垂向水动力扰动机的蓝藻控制效应数值实验研究

在蓝藻水华的控制研究中,目前的发展趋势是采用快速、生态安全且经济有效的技术,其中使用垂向水动力扰动机抑制蓝藻备受关注,但缺乏深入和定量的工程设计与效果评估研究.针对垂向水动力扰动机的蓝藻抑制效应开展数值实验研究,以三维数值营养盐-藻类动力学模型(EFDC)为框架,定量探讨了扰动机数量及其位置分布对叶绿素、总氮和总磷的影响.模拟结果表明,扰动机的存在对蓝藻抑制具有比较明显的作用,随着扰动机数量由0逐渐增加到20个时,Chl-a峰值浓度共减少了37.695 2μg.L-1,并且扰动机对水质改善的程度与其数量存在很强的非线性关系,即当扰动机数量由无到有并逐渐增加时,藻类抑制的效果明显增强;但当扰动机的数量增加到一定量时,进一步增加数量将不会相应增强蓝藻抑制效果.这表明扰动机存在一个最佳数量问题.此外,本研究发现除了数量之外,扰动机的位置对蓝藻控制的效果也有很大影响.数值实验结果显示如果扰动机放置位置得当,少量的扰动机就可达到甚至超过更多扰动机所能达到的蓝藻控制效果.尤其是优化12个扰动机的位置后,Chl-a峰值浓度比扰动机为20个时减少了7.172 6μg.L-1.这些研究结果验证了国内外相关研究对水动力扰动机蓝藻控制效果的肯定性结果,并进一步表明了在实际应用该项技术时必须因地制宜,结合使用智能工程技术(如:高分辨率数值模型)确定最佳扰动机数量与位置,从而确保以最低成本获取最大的蓝藻控制效果.除蓝藻控制之外,数值实验结果也表明扰动机对营养盐浓度也有一定的降低效果.     

蓝藻暴发对莫愁湖水体和沉积物营养盐的影响

以莫愁湖水体和表层沉积物为研究对象,分别于蓝藻暴发前(6月、7月)、蓝藻暴发期(8月)、蓝藻暴发后(9月、10月)采集水样和沉积物样品,分析了氮磷等营养盐及其形态赋存变化特征和水体的富营养化程度及水质变化,并探讨了水体和沉积物营养盐与蓝藻水华暴发的关系。结果表明,在蓝藻暴发期间,水体氮磷等营养盐急剧增加而沉积物中营养盐含量维持稳定,造成莫愁湖蓝藻暴发的主要原因是外源性氮、磷营养盐的输入而不是湖泊沉积物中氮、磷的释放;在蓝藻暴发前、中、后期,莫愁湖水质均为Ⅴ类,富营养化程度在轻度以上,水质污染严重。蓝藻暴发期间,水质整体呈下降趋势,水质恶化富营养化程度加重;通过相关分析发现,水体中叶绿素a含量与水体中总氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数、亚硝态氮和氨态氮存在显著正相关关系(P0.01或P0.05),与水体中氮磷比存在显著负相关关系(P0.01),而与沉积物中总氮、总磷及水体硝态氮未发现显著相关性(P0.05),水体中营养盐浓度特别是磷含量的增加对蓝藻暴发具有重要影响,而沉积物氮磷及有机质含量与蓝藻暴发的关系较弱,同时蓝藻暴发对水体还原态氮的影响比氧化态氮影响更为显著。     

淄博市湖泊等水体中磷的来源、危害及防治措施

本文介绍了国内、外湖泊等水体中的污染现状。指出了磷是引起湖泊等水体富营养化的根本原因。水体中磷主要来自含磷洗涤剂、农药、化肥等，提出了改善湖泊水质的预防措施及治理方法。     

基于RVI分区的淀山湖蓝藻暴发期叶绿素a的遥感估测

以淀山湖为研究区域,利用MODIS数据探讨蓝藻暴发期叶绿素a质量浓度〔ρ(Chla)〕的遥感估算方法.为了提高估算精度,解决蓝藻暴发期因ρ(Chla)差异较大而产生的估测模型的参数适应性问题,引入比值植被指数(Ratio Vegetation Index,RVI)分类法,将RVI＞0.95的区域界定为高蓝藻含量水体,将RVI≤0.95的区域界定为较清洁水体,并基于分区分别建立遥感估算模型.结果表明,分区后MODIS数据叶绿素a估测模型能更好地映射ρ(Chla)的变化,基于RVI的分类估算方法可以有效地提高淀山湖水体蓝藻暴发期ρ(Chla)的估算精度.      

我国东部浅水湖泊水生态效应特征

为探究我国东部浅水湖泊生态系统的时空异质性及其演替的响应指标,基于东部浅水湖泊长时间序列（1986-2014年）的监测数据,分析了不同湖泊类型的水质和浮游植物群落分布特征,并综合运用稳态转换理论和典范对应分析方法（CCA）,研究了富营养化湖泊浮游植物群落的演替特征以及响应因子.结果表明:①从水系上看,太湖水系湖泊的水质最差,ρ（TP）、ρ（TN）和ρ（Chla）最高,分别为（0.276±0.606）（3.563±1.430）mg/L和（14.801±10.117）μg/L,SD（透明度）为（0.486±0.272）m;从水文连通性上看,湖泊的水质为通江湖泊>非通江湖泊>阻隔湖泊.②空间分布上,湖口以下干流浮游植物密度最高,为2.674×107 L-1.蓝藻门为东部浅水湖泊的优势种群,密度最高达1.897×107 L-1,绿藻门和硅藻门次之,黄藻门最少,仅为3.951×103 L-1.③东部浅水湖泊生态系统演替发生在ρ（Chla）为5.21~10.57 μg/L阈值范围内.④以东部典型湖泊-太湖为例,浮游植物群落分别在1997-1998年和2000-2001年两个时间梯度达到最大值.EC（电导率）和ρ（TN）是影响太湖浮游植物群落分布的显著因子.研究显示,随着东部浅水湖泊水质恶化,浮游植物群落结构特征发生突变,导致其生态系统发生演替,预防东部浅水湖泊生态系统演变应严控EC和ρ（TN）.      

NOAA卫星监测巢湖蓝藻水华的试验分析

采用实地水质采样分析、水面光谱测量等实地监测 ,并结合NOAA气象卫星遥感信息 ,对巢湖水华进行星地同步调查监测。结果表明 ,蓝藻叶绿素的存在使得进入近红外波段水体反射率明显上升 ,基于这一光谱特性以及蓝藻特有的漂浮特性 ,可利用NOAA卫星监测巢湖等内陆大面积的严重污染湖泊蓝藻水华的分布状况。     

湖泊中磷的来源及其防治措施

本文介绍了国内湖泊等水域的污染现状，指出了磷是引起湖泊等水域富营养化的根本原因，水体中磷主要来自含磷洗涤剂，提高了改善胡泊水质的预防措施及治理方法。     

重庆园博园龙景湖的富营养化状态与水质分析

龙景湖位于重庆市北部新区园博园内,以自然降水为补给水源,在构建园博园景观、调节湖区小气候、改善周围生态环境、提供居民休闲等方面具有重要功能。为了及时掌握龙景湖水质变化情况,对水体中TN、TP、CODMn、Chla含量及水体透明度等进行监测分析,运用综合营养状态指数法对龙景湖营养状态进行评价。研究表明:龙景湖水体中TN、TP含量超标污染严重,Chla含量亦较高,其他指标处于正常景观用水范围内,水质总体处于轻度-中度富营养化范围。秋亭桥是全湖水质最差的地方。相关分析表明综合营养状态指数与透明度呈极显著负相关关系,与pH、溶解氧、CODMn、BOD5、Chla呈极显著正相关关系。开展监测以来,龙景湖水质明显恶化,治理工作刻不容缓,应从入湖污染源控制、湖水污染治理及管理工作三方面着手,采取综合治理措施。     

湖泊蓝藻水华对连通河道水质的影响

为认知湖泊蓝藻水华灾害对连通河道的影响强度及其变化因素,以太湖梅梁湾连通河道梁溪河为例,在夏季水华期开展河道蓝藻颗粒物及氮磷和溶解氧等水质指标的逐日监测,结合河道水质指标空间变化调查,以及同期流量、温度和风场特征等水文气象因子数据,分析湖泊蓝藻水华物质对连通河道水质的影响特征。结果发现,夏季蓝藻水华暴发期间,水华颗粒物能够随水流大量进入连通的河道,进入河道的藻颗粒通量总量可观,夏季3个月梅梁湾进入梁溪河的蓝藻水华颗粒物总量达到9733 t,与当年全湖的工程打捞量相近;由湖泊进入连通河道的水华颗粒物通量日变化很大,夏季调查期间进入梁溪河的藻颗粒通量介于75~496 t·d-1,平均值为105 t·d-1,通量大小主要受水文气象条件控制,水量、温度、风向是最主要的影响因素;携带大量蓝藻水华颗粒物的湖水进入河道后,在显著改善城市河道水体溶解氧、氨氮等指标的同时,也显著增加了河道颗粒态氮、磷等营养盐含量,对溶解态氮磷的影响较小;空间上,因蓝藻颗粒物带来的氮、磷浓度随离湖距离增加而下降,水体叶绿素浓度也迅速下降,汇入7 km之后的运河后,蓝藻颗粒物基本分解,水体颗粒态藻体叶绿素a含量由刚入河的152.93μg·L-1下降到1.99μg·L-1。结果表明,受蓝藻水华问题困扰的湖泊对周边河道水质影响也很大,河湖连通过程尽管能有效缓解湖泊的湖泛灾害,解决城市河道黑臭的问题,但是对河道的营养盐等指标会产生较大影响;管理上应因河道和湖泊不同的保护目标,充分考虑湖泊水华情势及水文气象因素,制定机动灵活的调水方案,优化湖泊及河道的水生态服务功能。     

水文地貌分区下鄱阳湖丰水期水质空间差异及影响机制

在2011年7月鄱阳湖丰水期水质参数采样分析的基础上,结合Delft3D水动力模型结果,针对鄱阳湖湖区建立了8个水文地貌分区,分析了丰水期总悬浮泥沙(TSS),总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)与叶绿素a(Chla)浓度的空间分布特征,研究了各分区下的水质因子之间的关系.结果表明,鄱阳湖丰水期平均TSS浓度为33.65mg/L,远高于2003年以前10mg/L的平均浓度水平;平均氮、磷营养盐浓度分别为1.61mg/L及0.075mg/L,已达到并远远高于富营养化发生条件,而平均Chla浓度为5.99μg/L,并未达到富营养化湖泊水体临界值.Chla与其他各水质因子无显著相关性,而高泥沙浓度区域的TP与TSS呈现显著相关性.在不同鄱阳湖水文地貌分区下,高强度湖泊采砂活动的北部高流速水域TSS浓度高于河口三角洲水域3倍;TN,TP营养盐浓度表现为流域面源污染负荷大的赣江,饶河河口三角洲水域≥高强度湖泊采砂活动的北部高流速水域>流域污染负荷较小的修水河口三角洲水域及中部湖心水域.Chla则受营养盐浓度水平与水动力因素共同作用而表现为河流交换速度慢且高营养盐浓度水域>水流交换速度快且高营养盐浓度水域>水流交换速度慢且低营养盐浓度水域,其中饶河信江潼津河河口三角洲水域Chla浓度最高,平均水平达到12.53μg/L,超过了富营养化水体的临界值.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.