超过10 min后,混凝效果没有明显的提高。Al_(13)形成絮体的沉降速度最快,11 min左右可以完成沉降,其他3种混凝剂需要在14 min左右完成沉降。     

不同混凝剂处理松花江低温水

东北松花江地区冬季有将近6个月的冰封期,低温季节水源水处理难度大。为了保证东北地区冬季饮用水供应,研究几种混凝剂在处理冬季松花江低温水时的混凝效果。实验结果表明,NPAC1和NPAC2水解产物中具有较高的Alb和Alc成分,拥有较高的电中和、吸附和网捕卷扫性能,高效聚铝铁(PAF)水解产物Fe(OH)3具有比表面积大、吸附架桥作用较强的优点。这3种混凝剂无论是在控制出水浊度还是在对水体有机物去除能力方面均优于目前水厂所使用的PAC和聚合氯化铝铁(水厂PAF);NPAC2的投加量达到50 mg/L时,出水浊度达到最优;当混凝剂投加量达到50 mg/L时,NPAC1的浊度去除率逐渐超过NPAC2,剩余浊度低于3.0 NTU;NPAC1、NPAC2和PAF 3种混凝剂对有机物的去除能力大致相当,当混凝剂投加量为50 mg/L时,这3种混凝剂处理后的水的UV254的值均低于0.06,而水厂使用的2种混凝剂处理后的水的UV254仍高于0.1;结合其对浊度去除的情况,可以判断55 mg/L的投药量为NPAC1的最优投药点,PAF的最佳投药量为65 mg/L;投加适量的粉末活性碳可以有效地提高氨氮的去除率,当粉末活性炭的投加量为30 mg/L时,氨氮的去除率基本达到最大(51.27%)。表面负荷对混凝效果具有重要的影响,合理降低沉淀池的表面负荷对于提高出水水质具有重要作用。     

引黄水臭氧预氧化强化混凝处理及安全性研究

分析了山西省太原段的引黄水水质,探讨了臭氧预氧化强化混凝处理引黄水的适用性、处理效果及安全性。结果表明,引黄水原水中的COD含量较高,而Br-未检出,提示可以采用臭氧预氧化强化混凝处理;总体来说,臭氧低投加量(0.52～0.98mg/L)时的助凝效果更为显著,在不同的聚合氯化铝(PAC)投加量下的除浊效果都优于常规混凝处理;单独投加臭氧时,随着臭氧投加量的增加,水体紫外吸光度(UV254)逐渐降低,当臭氧投加量为2.52mg/L时,UV254去除率为44%;虽然常规混凝处理即可控制出水的浊度和UV254,但由于混凝剂投加量大,综合效益较低,而臭氧预氧化在一定程度上能起到助凝作用,也能对水体UV254起到良好的控制作用;从甲醛、BrO3-产生量控制的角度来看,太原段引黄水水质适用臭氧预氧化强化混凝处理,安全性较好。     

聚合氯化铝与粉末活性炭联合强化混凝处理垃圾渗滤液

研究了联合粉末活性炭与聚合氯化铝(PAC)强化混凝对垃圾渗滤液原水的处理效果。结果表明,在原水COD为4 100 mg/L、浊度为147 NTU、UV254为20的条件下,粉末活性炭的加入可以有效增加垃圾渗滤液中有机物的去除率,PAC投加量为0.6 g/L时,投加0.6 g/L粉末活性炭,COD的去除率由21.6%提高到29.1%,UV254去除率由29.8%提高到39.9%,剩余浊度由138 NTU降到133 NTU。该强化混凝过程使原水中溶解性小分子有机物的去除率提高显著,PAC投加量为0.6 g/L时,投加0.6 g/L粉末活性炭,在分子量小于1 kDa的范围内,UV254去除率由2.9%上升为10%。     

混凝法深度处理废纸造纸废水实验研究

按照烧杯实验方法,重点考察了pH值、混凝剂种类和投加量等因素对生化处理后废纸造纸废水混凝处理效果的影响。实验结果表明:PAC作为混凝剂,PAM作为助凝剂联合处理该废水时,能够取得较好的去浊率、SS、色度和COD去除率。混凝沉淀最佳运行条件为:废水pH为6.5,含铝量10%的PAC和2 g/L的PAM投加量分别为1 mL/L、0.5 mL/L,浊度从35 NTU降低到1 NTU,去除率达97.1%,SS从30 mg/L降低到7 mg/L,去除率达76.7%,色度从64倍降低到18倍,去除率达71.9%,COD从95 mg/L降低到44.8 mg/L,去除率可达52.8%,取得了较好的去除效果,达到国家造纸废水新排放标准限值。     

铁盐与铝盐对腈纶废水生化出水混凝特性的对比

针对腈纶废水生化单元出水,对比研究了Al2(SO4)3和Fe2(SO4)3在不同絮凝剂投量和p H时的混凝处理效果,并利用紫外-可见分光光度法(UV-Vis)、三维荧光光谱(EEM)、凝胶渗透色谱(HPSEC)等对混凝特性进行了初步探讨。研究显示,2种混凝剂在投量为63.5 mg/L时可获得30%以上的COD去除率,且最佳p H为中性附近。当投量小于32 mg/L时,Al2(SO4)3较Fe2(SO4)3具有更高的COD去除率,进一步增大混凝剂的投量很难提高Al2(SO4)3对COD的去除率,而Fe2(SO4)3则在有限范围内能持续提高COD去除率。EEM光谱分析显示,与Al2(SO4)3相比,Fe2(SO4)3对有机物具有更广的处理范围和更好的去除效果。HPSEC分析表明,Fe2(SO4)3相对于Al2(SO4)3在去除重均分子量为2 776、1 856和1 325 Da的有机物组分方面具有优势。铁盐或铝盐混凝是深度净化腈纶废水生化单元出水的可行方案之一。     

不同混凝剂处理低温低浊水

针对低温低浊水处理难度大的问题进行了一系列的混凝实验,实验结果表明,随着混凝剂投加量的增加,剩余浊度呈现先降低后升高的趋势,单独使用HPAC时,剩余浊度在投加量为14 mg/L时达到最低(2.39 NTU)。pH值对余铝含量具有重要的影响,3种铝系混凝剂均在pH=7.0时余铝含量达到最低。Al Cl3对水中有机物的去除率较其他3种混凝剂低。絮体形成与破碎受搅拌强度的影响很大,当破碎强度增加到50 r/min,使用PACl、HPAC、Fe Cl3作混凝剂时絮体粒径下降不明显,当破碎强度增加到100 r/min时,絮体粒径有明显的下降。破碎结束后,絮体粒径有所恢复,但是并不能增长到破碎前的粒径。PACl、HPAC以及Fe Cl3形成的絮体的沉降性较好,上覆水浊度下降较快,经过3 h的沉降后,剩余浊度分别达到1.82、1.44和0.97 NTU。     

优化混凝处理低温低浊黄河水及对余铝的控制

考察了4种混凝剂,高效聚合氯化铝（HPAC）,聚合氯化铝（PACl）,硫酸铝（Al2（SO4）3）,混合PACl和氯化铁（FeCl3）,对低温低浊黄河原水的混凝效果与沉后水残留铝含量的关系。结果表明,当采用Al2（SO4）3或PACl做混凝剂时,在取得较好浊度去除的投药量下,水中余铝浓度会超过国家标准（0．2131g／L）。而采用HPAC或FeCl3和PACl复配药剂,在取得与Al2（SO4）3或PACl类似的浊度去除效果的同时,也能较好地控制水中的余铝含量。当HPAC投加量为21mg／L时,沉后水浊度降至1．3NTU,残留铝含量为0．147mg／L。复配投加PACl 15mg／L和FeCl3 12mg／L后,沉后水浊度为1．18NTU,残留铝含量为0．074mg／L。PACl和氯化铁的复配比例需要精确的调控,否则容易导致出水余铁余铝含量增加。而HPAC投加量小于21mtg／L时出水余铝浓度均低于国家标准。因此,在这4种混凝剂中,就混凝效果及余铝控制而言,HPAC更适合充当低温低浊水源水的混凝处理药剂。     

响应面法优化混凝处理西北农村水窖水

针对西北地区水窖水低温低浊且微污染的水质特点,采用混凝工艺实现水质提升。通过研究混凝剂投量、助凝剂投量、pH等单因素对浊度、高锰酸盐指数、UV₂₅₄、氨氮去除率的影响,并利用Design-Expert软件对实验数据进行处理,得到二次响应曲面模型各因素间相互作用对响应值的影响,以及其最佳水平。结果表明：采用PAC+PAM的组合处理窖水时,最佳工艺参数PAC投加量为52.08 mg·L^-1,PAM投加量为0.32 mg·L^-1,pH为8.03时,微污染窖水浊度、高锰酸盐指数、氨氮去除率分别为95.8%、81.1%、48.6%。且在浊度、高锰酸盐指数、氨氮模型中,各因变量的影响程度依次为：pH>助凝剂投加量>混凝剂投加量;助凝剂投加量>混凝剂投加量>pH;混凝剂投加量>pH>助凝剂投加量。通过模型可信度分析证明：响应曲面法用于优化混凝工艺处理水窖水的可行性和有效性,同时也为雨雪水等非常规水源水质的净化提供了技术参考。     

Residues of 18 organochlorine pesticides in 30 traditional Chinese medicines

We analyzed 30 different traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) to determine levels of contamination with organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). We tested for 18 pesticides: benzene hexachloride (BHC, including alpha-BHC, beta-BHC, gamma-BHC, delta-BHC), heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, tecnazene, pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB), hexachlorobenzene, aldrin, methyl pentachlorophenyl sulphide (MPCPS), alpha-endosulfan, trans-chlorodane, cis-chlorodane, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, and p,p'-DDT. The sample extracts were analyzed by GC-ECD. A total of 280 samples of 30 different TCMs were analyzed. Our results showed that 75.8% of samples contained at least one of the above pesticides. The pesticides detected were tecnazene, hexachlorobenzene, PCNB, heptachlor, aldrin, alpha-BHC, beta-BHC, gamma-BHC, delta-BHC, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD p,p'-DDT. More than 50% of samples contained alpha-BHC (55.8%) and PCNB (55.8%); hexachlorobenzene was detected in 40.9% of samples, tecnazene in 19.5%, gamma-BHC in 16.7% and p,p'-DDE in 16.0%. Less than 10% of samples contained beta-BHC, delta-BHC, heptachlor, aldrin, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDD. None of the 280 samples contained heptachlor epoxide, MPCPS, alpha-endosulfan, trans-chlorodane, or cis-chlorodane. Concentrations of OCPs in four samples exceeded the maximum allowable residue limits (MRLs) specified in the PRC Pharmacopoeia 2005. The results indicate that the most common contaminants among the 280 samples were alpha-BHC, PCNB, hexachlorobenzene, and tecnazene. Our results suggest that contamination of TCMs with OCPs is widespread. The MRLs for other OCPs commonly found in TCMs (e.g. hexachlorobenzene and tecnazene) should be set as quickly as possible, and the MRLs of OCPs in other TCMs should be established.     

Differences in root uptake of radiocaesium by 30 plant taxa

The concentration of Cs was measured in the shoots of 30 taxa of plants after exposing the roots for 6 h to 0.1 microg radiolabelled Cs g(-1) soil. There were maximum differences between Chenopodium quinoa and Koeleria macrantha of 20-fold in Cs concentration and 100-fold in total Cs accumulated. There was a weak relationship between Rb (K) and Cs concentration across the 30 taxa, but a strong relationship within the Gramineae and Chenopodiaceae. Taxa in the Chenopodiaceae discriminated approximately nine times less between Rb and Cs during uptake than did those in the Gramineae. The lowest Cs concentrations occurred in slow growing Gramineae and the highest in fast growing Chenopodiaceae. If radiocaesium uptake by the Chenopodiaceae during chronic exposures shows similar patterns to those reported here after acute exposure, then the food contamination implications and the potential for phytoremediation of radiocaesium contaminated soils using plants in this family may be worth investigating.     

Hydrogen production using thermocatalytic decomposition of methane on Ni<Subscript>30</Subscript>/activated carbon and Ni<Subscript>30</Subscript>/carbon black

Hydrogen is an energy carrier of the future need. It could be produced from different sources and used for power generation or as a transport fuel which mainly in association with fuel cells. The primary challenge for hydrogen production is reducing the cost of production technologies to make the resulting hydrogen cost competitive with conventional fuels. Thermocatalytic decomposition (TCD) of methane is one of the most advantageous processes, which will meet the future demand, hence an attractive route for CO_x free environment. The present study deals with the production of hydrogen with 30 wt% of Ni impregnated in commercially available activated carbon and carbon black catalysts (samples coded as Ni₃₀/AC and Ni₃₀/CB, respectively). These combined catalysts were not attempted by previous studies. Pure form of hydrogen is produced at 850 °C and volume hourly space velocity (VHSV) of 1.62 L/h g on the activity of both the catalysts. The analysis (X-ray diffraction (XRD)) of the catalysts reveals moderately crystalline peaks of Ni, which might be responsible for the increase in catalytic life along with formation of carbon fibers. The activity of carbon black is sustainable for a longer time compared to that of activated carbon which has been confirmed by life time studies (850 °C and 54 sccm of methane).     

Certain organochlorine and organobromine contaminants in Swedish human milk in perspective of past 20-30 years

The investigations of organochlorine compounds in breast milk from women living in the Stockholm region started in 1967. The present study summarises the investigations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), naphthalenes (PCNs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and pesticides (DDT, DDE, hexachlorobenzene, dieldrin) as well as methylsulfonyl metabolites of PCBs and DDE in human milk sampled during different periods up to 1997. During the course of 20-30 yr the levels of organochlorine compounds in human milk have decreased to various extent. A decrease to the half of the original concentration was attained in the range of 4-17 yr periods. On the contrary to the organochlorine compounds, the concentrations of PBDEs have increased during the period 1972-1997, indicating a doubling of the levels by 5 yr. The levels reflect the environmental contamination and background levels in the population. The accumulation and ongoing increase in the levels of PBDEs calls for immediate measures to stop the environmental pollution and human exposure to PBDEs.     

高聚聚硫氯化铝混凝去除水中腐殖酸

采用快速加碱法制备了分别以Al13和Al30为主要水解形态的聚合氯化铝PAC-Al13和高聚聚合氯化铝PACAl30。通过向PAC-Al30中引入SO2-4/Al3+摩尔比为0.06的SO2-4离子,制得高聚聚硫氯化铝SPAC-Al30。激光散射粒径分析以及Ferron逐时络合比色结果表明,加入SO2-4后SPAC-Al30的平均粒径增大为4.85 nm,高聚合水解形态Alc含量分别比PAC-Al13和PAC-Al30提高52.7%和17.5%。ζ电位分析以及烧杯混凝实验结果表明,SPAC-Al30的电中和能力不及PACAl30和PAC-Al13,混凝去除水中腐殖酸的效果却有显著提高,且由于SPAC-Al30较为温和的电中和性能,在混凝剂投量较高时不易出现再稳现象。SPAC-Al30的纳米级分子尺寸和高聚合水解形态有利于其发挥更优的吸附架桥和网捕卷扫作用,SPAC-Al30是去除水中腐殖酸的一种新型高效混凝剂。     

Evaluation of Al30 polynuclear species in polyaluminum solutions as coagulant for water treatment

Polyaluminum coagulant with a content of 76.8% of Al30 (PACAl30) was prepared. Its coagulation behaviors were compared with high Al13 content polyaluminum coagulant (PACAl13) and AlCl3. The species stability was studied using Al-Ferron method and 27Al NMR. The coagulation performances were investigated by studying the rate of flocs development, the turbidity removal efficiency and charge neutralization capacity under fixed pH conditions and uncontrolled pH conditions. The effect of pH on coagulation was also studied. The results show that PACAl30 are stable for using as coagulant. PACAl30 causes less pH depression than PACAl13. The charge neutralization capacity of PACAl30 is slightly lower than that of PACAl13 at pH6.8 and higher at pH 6.5. PACAl30 achieves the most effective turbidity removal in these three coagulants. And it acts effectively within a much broader dosage range and a wider pH range when compared with PACAl13. PACAl30 achieves the highest turbidity removal due to its strong flocs formation capacity. The results verify that Al30 is another highly active coagulation/flocculation species for turbidity removal.     

Roadside particulate levels at 30 locations in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Roadside particulate levels (PM₁₀) at 30 locations throughout the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal are reported. There were seven sampling cycles from January to December 1999. PM₁₀ levels ranged between 1000 and 6000 μ/m3 for 1-h sampling. There was no consistent trend in PM10 levels with respect to monitoring cycle, average precipitation or wind speed. There is no WHO guideline for PM₁₀ (no safe exposure threshold), but the EPA 24-h standard is 150 μ/m3. The major sources of roadside PM₁₀ include dust re-suspension from vehicular movement and human activity, and particulate emissions from old vehicles. Other sources of PM₁₀ in the valley include cement and brick factories. Studies are currently being conducted to determine the lead content of PM₁₀ from roadside samples. Additional studies are warranted to assess the potential adverse human health effects of acute or chronic exposure to high particulate levels reported in this study.     

Effects of special fiscal revenue on industrial pollution and the spatial spillover: evidence from 30 provinces in China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In China, industrial pollution is a prominent source of environmental pollution, and the important goal of sustainable development is to reduce...     

Fate of PCDF/PCB congeners and change of clinical symptoms in patients with Yusho PCB poisoning for 30 years

Two mass-food poisonings called Yusho and Yucheng occurred in Japan and Taiwan in 1968 and 1979, respectively. Blood samples from five Yusho patients and three Yucheng patients were collected several times from 1982 to 1998 and from 1980 to 1995, respectively, and analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) congeners. Fat base concentrations of 2,3,4,7,8-penta-CDF in the Yusho patients, which were responsible for about 70% of the dioxin toxicity, are estimated to be decreased from 60 ppb in 1969 to 800 ppt in 1997 with the median half-life of 2.9 years in the first 15 years after onset and 7.7 years in the next stage of 15 years. Typical Yusho symptoms of acneiform eruption, dermal pigmentation and increased eye discharge were very gradually recovered with lapse of several years. However, enzyme and/or hormone-mediated signs of high serum triglyceride, high serum thyroxin, immunoglobulin disorder and others are persistently maintained for 30 years.