不同四环素浓度对好氧堆肥和蚯蚓堆肥过程影响的对比研究

好氧堆肥及蚯蚓堆肥是对畜禽粪便进行肥料化处置的有效方式,但畜禽粪便中残留的不同浓度四环素对二者堆肥过程的影响是否相同却并不清楚.因此,将不同浓度(5、25、125 mg·kg^-1)的四环素添加到牛粪-秸秆物料中,对比了好氧堆肥与蚯蚓堆肥堆制过程中堆体腐熟度指标的变化、堆肥产品养分含量的区别以及堆肥产品中四环素去除效率的差异,以期为不同浓度四环素的畜禽粪便肥料化提供适宜的处置方法 .研究结果显示,高浓度(125 mg·kg^-1)四环素添加延缓了好氧堆肥的升温进程,但与低浓度(5、25 mg·kg^-1)四环素添加处理相比并未显著影响堆体的腐熟度指标、堆肥产品总养分含量及速效养分含量.高浓度(125 mg·kg^-1)四环素添加导致了蚯蚓堆肥中蚯蚓密度和生物量的显著下降,并导致蚯蚓堆肥无法正常启动.在蚯蚓堆肥中,低浓度(5、25 mg·kg^-1)四环素添加处理之间在堆体的腐熟度指标,堆肥产品总养分含量及速效养分含量方面无显著差异.好氧堆肥对畜禽粪便中四环素的去除率可达90%以上,显著高...     

土霉素和磺胺二甲嘧啶对堆肥过程中酶活性及微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为了探讨抗生素对堆肥过程中酶活性及微生物群落功能多样性的影响,将添加土霉素(OTC)和磺胺二甲嘧啶(SM_2)的猪粪与小麦秸秆进行好氧堆肥发酵试验.试验设置3个处理,分别为CK处理(不添加抗生素)、L处理(10 mg·kg~(-1)OTC+1 mg·kg~(-1)SM_2)、H处理(140 mg·kg~(-1)OTC+30 mg·kg~(-1)SM_2).结果表明,各处理堆体温度在55℃及以上持续了4 d,发芽指数大于85%,均达到了腐熟标准;堆肥35 d后,L和H处理中OTC残留率分别为2.8%和4.2%,SM_2均未检出;抗生素降解符合一级动力学方程,半衰期为0.56~1.24 d.H处理对堆肥过程中脱氢酶活性呈先抑制后促进的作用,而对脲酶活性则在堆肥后期表现出显著抑制作用.Biolog数据表明,在堆肥腐熟期H处理AWCD值、Shannon指数和Simpson指数显著大于CK;主成分分析得出,H处理改变了堆肥过程中微生物群落结构,起分异作用的碳源主要为糖类、羧酸类及氨基酸类.综上所述,添加OTC和SM_2对堆肥过程中酶活性和微生物群落功能多样性有显著影响,且经堆肥处理后SM_2被完全降解,而OTC仅有少量残留,说明好氧堆肥是一种快速有效去除抗生素的方法.     

土霉素降解菌TJ-1在猪粪无害化处理中的作用

利用普通理化分析结合Biolog微平板技术研究了土霉素高效降解菌Staphylococcus sp.TJ-1在新鲜猪粪无害化处理中的作用.结果表明,土霉素高效降解菌的接种能显著提高猪粪中土霉素的降解效率(p＜0.05),21d堆肥结束时可将土霉素降解率从62.7％提升至82.0％.堆肥结束后,不接种降解菌的普通堆肥工艺和接种降解菌的高效堆肥工艺中NH+4-N含量分别为189.34、42.36 mg·kg-1,NO-3-N含量分别为439.38、238.06 mg·kg-1.Biolog结果显示,土霉素降解菌TJ-1对土霉素中碳源的代谢有利于堆体中氨基酸类及芳香族化合物等氮源的降解,缓解了堆体中有毒有害物质对其他微生物的损伤,保证了微生物群落的多样性和活性,对维护堆体生态系统的稳定性具有良好作用.因此,接种高效降解菌进行堆肥是一种良好的消除抗生素残留的猪粪无害化工艺.     

高温堆肥对猪粪中四环素类抗生素及抗性基因的影响

为了研究高温堆肥对猪粪中抗生素及抗生素抗性基因的影响,对不同堆肥处理中的四环素类抗生素(四环素、土霉素、金霉素)及其抗性基因(tetA、tetC、tetG、tetM、tetQ、tetW)的动态变化进行了定量研究.结果表明:低剂量组(10 mg·kg~(-1))中四环素、土霉素、金霉素的去除率分别为91%、94%、92%,高剂量组(50 mg·kg-1)中四环素、土霉素、金霉素的去除率分别为60%、62%、71%.在堆肥过程中,抗生素处理组目标基因相对丰度高于对照组,而低剂量组目标基因相对丰度(tetW除外)又普遍高于高剂量组.经堆肥处理后,tetA的相对丰度增加,tetC、tetG、tetM、tetQ、tetW的相对丰度均下降.高温堆肥可以有效去除猪粪中一定浓度的四环素类抗生素,并对四环素类抗性基因也有一定的削减作用.     

供氧方式及供氧量对堆肥发酵进程的影响

对于麦秸、牛粪和鸡粪为原料的堆肥系统,通过翻堆和强制通气实现微好氧和好氧处理,测定了各种发酵参数的变化.结果表明,微好氧处理堆体内氧浓度始终小于1.5%,而通气处理堆体的氧浓度始终在4%以上;微好氧处理50℃以上高温期为23d,比通气处理多6d,而通气虽然高温期短但后期温度下降慢;微好氧处理的半纤维素含量从发酵开始时的13.86%下降到堆肥结束时的7.99%,纤维素含量由21.45%下降到16.07%,而通气处理最终半纤维素含量为8.50%,纤维素含量由21.45%下降到18.02%;从各种成分的下降曲线看,微好氧处理为一次下降,而通气处理基本为缓慢的2峰曲线.从硝酸根浓度、温度和C/N综合评价产物的腐熟度,微好氧处理进入腐熟约经35d,而通气处理经45～50d才进入腐熟.富集培养堆肥样品的试验证明0.01～0.05mg/L的微好氧和50～60℃高温是纤维素分解的最适宜条件.     

锌污染对猪粪堆肥过程中氧化还原类酶活性的影响

以猪粪和秸秆为主要试验材料,添加不同浓度重金属Zn,采取发酵罐处理方法,在好氧高温条件下,研究了重金属锌污染对猪粪堆肥过程中多酚氧化酶、脱氢酶活性的影响,以及对堆腐过程堆体温度、堆料pH值、胡敏酸E4/E6值的影响.结果表明:①CK以及低量重金属Zn污染的堆料升温快,高温期持续时间长,达到无害化处理.②Zn含量为600mg·kg-1和900mg·kg-1的堆料E4/E6平均值小,有利于腐殖质的缩合和芳构化.③Zn含量为600mg·kg-1的堆料多酚氧化酶平均活性、脱氢酶平均活性最高,有助于堆料中木质素的降解及其产物的转化、微生物生长繁殖.④Zn含量为300mg·kg-1、600mg·kg-1、900mg·kg-1的堆料对pH有较强的控制能力,其脱氢酶活性均表现出一定的不稳定性,可能是重金属对脱氢酶活性有抑制作用的同时发生"抗性酶活性现象".     

分阶段接菌对中药残渣堆肥腐熟度及微生物多样性的影响

堆肥通常用于处理有机固体废弃物,可通过接种木质纤维素降解功能菌群提高堆肥进程及产品品质.然而,堆肥过程中传统的功能菌群一次性添加方式,不仅造成了堆肥过程中较低的堆肥效率,而且堆肥产品品质也并不稳定.为了探究基于不同接种方法对堆肥过程腐熟度和品质的影响,设置M0（不接菌）、M1（分阶段接菌）及M2（一次性接菌）3个好氧堆肥处理,考察各处理堆肥过程中理化性质变化、木质纤维素降解及微生物群落多样性.结果表明:M1处理下,堆肥至第20天,堆体温度达到51.2℃且拥有最高的嗜热温度（67.8℃）;堆肥至第67天,发芽指数达到83.61%.此外,M1处理下腐殖质增长率、总有机碳降解率、纤维素降解率和木质素降解率均最高,分别为50.20%、53.86%、59.87%和40.61%,远高于其他2个处理.变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）分析显示,在嗜热期,真菌种群对于木质纤维素生物降解的作用比细菌种群更加突出,并且受到总磷含量、pH、碱解氮含量和碳氮比的显著影响.研究显示,分阶段接菌可以显著提高堆体温度及堆体中木质纤维素降解酶活性,促进堆体腐熟进程及堆肥产品中腐殖质等养分积累.      

污泥堆肥过程中氮素形态的变化

以污水污泥(SS)为原料,小麦秸秆糠(WSB,粒径小于0.5cm)和小麦秸秆段(WSS,长度约3cm)为调理剂,采用强制通风静态好氧堆肥与自然通风好氧堆肥相结合的堆肥方法进行了为期120d的堆肥化处理,研究了堆肥化过程中各种氮素形态的变化特征.结果表明,在堆肥过程中,2次处理的堆温变化明显呈现出升温期、高温期和降温期3个阶段.在堆肥过程中,处理ss WSB比处理ss WSS的堆体升温快,高温期持续时间长,并且堆体的含水率也高.处理ss WSB和处理ss WSS的pH值分别从初始的8.74和8.06下降为6.69和6.18,TN含量分别从21.16g·kg-1和11.57g·kg-1增加到31.93g·kg-1和28.02g·kg-1,C/N比分别从23.39和22.90下降到15.31和13.75,水溶性总凯氏氮(TKN(w))含量降低幅度分别为70.43%和34.05%,NH -N含量分别从3.43g·kg-1和1.31 g·kgll下降到0.35g·kg-1和0.42g·kg-1并且在2次处理中NH1 ;-N与pH达到最大值的时间相一致.处理SS WSS比处理SS WSB的高温持续时间短,NO-3 -N含量高,含量高,说明控制堆体的高温期持续时间,有利于硝化反应的进行.处理SS WSB和处理SS WSS的种子发芽指数(GI)在堆肥结束时分别为115.8%和97.52%,说明处理SS WSB的腐熟情况明显优于处理SS WSS.统计分析结果表明,添加不同形态的小麦秸秆作为调理剂对污泥堆肥中pH、NO;.N、GI、含水率、TN、水溶性凯氏氮(TKN(W))和NH 4-N含量变化的影响显著(P<0.05);对C/N比变化的影响不显著(P=0.125);2次处理中NH 4-N的含量对pH的影响均显著(P均为0.027).     

农业废弃物静态高温堆肥过程中纤维素酶活性的变化

在静态通气条件下,以养殖场鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪为材料,小麦秸秆作为调节物质.研究了堆肥过程中纤维素酶活性变化特性及其与堆肥温度的关系,旨在为农业废弃物资源化利用提供科学依据.结果表明:添加微生物菌剂后堆体升温迅速.堆肥1-2d后进入高温期,且高温腐解持续16-20d;对照处理在堆肥4-5d后进入高温期,持续时间仅为7-8d;整个堆肥过程中加菌剂处理的堆体温度高于对照.加菌剂处理在堆肥10-12d时纤维索酶活性达最高,依次为牛粪(0.642 mg·g-1·d-1)>鸡粪(0.457 mg·g-1·d-1)>猪粪(0.380 mg·g-1·d-1);对照处理推迟2d达纤维素酶活性高峰,且酶活性高峰值低于同等物料的加菌剂处理,依次为牛粪(0.491 mg·g-1·d-1)>猪粪(0.335 mg·g-1·d-1)>鸡粪(0.258 mg·g-1·d-1),整个堆肥过程中加菌剂处理平均纤维紊酶活性较对照提高了33.17%(牛粪)、20.17%(鸡粪)和12.4%(猪粪).堆肥初期堆肥温度过高不利于微生物的活动,纤维素酶活性在堆肥开始的3-4d低于初始水平.而后迅速上升.当堆肥温度等于或者低于60℃后,纤维素酶活性与有机物料温度变化间有显著正效应,对照处理两者间为线性关系,加菌剂处理两者间呈显著指数递增关系.     

磺胺甲噁唑对堆肥过程中酶活性及微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为了探讨磺胺甲噁唑(Sulfamethoxazole,SMZ)对猪粪堆肥过程的影响,以猪粪、小麦秸秆为试验材料,研究了SMZ对好氧高温堆肥过程中温度、脱氢酶活性及微生物群落功能多样性的影响.结果表明,在整个堆腐过程中,SMZ含量为50 mg·kg-1的处理中脱氢酶活性受到不同程度的抑制作用;SMZ含量为95 mg·kg-1时对脱氢酶活性有激活作用.SMZ含量为95 mg·kg-1的处理中AWCD值与未添加SMZ的处理差异不显著,Simpson指数显著高于其他处理,有利于提高微生物的优势度,Shannon多样性指数显著高于未添加SMZ的处理,提高了微生物群落的丰富度和均匀度.SMZ含量为50 mg·kg-1的处理中AWCD值显著低于其他处理,对微生物活性具有一定的抑制作用.SMZ含量为50 mg·kg-1的堆料中微生物对多酚化合物类和多胺类等物质利用率显著低于其他处理,SMZ含量为95 mg·kg-1的堆料中微生物对糖类、多聚物类及多胺类等物质利用率较低.主成分分析表明,堆料中微生物中起分异作用的碳源主要为糖类、羧酸类及AA酸类.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.