生物反硝化去除地下水中硝酸盐的混合碳源研究

选取麦秸、锯末、乙醇为碳源,比较了这3种物质单独或两两组合作为碳源的情况下,生物反硝化去除模拟地下水中硝酸盐的效果.结果表明,以麦秸为碳源的反应体系具有较好的反硝化效果,但反应器出水具有颜色和异味;锯末+乙醇作为混合碳源的反应体系比单独添加锯末或乙醇反应体系的脱氮效果好;碳氮比(C/N)为40的混合碳源用量有利于硝酸盐...     

以麦秆作为好氧反硝化碳源的研究

采用室内试验装置,研究以麦秆为碳源和反应介质的生物反应器在好氧条件下去除地下水中硝酸盐的影响因素和效果。结果表明,以麦秆为碳源的反应器启动快,反硝化反应受温度及水力停留时间影响大。28℃时N的去除量约33℃的3倍。当室温为(27±1)℃,进水硝酸盐氮浓度为50mg/L、水力停留时间56.85h时,反应器对氮的去除率在94.64%以上;当水力停留时间为12h时,氮去除率<50%。同时反硝化反应受pH值和进水NO3--N浓度的影响。当pH值为6.7时,N的去除率最高,达90%以上。反硝化速率与NO3--N浓度显著呈线性关系。     

以聚羟基脂肪酸酯为固体碳源去除地下水中的硝酸盐

研究了可降解聚合物聚羟基脂肪酸酯（PHA）作为固体碳源和生物膜载体去除地下水中硝酸盐的影响因素。结果表明,低温反硝化有较大影响,5℃和10℃时的反硝化速率分别只有30℃时的5%和13%。反硝化对进水pH有较强的适应性,在pH4.5-9.5条件下,反硝化速率介于11.2-15.8mg/（Loh）之间。pH为4.5-8.5时,出水亚硝酸盐的浓度相差不大。DO对以反硝化速率影响不大,当进水DO为0.9mg/L-5.0mg/L时,反硝化速率介于12.6-15.8mg/（Loh）之间,出水NO2-N浓度的最大值为0.15 mg/L。     

温度对好氧颗粒污泥处理纤维素乙醇废水脱氮效能的影响

采用SBR反应器,考察了温度对好氧颗粒污泥处理纤维素乙醇废水脱氮性能的影响.研究结果表明,当进水为纤维素乙醇废水原水时,稳定阶段不同温度(10、20、30℃)条件下体系对COD的去除率分别为10.2%、12.7%、13.7%;总无机氮的去除率分别为42.8%、53.6%、70.5%,温度的升高明显地提高了硝化菌的活性和生长速率,进而促进了脱氮效果.当进水为纤维素乙醇废水经IC工艺处理后的厌氧出水时,3个温度条件下系统对废水中有机物的去除效果无较大差异,去除率均低于15%,主要因为纤维素乙醇废水的厌氧处理出水中的有机物很难被微生物利用;而温度对脱氮效果影响较大,30℃下NH_4~+-N去除率达到60.9%,分别是10℃和20℃时的2.0和1.3倍,并且,随着温度的升高总无机氮的去除率增强,NO_3~--N的去除量增加.由于体系COD去除率低说明反硝化可利用的碳源不足,因此,系统内可能存在内碳源反硝化作用,而且内碳源反硝化作用也随着温度的升高而增强.通过氮平衡计算可知,3个温度条件下氮损失分别为37.6%、45.0%、53.6%,说明温度的升高不仅提高了硝化菌活性,还促进了内碳源反硝化,进而提高了对氮素的去除.     

以稻草为碳源和生物膜载体去除水中的硝酸盐

采用室内试验装置,研究了以农业废弃物稻草为反硝化碳源和反应介质的生物反应器对于污水中硝酸盐的去除效果及其影响因素.结果表明,以稻草为反硝化碳源和生物膜载体的反应器启动时间短,对污水中硝酸盐氮的去除效果好,且试验过程中未发现亚硝酸盐累积;进水硝酸盐浓度对装置的处理效果有一定影响,浓度过高会导致硝酸盐的去除率下降;装置对进水DO和ｐH变化有一定抗性,DO在1.0～3.5 mg/L,pH在6.5～8.5之间变化时,反应器硝酸盐的去除率变化很小,缓冲能力较强;反应器稳定性强,装置运行84 ｄ后,出水硝酸盐开始升高,硝酸盐去除率逐步降低,但去除率仍在50%以上.     

以PHAs为固体碳源的城镇二级出水深度脱氮研究

利用从连续运行的缓释碳源滤料滤池中取出的聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHAs)颗粒,研究了微生物和硝酸盐对其的总有机碳(TOC)释放速率的影响,并研究了温度、pH值、硝态氮浓度对其反硝化速率的影响.结果表明:原有的和附着有微生物的PHAs颗粒在去离子水中TOC释放速率分别为0.030,0.053mg/(g·d),远低于水中有硝酸盐时的TOC释放速率[进水NO3--N为30mg/L时,TOC释放速率为0.533mg/(g·d)].温度和pH值对反硝化速率影响较大, pH值为7.5时,在15~35℃范围内, 30℃下的反硝化速率最大,为0.067mg/(g·h);温度为30℃时,pH值在6.0~9.0范围内,pH值为7.8时的反硝化速率最大,达到0.061mg/(g·h).反硝化速率与NO3--N浓度之间的关系符合Monod方程,最大反应速率和半饱和常数分别为4.74mgNO3--N/(gSS·h)和56.6mg/L.     

以PHAs为固体碳源的城镇二级出水深度脱氮研究

利用从连续运行的缓释碳源滤料滤池中取出的聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHAs)颗粒,研究了微生物和硝酸盐对其的总有机碳(TOC)释放速率的影响,并研究了温度、pH值、硝态氮浓度对其反硝化速率的影响.结果表明:原有的和附着有微生物的PHAs颗粒在去离子水中TOC释放速率分别为0.030,0.053mg/(g·d),远低于水中有硝酸盐时的TOC释放速率[进水NO3--N为30mg/L时,TOC释放速率为0.533mg/(g·d)].温度和pH值对反硝化速率影响较大,pH值为7.5时,在15~35℃范围内,30℃下的反硝化速率最大,为0.067mg/(g·h);温度为30℃时,pH值在6.0~9.0范围内,pH值为7.8时的反硝化速率最大,达到0.061mg/(g·h).反硝化速率与NO3--N浓度之间的关系符合Monod方程,最大反应速率和半饱和常数分别为4.74mgNO3--N/(gSS·h)和56.6mg/L.     

单级生物脱氮的特性研究

以 PVA为载体 ,采用冷冻法混合固定硝化菌和反硝化菌 ,研究硝化菌与反硝化菌的比例、有机碳源、p H值、碱度、温度和DO等因素对单级脱氮过程的影响 .试验结果表明 :当硝化菌 /反硝化菌 =1.5∶ 1～ 3.6∶1 (W∶W)时 ,脱氮速率最快 .在甲醇、乙醇、醋酸和葡萄糖 4种有机碳源中 ,以乙醇为碳源时脱氮速率最快 .最适的温度、pH值和 DO分别是 30℃、8.2和 2 mg/L～ 6mg/L.碱度与氨氮的比例越高 ,脱氮速率越快 ,但当碱度 /氨氮 >9.0时 ,脱氮速率趋于稳定 .     

碳源对反硝化过程NO2-积累及出水pH值的影响

采用序批式反应器(SBR),考察了以甲醇、乙醇、乙酸钠为碳源的电子供体对反硝化过程中亚硝酸盐积累及出水pH值的影响.结果表明,碳源充足时,亚硝酸盐积累量与碳源类型及污泥负荷有关.进水NO3--N为20mg/L,即低负荷条件下,各碳源系统仅有少量亚硝酸盐积累,比反硝化速率及出水pH值对应碳源依次为乙酸钠>乙醇>甲醇;高负荷条件下,除甲醇系统因反硝化不完全仅有微量亚硝酸盐积累外,乙醇和乙酸钠系统均有大量亚硝酸盐积累,且积累量与出水pH值明显高于低负荷.对以乙酸钠为碳源的研究还发现,不同电子受体投配比的反硝化均出现不同程度的亚硝酸盐积累且反应速率随着NO3--N比例提高而降低,说明亚硝酸盐的还原受到硝酸盐的抑制.pH值监测显示,除了与碳源类型及污泥负荷有关,反硝化过程pH值增量还随COD/N比升高.因此,反硝化过程宜采用乙酸钠与其他碳源混合且适量投加以消除单一碳源造成出水pH值过高或反应速率慢的不利影响.     

温度和pH值对低木质素碎木反硝化过程的影响

木质生物质作为广泛研究的碳源材料,突出问题是反硝化速率缓慢和副产物较多。为此,该文采用碱处理后的低木质素含量碎木作为原料,将反硝化过程细分为碳释放和反硝化阶段,设计温度和pH值的影响因素试验,测定“三氮”、总氮和溶解性有机物（DOC）浓度,以及DOC的光谱特征。结果表明：碳释放和反硝化对温度变化的敏感程度不同,二者的速率在15℃条件下分别为2.6和1.1 mg/(g·d),在25℃时分别升高至1.7倍和1.5倍,而在35℃时又分别升高至25℃的1.7和2.1倍;碳释放在pH值5.0和9.0时均受到抑制,而反硝化在pH值9.0条件下明显减弱;亚硝态氮在15℃条件下的峰值最高,占硝态氮去除量的35.7%,而占比值最大的是pH值为9.0的条件;反硝化期间残留DOC占释碳总量的44.6%～52.0%,包括类蛋白和类腐殖酸。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.