渭北生草果园土壤有机碳矿化及其与土壤酶活性的关系

通过短期(31 d)室内培养法测定苹果园清耕、苹果∕白三叶间作、苹果∕小冠花间作这3种管理模式下土壤有机碳矿化动态和4种土壤酶活性,探讨了渭北果园不同生草条件下土壤有机碳矿化规律及其与土壤酶活性的关系.结果表明,在培养过程中,3种管理模式下土壤有机碳日矿化率均表现出先升高后降低,后期保持低且比较稳定的趋势.培养31 d后,与对照处理土壤有机碳矿化累积量为367 mg·kg-1相比较,白三叶处理最大为590 mg·kg-1、小冠花处理为541 mg·kg-1,并且3个处理在垂直方向上有机碳累积矿化量均随土层深度增加而减小.由一级动力学方程拟合发现,生草果园土壤有机碳矿化碳潜力(Cp)和矿化速率常数(k)值分别为0.252~2.74 g·kg-1和0.019~0.051 d-1,果园生草处理Cp值与对照处理Cp值差异显著,并且土壤蔗糖酶和纤维素酶与土壤有机碳矿化有较高的相关性.     

微生物多样性对土壤碳代谢特征的影响

土壤微生物群落在生态系统过程中发挥着重要的作用,而关于土壤微生物多样性对生态系统功能的影响无一致结论.为了研究微生物多样性对土壤碳代谢特征的影响,将稀释10~(-1)、10~(-3)和10~(-5)倍(D1、D3和D5)的庞泉沟阔叶混交林土壤悬浮液接种在灭菌的土样中.通过碱式滴定法和Biolog Eco板等实验方法测定了不同多样性梯度下土壤碳矿化速率和碳代谢利用模式的变化.结果表明培养6周后,D1处理的碳矿化速率、累积碳矿化量、平均孔颜色变化率(AWCD)和多样性指数(Shannon、Mc Intosh和丰富度指数)均显著高于D5处理.且相关分析表明,累积碳矿化量和AWCD与丰富度呈显著负相关.对碳源吸光度做主成分分析(PCA)和单因素方差分析发现微生物多样性梯度的土壤碳源利用模式也存在差异.因此,微生物多样性下降影响土壤的碳矿化速率和碳源利用模式,导致陆地生态系统的功能发生改变,在森林土壤管理中,应重视土壤微生物物种多样性变化对生态系统功能的影响.     

有机物料还田对稻田土壤DOM碳源代谢能力的影响

以成都平原典型稻麦轮作长期定位施肥试验土壤为研究对象,设置常规施肥(T1)、猪粪替代50%氮肥(T2)和猪粪替代50%氮肥+秸秆全量还田(T3)这3种处理,采用Biolog-ECO方法,研究长期有机物料还田下土壤和土壤可溶性有机质(DOM)的碳源代谢能力.结果表明,T3处理较T1和T2处理显著增加了土壤的碳源代谢能力,平均颜色变化率(AWCD)分别增长16%和48%;同时T3处理提高了土壤DOM的碳源代谢能力,其AWCD值为0.43.从微生物碳代谢功能多样性指数来看,土壤和土壤DOM中微生物的碳代谢功能多样性指数均以T3处理最高,其中土壤DOM中微生物的Shannon、 Simpson和McIntosh指数分别为2.73、 0.91和3.75.主成分分析和富集分析结果显示,不同施肥处理下土壤和土壤DOM的主要利用碳源类型存在差异,对于DOM而言,T1和T2处理的DOM主要利用碳源仅为糖类,而T3处理增加了对氨基酸类、羧酸类、聚合物类和胺类的利用.土壤pH和质地的改变是引起土壤DOM碳源代谢能力差异的主要因素.综上,猪粪配合秸秆施用显著增加了土壤和土壤DOM的微生物群落多样性和碳源代谢能...     

黄土区侵蚀坡面土壤微生物群落功能多样性研究

为研究不同有机碳水平下坡面土壤侵蚀对微生物群落功能多样性的影响,以黄土区典型侵蚀坡面为对象,通过Biolog-Eco方法测定了高、低2个有机碳水平坡面沉积区、侵蚀区和对照区3个不同部位的土壤微生物活性、碳源利用能力和微生物群落功能多样性.结果表明：1）高碳水平下3个部位的微生物活性和碳源利用能力均显著高于低碳水平;2）在不同侵蚀部位上,沉积区微生物活性高于侵蚀区,在低碳水平下,沉积区微生物碳源利用能力显著大于侵蚀区（P<0.05）,但在高碳水平下沉积区与侵蚀区无显著差异;3）在6类碳源中,微生物对氨基酸类、酯类的利用率最高,对醇类、胺类的利用率较低,从31种碳源中提取的主成分1和主成分2分别可解释变量方差的53.8%和11.9%,对主成分1起分异作用的主要是氨基酸类和酯类碳源;对主成分2起分异作用的主要为糖类和酸类碳源.4）高碳水平下3个部位微生物群落的Shannon指数、丰富度指数和McIntosh指数均显著大于低碳水平（P<0.05）,但不同部位间的土壤微生物群落多样性指数并无明显差异.侵蚀对微生物群落功能多样性的影响主要表现在有机碳水平决定的微生物活性差别上,不同部位微生物的碳源利用能力在有机碳水平较低时差异显著,有机碳水平较高时则没有明显差别.     

莠去津对野生植物群落下土壤微生物功能多样性的影响

为探明亚致死剂量农药对土壤微生物多样性影响,基于大田控制试验,采用Biolog-ECO微平板技术分析喷施亚致死剂量的莠去津对野生植物群落下土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响.结果表明:① 莠去津的喷施浓度对土壤微生物群落利用全部碳源的能力无显著影响（P>0.05）,但与喷施处理后第30天相比,处理后第60天的土壤微生物群落利用全部碳源的能力有所降低,其中处理Ⅰ〔喷施浓度（以质量浓度计）为1 200 g/hm2〕、处理Ⅲ（喷施浓度为300 g/hm2）显著下降（P < 0.05）,而CK（对照组）、处理Ⅱ（喷施浓度为600 g/hm2）降低程度不显著（P>0.05）,并且其各处理间土壤微生物群落对全部碳源的利用能力大小为CK >处理Ⅲ >处理Ⅱ >处理Ⅰ.② 喷施处理后第30天土壤微生物群落对碳水化合物类碳源的利用能力最强,对羧酸类碳源的利用能力相对较弱;喷施处理后第60天土壤微生物群落对碳水化合物类碳源的利用能力降幅最大,处理Ⅰ、处理Ⅱ、处理Ⅲ分别下降了0.63、0.78、0.85、0.76.③ 喷施除草剂后第30天处理Ⅱ的Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数显著低于其他处理（P < 0.05）,而第60天各处理间多样性指数无显著差异;与喷施处理后第30天相比,第60天各处理多样性指数都有所下降,但没有显著差异（P>0.05）.④ 对土壤微生物群落碳源利用能力进行主成分分析结果显示,提取的与土壤微生物碳源利用相关的主成分累积贡献率为86.6%,主成分1能够区分喷施处理后两个时期的土壤微生物群落特征.⑤ 冗余分析（RDA）表明,pH是土壤微生物利用碳源能力差异的重要影响因素之一.研究显示,除草剂莠去津的施用可在一定程度上降低野生植物群落下土壤微生物群落功能多样性.      

大气CO2浓度升高对几种土壤微生物学特征的影响

利用中国扬州开放式空气CO2浓度升高(FACE)平台,研究大气CO2浓度升高对土壤微生物活性及群落功能多样性的影响.结果表明,在常氮施肥处理中,大气CO2浓度升高有增加微生物量碳的趋势,而在低氮施肥处理中大气CO2浓度升高的影响不大.在常氮、低氮施肥处理中,大气CO2浓度升高对微生物量氮均没有显著影响,有增加微生物C/N的趋势.在常氮施肥处理中,大气CO2浓度升高显著增加脱氢酶活性,而在低氮施肥处理中的影响不显著.在低氮施肥中大气CO2浓度升高显著增加酸性磷酸酶活性,在常氮施肥处理中的影响不显著.除在常氮施肥、大气CO2浓度升高时,Shannon指数、Simpson指数和微生物利用的碳源有显著变化外,其他处理中土壤微生物群落功能多样性的变化很小.     

盐生植被演替对土壤微生物碳源代谢活性的影响

采用Biolog-Eco微平板法,研究了黄河三角洲地区不同盐生植被下土壤微生物的碳源代谢特征,并探讨了土壤微生物碳源代谢水平与盐生植被演替的关系.结果表明,黄河三角洲土壤质量随盐生植被正向演替呈现逐渐改善的趋势,盐生植被从"裸地-强耐盐植物-轻耐盐性植物"演替过程中,土壤微生物碳源代谢活性极显著增强(P0.01).土壤微生物群落的Shannon-Wiener指数、丰富度、Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数按演替顺序逐渐增加,且与全氮、碱解氮呈现显著(P0.05)正相关,与土壤盐度呈现极显著负相关(P0.01).随着"光板地-强耐盐植物-轻度耐盐植物"的演替,微生物利用的碳源种类不断增加,所利用的各类碳源数量上也越来越接近.全氮(Total nitrogen)和碱解氮(Available nitrogen)显著促进了微生物的碳源代谢活性,土壤盐度则显著抑制了土壤微生物的碳源代谢活性.     

喀斯特高原退化湿地草海土壤微生物群落碳源代谢活性研究

为了揭示土壤微生物群落功能多样性对湿地退化过程的响应及其与环境因子的关系,采用BIOLOG-ECO微平板法对喀斯特高原湿地草海不同植被演替阶段根际土壤微生物的碳源代谢活性进行了研究.结果表明,沿湿地植被演替梯度,根际土壤微生物群落碳源代谢强度逐渐增加,原生湿地竹叶眼子菜(Comm.Potamogeton malaianu)根际土壤微生物碳源利用能力最低,碳源代谢类型单一;草甸灯芯草(Juncus effusus L.)群落利用能力最强,碳源代谢类型丰富;Shannon指数(H')和Mc Intosh指数(U)均沿植被演替梯度逐渐升高,这可能与地上植物和土壤理化环境变化有关;主成分分析(PCA)提取的3个主成分累计贡献率为92.85%,能够很好解释不同阶段碳源利用的分异,醇类和氨基酸类是引起碳源利用分异的主要基质;冗余分析(RDA)表明,环境因子对微生物碳源代谢活性具有重要影响,p H、DOC是引起碳源利用分异的主要环境因子.土壤微生物群落碳源代谢活性影响湿地碳循环功能.     

增温及秸秆施用对豆-麦轮作土壤微生物量碳氮及细菌群落结构的影响

为研究增温和秸秆施用对农田土壤微生物量碳氮和细菌群落结构的影响,设置随机区组试验,试验设置空白(CK)、增温(WA)、秸秆施用(SA)和增温及秸秆施用(WS)这4种处理.分别在大豆生长季和冬小麦生长季采集土壤样品,测定土壤微生物量碳氮,并采用Illumina Hi Seq高通量测序法测定土壤细菌群落结构.结果表明,无论是大豆季还是冬小麦田,不同增温及秸秆施用处理的土壤微生物量碳含量均无显著(P 0. 05)差异,大豆季增温处理土壤微生物量氮含量显著(P 0. 01)高于对照,且大豆季土壤微生物量氮含量极显著(P 0. 001)高于冬小麦田.大豆季各处理间土壤细菌纲、目、科和属水平上的类群均无显著(P 0. 05)差异,冬小麦季不同处理间的细菌群落结构存在显著差异.大豆季CK与WA、SA处理最具优势的芽单胞菌目(Gemmatimonadales)、芽单胞菌科(Gemmatimonadaceae)和鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)的细菌比例之间均存在显著(P 0. 05)差异,冬小麦季CK与WA处理最具优势的γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria)的细菌比例之间存在显著(P 0. 05)差异.大豆季增温处理的物种数、Shannon指数、Simpson指数和Chao1指数均最小,冬小麦季增温及秸秆施用处理的物种数、Shannon指数、Simpson指数和Chao1指数均最大.大豆季土壤细菌α多样性指标与土壤微生物量碳氮之间存在极显著(P 0. 001)的相关关系,而冬小麦季这些指标之间则不存在类似的关系.     

生物炭复合青霉菌修复砷污染土壤对其微生物群落功能多样性的影响

真菌修复砷污染土壤是一种能够有效吸附固化环境中砷的重要措施.生物炭作为目前修复重金属的热点,其多空疏松的结构、较高的离子交换量、丰富的有机碳含量等都说明了其在土壤修复中的地位.为了探究生物炭与青霉菌在修复砷污染土壤的同时对土壤中微生物活性及其多样性的影响,在室内孵育条件下,运用Biolog法研究了3×3随机区组试验（3个生物炭梯度分别为0%、2%、4%,3个青霉菌梯度分别为0%、10%、20%）下土壤微生物对不同类型碳源的利用能力以及多种功能性指数的影响.结果表明:①添加青霉菌与生物炭后,土壤中有效砷含量较对照组显著下降,从而影响其微生物群落功能多样性.②砷污染土壤中微生物群落功能多样性、碳源利用丰富度随生物炭浓度梯度的升高呈先升后降的趋势.③高接菌量（20%）与低接菌量（10%）对砷污染土壤中微生物群落功能多样性的影响没有显著性差异.④2%生物炭与10%青霉菌处理土壤中微生物群落功能多样性、碳源利用丰度最高.⑤青霉菌对胺类及少部分酸类碳源的利用能力较弱（AWCD < 0.5,AWCD为Biolog微平板孔中溶液吸光值平均颜色变化率）,对氨基酸类中大部分碳源以及脂类碳源的代谢能力较强（AWCD>1.0）,对糖类、酚酸类的代谢能力稍弱（AWCD为0.3~1.0）,青霉菌对D-半乳糖醛酸、L-天冬酰胺酸、L-丝氨酸、L-精氨酸、r-羟基丁酸这5种碳源的利用率最高（AWCD>1.2）.研究显示,低浓度生物炭可增加砷污染土壤中微生物群落多样性,生物炭含量的继续增加会对微生物产生抑制作用;青霉菌添加到砷污染土壤后,会显著提升砷污染土壤中微生物的群落功能多样性,改善砷污染土壤中微生的物群落结构;青霉菌的优势碳源大多为植物根系分泌物,可为后续青霉菌与超积累植物复合修复砷污染土壤提供参考.      

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.