Influence of no-tillage on the distribution and lability of phosphorus in Finnish clay soils

No-tillage (NT) is a method adopted to reduce erosion and particulate phosphorus (P) load from arable land to watercourses. However, it has been found to increase the loss of dissolved P with surface runoff, but the reasons for that have rarely been examined in detail. The objective of the present study was to determine the chemical factors explaining this response by investigating the impact of NT on the type and distribution of P reserves as well as on organic carbon (C) in the 0–35 cm topsoil layer of clay soil profiles (Vertic Cambisols). Soil samples were taken from two experimental fields (Jokioinen and Aurajoki) at 0–5, 5–20 and 20–35 cm depths in conventionally tilled (CT) and non-tilled (for 4–5 years) plots. The plots had been cultivated and fertilized according to the common field practices in Finland (15–18 kg P and 100–128 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹).Inorganic and organic P reserves characterized by a modified Chang and Jackson fractionation procedure were not significantly affected by the cultivation methods. However, in the uppermost soil layer (0–5 cm) in NT of the Jokioinen field, the labile P determined by water extraction (P_w) increased significantly, whereas the increase in P extracted with acid ammonium acetate (P_AAC) remained statistically insignificant. The increase in labile P coincided with a significant increase in organic carbon (C), which supports the theory that competition between organic anions and phosphate for the same sorption sites on oxide surfaces will enhance the lability of soil P. In the Aurajoki field with distinct soil cracking, P_w and P_AAC were not affected by NT in the uppermost soil layer, but they increased in the deepest soil layer (20–35 cm) concomitantly with an increase in Al-bound P and organic C. However, the increases were not statistically significant. In both fields, soil acidification due to the repeated application of N fertilizers at a shallow soil depth as well as the accumulation of organic C lowered pH of the uppermost soil layer in NT compared to the deeper soil layers. The results indicated that even short-term NT can increase the labile P in clay soil. However, further studies are needed to assess the long-term changes in lability of surface soil P and, consequently, the possible need for readjustment of the fertilization level in NT.     

The effects of GMHT crops on bird abundance in arable fields in the UK

Bird surveys were carried out in summer 2000 and winter 2000/2001 on 24 sugar beet fields, 11 maize fields, 10 spring rape fields and (for winter-only) 23 winter rape fields divided into conventional and genetically modified herbicide tolerant (GMHT) treatments. These fields were a sub-sample of those used in the farm scale evaluation (FSE [Firbank, L.G, Heard, M.S., Woiwod, I.P., Hawes, C., Haughton, A.J., Champion, G.T., Scott, R.J., Hill, M.O., Dewar, A.M., Squire, G.R., May, M.J., Brooks, D.R., Bohan, D.A., Daniels, R.E., Osborne, J.L., Roy, D.B., Black, H.I.J., Rothery, P., Perry, J.N., 2003. An introduction to the farm-scale evaluations of genetically modified herbicide tolerant crops. J. Appl. Ecol. 40, 2–16.]). The study aimed to compare bird abundance between GMHT and conventional crop treatments. In the summer, the abundance of yellowhammers Emberiza citrinella and of granivores collectively was significantly greater on conventional than GMHT sugar beet. Abundance of granivores and species richness was significantly greater on conventional than GMHT maize, but only after the application of herbicides to the GMHT treatment. No significant differences were detected in spring oilseed rape. No significant differences were detected prior to herbicide application in any crop. In winter, granivores were more abundant on bare plough following conventional sugar beet treatment than following GMHT treatment. Woodpigeon Columba palumbus, blackbird Turdus merula and corvids were more abundant on maize stubbles following GMHT treatment. These differences were in accord with likely differences in food availability ascertained from previous research carried out under the FSE.     

Long-term tillage effects on atrazine and fluometuron sorption in Coastal Plain soils

Conservation tillage (CnT) management practices are known to increase levels of soil organic matter (SOM) in southeastern Coastal Plain soils. Plant residues in CnT systems accumulate at the surface and, with time, will form a layer enriched in SOM. The authors hypothesize that herbicide sorption will be highest in this SOM-enriched zone of CnT systems when compared to sorption at a similar depth in conventional tillage (CT) systems. The objective was to characterize the impact of two different tillage systems, CnT and CT, on sorption of atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] and fluometuron [N,N-dimethyl-N′-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl urea] in plots of Norfolk loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous thermic Typic Kandiudult). The plots have been under CnT and CT management for 18 yrs. Bulk (0–15 cm) and five equal incremental soil samples to a 15 cm depth were collected from 10 CnT and 10 CT plots, and the atrazine (ATR) and fluometuron (FLMT) sorption coefficients (K_d) were measured using batch equilibration. Significantly higher herbicide K_d values occurred in the CnT 0–3 cm samples, indicating that the highest amount of herbicide sorption occurred in the top few cm of soil. This corresponded to the stratified soil organic carbon (SOC) contents in topsoil of the CnT plots. In addition, analyses of covariance using SOC as the covariant to test for tillage effects indicated complex interactions among SOC, tillage, and depth. Those results confirm that tillage and soil depth will affect SOC contents of a Norfolk loamy sand, which correspondly will influence the magnitude of ATR and FLMT sorption.     

Soil quality alteration by mouldboard ploughing in a commercial farm devoted to no-tillage under Mediterranean conditions

In semi-arid Mediterranean areas, studies about conservation tillage (CT) systems have demonstrated advantages in crop yield, soil water storage and soil protection. However, the benefits observed with CT in trials with experimental plots (normally of small dimensions) might not be so clear in large commercial farms. In many areas of SW Spain, farmers often do an occasional tillage with mouldboard ploughing (MP) to avoid potential compaction problems and to encourage the emergence of seedlings. The present study deals with the effect of the application of MP on soil quality: total organic carbon, water soluble carbon, active carbon, microbial biomass carbon, dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase and o-diphenol oxidase activities and crop development (wheat) in a commercial farm devoted to no-tillage (NT) since 1995. In 2006, MP was applied on a band of the soil, while the rest was left under the strict conservation system. The direct and residual effects of MP in the two subsequent years were evaluated. In the first year MP caused a decrease in soil quality that persisted in the following two years. Emergence, nutrient accumulation, nutrient efficiency ratios and yield of wheat were slightly enhanced by MP in the first year. However, this trend was the opposite in the two subsequent years. Although in other scenarios traditional tillage has been applied to avoid soil compaction and to increase crop yield, under our experimental conditions the occasional mouldboard ploughing application was not justified.     

垄作对降低黄土高原南部冬小麦田氨挥发风险的影响

为研究黄土高原南部冬小麦田NH₃挥发对垄作的响应,揭示其释放机制及污染风险,于2011—2013年冬小麦生长季,按照随机裂区试验设计布置田间试验,采用通气式田间原位酸吸收方法测定NH₃挥发. 主区为常规栽培及3种垄作,副区为2种施N(氮)处理——未施N(0 kg/hm2,以N计)和施N(180 kg/hm2). 结果表明:不同施N处理下,各耕作模式NH₃挥发通量在施肥后10 d均达到峰值,在施肥后30 d稳定在较低水平. 垄作单季NH₃累积挥发量(以N计)平均值为5.748 kg/hm2,比常规栽培降低4.9%;施N处理下NH₃累积挥发量平均值为6.512 kg/hm2,比未施N处理提高26.8%. 氮肥NH₃挥发损失率为0.47%~1.38%,其中垄作平均损失率比常规栽培降低60.1%. 不同施N处理下,各耕作模式NH₃挥发通量与土壤w(NH₄+)、含水量呈正相关;与25 cm深度处土壤温度、pH在冬前(施肥播种至土壤结冰阶段)呈正相关,而在冬后(土壤解冻至小麦收获阶段)则呈负相关. 土壤w(NH₄+)和土壤温度是控制NH₃挥发的两大主要因素. 冬前垄作降低NH₃挥发通量主要是由于垄作集中深施肥会增加NH₃挥发扩散阻力所致. 可见,旱作冬小麦种植区采用垄作可降低NH₃挥发风险.      

Soil-profile distribution of carbon and associated properties in no-till along a precipitation gradient in the central Great Plains

No-till (NT) farming is considered as a potential strategy for sequestering C in the soil. Data on soil-profile distribution of C and related soil properties are, however, limited, particularly for semiarid regions. We assessed soil C pool and soil structural properties such as aggregate stability and strength to 1 m soil depth across three long-term (≥21 year) NT and conventional till (CT) experiments along a precipitation gradient in the central Great Plains of the USA. Tillage systems were in continuous winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on a loam at Hutchinson and winter wheat-sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]-fallow on silt loams at Hays and Tribune, Kansas. Mean annual precipitation was 889 mm for Hutchinson, 580 mm for Hays, and 440 mm for Tribune. Changes in profile distribution of soil properties were affected by differences in precipitations input among the three sites. At Hutchinson, NT had 1.8 times greater SOC pool than CT in the 0-2.5-cm depth, but CT had 1.5 times greater SOC pool in the 5-20-cm. At Hays, NT had 1.4 times greater SOC pool than CT in the 0-2.5-cm depth. Differences in summed SOC pool for the whole soil profile (0-1 m depth) between NT and CT were not significant at any site. The summed SOC pool with depth between NT and CT were only significant above the 5 cm depth at Hutchinson and 2.5 cm depth at Hays. At Hutchinson, NT stored 3.4 Mg ha⁻¹ more SOC than CT above 5 cm depth. At Hays, NT stored 1.35 Mg ha⁻¹ more SOC than CT above 2.5 cm depth. Moreover, NT management increased mean weight diameter of aggregates (MWDA) by 3 to 4 times for the 0-5-cm depth at Hutchinson and by 1.8 times for the 0-2.5-cm depth at Hays. It also reduced air-dry aggregate tensile strength (TS) for the 0-5-cm depth at Hutchinson and Hays and for the 0-2.5-cm depth at Tribune. The TS (r = −0.73) and MWDA (r = 0.81) near the soil surface were more strongly correlated with SOC concentration at Hutchinson than at Hays and Tribune attributed to differences in precipitation input. Results suggested NT impacts on increasing SOC pool and improving soil structural properties decreased with a decrease in precipitation input. Changes in soil properties were larger at Hutchinson (880 mm of precipitation) than at Hays and Tribune (≤580 mm). While NT management did not increase SOC pool over CT for the whole soil profile, the greater near-surface accumulation of SOC in NT than in CT was critical to the improvement in soil structural properties. Overall, differences in precipitation input among soils appeared to be the dominant factor influencing NT impacts on soil-profile distribution of SOC and soil structural properties in this region.     

流域景观格局对土壤保持服务的影响

以子流域为空间单元,应用生态系统服务和交易的综合评估模型（InVEST）进行土壤保持服务评估,并借助景观指数计算软件（FRAGSTATS）表征景观格局特征,综合运用空间自相关探讨土壤保持量与景观格局指数的空间关联关系,同时从景观格局角度出发,开展土壤保持量与景观格局指数的空间回归分析.结果表明：2014年土壤保持服务较高的子流域具有景观类型组成相对单一、景观各类型间非均匀分布、存在优势斑块、景观分离度低的格局特征; 2014年甘肃白龙江14个子流域表现出土壤保持服务与景观格局显著的空间相关关系,占子流域总数量的37.84%;模型对比方面,空间滞后模型（SLM）优于非空间线性模型（OLS）,表明甘肃白龙江各子流域的土壤保持量在空间上具有实质性的空间依赖.景观类型多样性及其均匀程度是影响甘肃白龙江子流域土壤保持量的重要景观指标.     

Phosphorus and nitrogen in soil, plants, and overland flow from sheep-grazed pastures fertilized with different rates of superphosphate

Eutrophication of waterways through delivery of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) from farmland is a problem in many countries. Loss of nutrients from grazed grassland via overland flow is well demonstrated, but the sources of these nutrients and the processes controlling their mobilization into water are not well understood. Much of the nutrient loss in overland flow from grazed pastures may be due to generally increased fertility of the soil–plant system (i.e. background or ‘systematic’ nutrient loss) rather than to immediate loss after fertilizer application [Nash, D., Clemow, L., Hannah, M., Barlow, K., Gangaiya, P., 2005. Modelling phosphorus exports from rain-fed and irrigated pastures in southern Australia. Aust. J. Soil Res. 43, 745–755]. The main aim of this study was to measure the effects of long-term (25 years) superphosphate (Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ + 2CaSO₄) fertilizer application (0–23 kg/(ha year)) on P and N in soil, plants, and potential background P and N movement in overland flow (generated using a rainfall simulator) from sheep-grazed pastures in southern Australia. Measurements were taken in autumn, under dry soil conditions, and in winter, under wet soil conditions, 12 and 15 months after the last fertilizer applications, respectively. Superphosphate application caused a strong increase in plant P, soil total P, Olsen P, and Colwell P; and a weaker increase in plant N, soil total N, and inorganic N (ammonium and nitrate). Soil P and N were concentrated in the surface 25 mm of soil. Soil water-extractable P, calcium chloride-extractable P, and calcium chloride organic P were in general only poorly associated with fertilizer application. The concentration of P and, to a lesser extent, the concentration of N in overland flow increased with increasing fertilizer application and showed strong seasonal differences (0.06–0.77 mg P/L and 0.6–5.5 mg N/L in autumn; 0.04–0.20 mg P/L and 0.4–1.7 mg N/L in winter). The P in overland flow was predominantly dissolved reactive P in autumn and particulate P in winter. The N in overland flow contained significant proportions of dissolved organic N, dissolved inorganic N (ammonium and nitrate), and particulate N. The concentrations of P and N in overland flow usually exceeded State water quality targets (<0.04 mg P/L and <0.90 mg N/L), suggesting that background losses of nutrients from these pasture systems could contribute to the eutrophication of waterways.     

Effect of land management on soil microbial N supply to crop N uptake in a dry tropical cropland in Tanzania

In Sub-Saharan Africa, conservation of available soil N during early crop growth, when N loss by leaching generally occurs, is important to improve crop productivity. In a dry tropical cropland in Tanzania, we assessed the potential role of soil microbes as a temporal N sink-source to conserve the available soil N until later crop growth, which generally requires substantial crop N uptake. We evaluated the effect of land management [i.e., no input, plant residue application before planting (P plot) with or without fertilizer application, fertilizer application alone, and non-cultivated plots] on the relationship between soil N pool [microbial biomass N (MBN) and inorganic N] and crop N uptake throughout the ∼120-d crop growth period in two consecutive years. In the P plot, MBN clearly increased (∼14.6-29.6 kg N ha⁻¹) early in the crop growth period in both years because of immobilization of potentially leachable N, and it conserved a larger soil N pool (∼10.5-21.2 kg N ha⁻¹) than in the control plot. Especially in one year in which N leaching was critical, increased MBN maintained a larger soil N pool in the P plot throughout the experimental period, and a delay of increased MB C:N ratio and a substantial decrease in MBN was observed, indicating better soil microbial N supply for crop N uptake during later crop growth. Therefore, plant residue application before planting should enhance the role of soil microbes as a temporal N sink-source, leading to the conservation of potentially leachable N until later phase of crop growth, especially in years in which N leaching is relatively severe. Although further studies are necessary, our results suggest that plant residue application before planting is a promising option to achieve better N synchronization.     

Impact of variable nitrogen fertilisation on arthropods in cotton in Georgia, USA

Reducing fertiliser applications can reduce production costs for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growers, as well as nitrogen (N) leaching into the soil and contamination of surface and ground water. But altered N fertilisation may also affect pests and their natural enemies. In this study, plots with four different levels of fertiliser input (0, 45, 90 and 135 kg ha⁻¹ N) were used to investigate the influence of N on cotton pest and beneficial arthropod populations, and on cotton yield in Tifton, GA, USA. We predicted that (1) N fertilisation will correlate positively with cotton plant growth; (2) increased N fertilisation will increase pest populations because plants with more N will be more nutritious for and attractive to herbivores; (3) populations of beneficial arthropods and predation of pests will decline with increased N fertilisation because of reduced plant signaling; (4) increased N fertilisation will increase pest mortality due to parasitoids because of increased host quality. Cotton plant growth was enhanced by N fertilisation but yield was unaffected. N fertilisation significantly affected some pest arthropods but inconsistently. Mirids were most abundant in the high N treatment in 1 year of the study and cotton aphids were most abundant in the highest N treatment in the other year of the study. Arthropod predators were generally more abundant in the high N treatment but only spiders and Geocoris spp. were significantly affected by N treatment, with highest numbers present in the highest N treatment but the significant differences were each only in a single year. The greatest mortality of sentinel pest eggs (Spodoptera exigua) due to predation occurred under low N conditions. N fertilisation had no significant effects on parasitism of feral or sentinel caterpillars.     

The effect of catch crops on sulphate leaching and availability of S in the succeeding crop on sandy loam soil in Denmark

Sulphate leaching losses may reduce the long-term possibility of maintaining the S supply of crops in low input farming systems. The ability of catch crops (Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam), winter rape (Brassica napus L.) and fodder radish (Raphanus sativus L.)) to reduce soil sulphate concentrations in autumn and make it available to a succeeding crop was investigated in 1996–1998 on sandy loam soil in Denmark. All catch crops reduced soil sulphate concentrations in the autumn compared to bare soil. Especially, the cruciferous catch crops had the ability to deplete efficiently soil sulphate levels and thus, reduce the sulphate leaching potential. The S uptake in aboveground catch crop was 8, 22 and 36 kg S per ha for ryegrass, winter rape and fodder radish, respectively. In the following spring, sulphate levels of the autumn bare soil were low in the top 0.5 m and a peak of sulphate was found at 0.75–1 m depth. In contrast, where a fodder radish catch crop had been grown, high sulphate levels were present in the top 0.5 m, but only small amounts of sulphate were found at 0.5–1.5 m depth. In spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), that followed catch crops, S concentrations at heading and maturity revealed that the availability of soil S increased following winter rape and fodder radish, whereas there were indications that following ryegrass, the S availability was reduced compared to bare soil. This initial study showed that catch crops have a high potential for reducing sulphate leaching and may be used to synchronise S availability with plant demand in a crop rotation.     

区域农地市场发育对农户水土保持行为的影响及其空间差异--基于生态脆弱区江西省兴国县、上饶县、余江县村域农户调查的分析

分析农户水土保持决策过程、建立农户水土保持决策的两阶段概念模型,从理论上分析了土地市场对农户水土保持的影响.运用在江西省兴国县、上饶县和余江县的样本村农户调查资料,通过建立土地流转与农户水土保持相互关系模型,运用Heckman的两阶段法对模型参数进行了估计.运用模型估计结果,分析土地流转对农户水土保持决策的影响并且对其区域差异进行了探讨.结果表明:从全部样本来看,农户是否意识到水土流失问题的存在以及家庭土地税费负担量对农户是否采取水土保持决策有显著影响;在兴国县,土地流入面积和费用2个因素对水土保持决策有显著影响;在余江县土地流入面积和费用也有影响显著,并且土地流入面积对农户水土保持投入的影响更强,而且土地流出面积在余江也有显著影响;上饶县,土地流出面积有显著影响.在全部样本、兴国县以及余江县,土地流出收益对农户水土保持决策的影响都不显著.最后,就进一步推进区域水土流失治理促进土地持续利用提出了相关建议.     

Sustainable land management practices as providers of several ecosystem services under rainfed Mediterranean agroecosystems

Little is known about the multiple impacts of sustainable land management practices on soil and water conservation, carbon sequestration, mitigation of global change and crop yield productivity in semiarid Mediterranean agroecosystems. We hypothesized that a shift from intensive tillage to more conservative tillage management practices (reduced tillage optionally combined with green manure) leads to an improvement in soil structure and quality and will reduce soil erosion and enhance carbon sequestration in semiarid Mediterranean rainfed agroecosystems. To test the hypothesis, we assessed the effects of different tillage treatments (conventional (CT), reduced (RT), reduced tillage combined with green manure (RTG), and no tillage (NT)) on soil structure and soil water content, runoff and erosion control, soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, crop yield and carbon sequestration in two semiarid agroecosystems with organic rainfed almond (Prunus dulcis Mill) in the Murcia Region (southeast Spain). It was found that reduction and suppression of tillage under almonds led to an increase in soil water content in both agroecosystems. Crop yields ranged from 775 to 1,766 kg ha^?1 between tillage treatments, but we did not find a clear relation between soil water content and crop yield. RT and RTG treatments showed lower soil erosion rates and higher crop yields of almonds than under CT treatment. Overall, higher soil organic carbon contents and aggregate stability were observed under RTG treatment than under RT or CT treatment. It is concluded that conversion from CT to RTG is suitable to increase carbon inputs without enhancing soil CO₂ emissions in semiarid Mediterranean agroecosystems.     

Soil phosphorus extractability and uptake in a Cirsio-Molinietum fen-meadow and an adjacent Holcus lanatus pasture on the culm measures, north Devon, UK

The seasonal pattern of extractable soil P and soil solution P was determined for topsoil samples taken from a Cirsio-Molinietum fen-meadow community, and also for an adjacent agriculturally improved pasture in Devon, UK. Phosphorus concentration was investigated using three methods during 1993; Olsen's reagent (sodium bicarbonate) for soil P, centrifuging and polymeric suction cups for soil solution P. Solutions were extracted at two-weekly intervals during the spring and at monthly intervals during the summer. Phosphorus removed from both sites by centrifuging was in the range 5–30 μg dm⁻³ soil, in comparison with 1–6 mg kg⁻¹ for Olsen P. Olsen P on the Cirsio-Molinietum was significantly lower than on the improved pasture in mid-March and mid-June. The concentration of P in soil solution removed by suction cups was below the level of detection (<2 μg dm⁻³) on the Cirsio-Molinietum. Suction cup P on the improved pasture peaked in April and May at 16–19 μg dm⁻³ soil. Herbage yield and P concentration were measured throughout the growing season. Above-ground standing crop was greater on the Cirsio-Molinietum than the improved pasture at the beginning of the grazing season, because of the large litter component on the former. Total P content of this material was only 1.81 kg P ha⁻¹ on the Cirsio-Molinietum, in comparison with 5.58 kg P ha⁻¹ on the improved pasture. Phosphorus concentration of plant material obtained by repeated defoliation was approximately 1.0 mg P g⁻¹ DM on the Cirsio-Molinietum, whereas a clear seasonal trend, peaking at 3.5 mg P g⁻¹ DM, was observed on the improved pasture. Phosphorus concentration of litter, grass and sedge from ungrazed plots on the Cirsio-Molinietum indicated distinct seasonal variations for the grass, with no seasonal pattern for the sedge component.     

Comparative studies on the soil life in ecofarmed and conventionally farmed fields and grasslands of Austria

The soil fauna of ecofarmed and conventionally farmed fields and grasslands was investigated in various regions of Austria. The results obtained from the evaluation of a total of 13 paired sites are reviewed in this contribution: (1) many of the investigated soil zoological parameters do not differ statistically in ecofarmed and conventionally farmed fields and grasslands; (2) there are no striking differences in species composition and dominance structure of the protozoa, an important group of indicator organisms due to their delicate external membranes, their short generation time and their high contribution to energy flow and nutrient cycling; (3) all differences which can be guaranteed with an error probability of α = 10% or less invariably show higher biological activity in the ecofarmed plots. The soil physical and chemical investigations which accompanied the zoological studies on some sites indicate that the higher biological activity is caused by the higher humus content and the lower soil compaction. The organic matter content is significantly higher in the ecofarmed plots, whereas soil compaction is more pronounced under conventional cultivation; (4) conventional agriculture has a more detrimental effect on soil fauna in semi-arid regions without stockfarming than in atlantic regions with mixed husbandry. A short review of the literature shows our results to be consistent with those of other studies. It is increasingly evident that generalizations like ‘Conventional farming destroys life in the soil’ or ‘Ecofarming stimulates soil life’ are only partially supported by the available data. A far more comprehensive view taking into account especially climate, soil type and farm management is necessary. However, the discernible detrimental effects on the soil organisms caused by conventional farming call for serious consideration and ought to stimulate the development of soft agricultural technology and intensified soil biological research. Future research should include studies on productivity of soil animals under various management systems, the analysis of single factors (e.g. the special admixtures used in biodynamic farming) to elucidate causative mechanisms, and studies on the relationship between soil animals, crop production and sustained yield.     

土地利用变化对西南喀斯特土壤团聚体组成、稳定性以及C、N、P化学计量特征的影响

土壤团聚体稳定性和养分化学计量特征对土地利用变化的响应研究,以及对当前脆弱生态环境保护与修复具有重要意义.为探明西南喀斯特山地土地利用方式变化对土壤团聚体组成、稳定性与C、 N、 P养分化学计量特征的影响规律,选取了西南喀斯特典型区域为研究区,针对7种主要土地利用方式建立了系列样地,开展了土壤团聚体组成与稳定性、团聚体C、 N、 P含量与计量比特征研究.结果表明,土地利用变化显著影响了土壤团聚体稳定性.玉米地和撂荒地的土壤团聚体稳定性相对较高,草地和裸地的团聚体稳定性相对较低,土壤团聚体稳定性总体随土层增加呈现降低趋势.不同土地利用方式土壤团聚体C、 N和P含量存在显著差异.疏林地和撂荒地土壤团聚体C和N含量较高,草地土壤团聚体C和N含量较低,裸地和撂荒地土壤团聚体P含量相对较高.土地利用变化对土壤团聚体C、 N和P计量比也存在明显影响.乔木林地、疏林地和撂荒地土壤团聚体C∶N相对较高,草地土壤团聚体C∶N最低;乔木林地和疏林地土壤团聚体C∶P较高,明显高于其他土地利用方式;乔木林地、疏林地和灌木林地土壤团聚体N∶P较高,明显高于裸地和撂荒地.喀斯特土壤团聚体组成和稳定性与土壤C、 N...     

黑河中游绿洲区地膜残留特征及农户行为分析

近年来我国地膜施用量及覆盖面积快速增加,在提高农业产量的同时也产生了严重的农膜污染,在西北干旱区的表现尤为突出。论文利用实地采样数据及农户调查数据,建立Probit模型与多元线性回归模型,分析黑河中游绿洲区地膜的残留水平与影响农户地膜施用行为的主要影响因素。结果表明：1）目前张掖市农用地膜覆盖现象已经非常普遍,有69.9%的农作物播种面积覆盖了地膜;2）仅2014年1 a研究区地膜的残留率平均为25.7%;耕地中地膜的残留总量达到了63.75 kg/hm²,相当于2014年单位玉米种植面积的地膜用量,已经接近我国国家标准限定值（75.0 kg/hm²）,明显高于内蒙古与华北地区;3）在低温少水的黑河中游山区,农户并未大规模施用地膜进行保温保湿,而是采用种植春小麦与大麦作物应对气候不足。地膜施用与否的高程界线约为2 100 m。从多元线性回归模型的结果来看,农户地块数量和农户的非农工资水平对农户地膜回收率有明显的负面影响,农业劳动投入时间与高程则具有明显的正面影响。从原因上看,农户非农收入水平的高低对地膜回收率具有决定性的影响。值得注意的是,农业补贴与户主的受教育程度对地膜回收率的影响不明显。为提高地膜回收率,减少地膜污染,需要提高地膜质量,防止破碎以便于捡拾;加快地膜回收机械的研发与推广,替代逐步提高的人工费用;加快研发与推广可快速降解的地膜技术。     

Effects of cattle,sheep and deer grazing on soil physical quality and losses of phosphorus and suspended sediment losses in surface runoff

Livestock grazing and treading is strongly linked to a decrease in freshwater quality and promotes eutrophication. A two-year field trial was carried out to investigate the influence cattle, sheep and deer have on soil physical quality and the loss of phosphorus (P) and suspended sediment (SS) in surface runoff. Surface runoff plots (4 m long by 1 m wide) were installed within areas designated as stock or ungrazed (control). Surface runoff was collected and analysed for concentrations and loads of P fractions (dissolved reactive P-DRP, dissolved unreactive P-DUP, total dissolved P-TDP, particulate P-PP and total P-TP) and SS. Grazed at equivalent stocking density, soil physical samples (macroporosity, bulk density, and saturated hydraulic conductivity K_sat) were taken after each grazing event (n = 11). Soil physical data indicated differences between cattle, sheep and deer with cattle having greater negative effects. However, these differences had no impact on P and SS losses between stock types in surface runoff. Significant relationships showed that an increase in macroporosity, K_sat, and time (days) since grazing decreased concentrations and loads of P and SS losses. A separate rainfall simulation study also revealed that an increase in simulated cattle treading intensity increased the volume of surface runoff and SS losses. Most surface runoff (> 90%) occurred in winter when soil moisture was at or above field capacity. A seasonal effect was observed and showed that although the greatest P loads occurred in winter, the greatest P concentrations occurred in summer months, under infiltration-excess conditions. These summer losses could pose a risk to receiving waterways because increased light and warmth may induce an algal response compared to winter. While there is limited scope to manage for infiltration-excess surface runoff losses from pasture, with most runoff occurring in winter, these findings reinforce the use of mitigation strategies such as restricted or nil grazing in winter when soil moisture has reached field capacity to minimise P and SS loss to surface water, regardless of stock type.     

Effects of alfalfa coverage on runoff, erosion and hydraulic characteristics of overland flow on loess slope plots

An evaluation of the interactions between vegetation, overland and soil erosion can provide valuable insight for the conservation of soil and water. An experiment was conducted to study water infiltration, runoff generation process, rate of sediment erosion, and hydrodynamic characteristics of overland flow from a sloping hillside with different draw-off discharges from alfalfa and control plots with 20° slope. The effect of alfalfa on runoff and sediment transport reduction was quantitatively analyzed. Alfalfa was discussed for its ability to reduce the overland flow scouring force or change the runoff movement. Compared to the bare-soil plots, alfalfa plots generated a 1.77 times increase in infiltration rate. Furthermore, the down-slope water infiltration rate for the bare soil plots was higher than in the up-slope, while the opposite was found in the alfalfa plots. In addition, alfalfa had a significant effect on runoff and sediment yield. In comparison to the control, the runoff coefficient and sediment transportation rate decreased by 28.3% and 78.4% in the grass slope, respectively. The runoff generated from the alfalfa and bare-soil plots had similar trends with an initial increase and subsequent leveling to a steady-state rate. The transport of sediment reduced with time as a consequence of the depletion of loose surface materials. The maximum sediment concentration was recorded within the first few minutes of each event. The alfalfa plots had subcritical flow while the baresoil plots had supercritical flow, which indicate that the capability of the alfalfa slope for resisting soil erosion and sediment movement was greater than for bare soil plots. Moreover, the flow resistance coefficient and roughness coefficient for the alfalfa plots were both higher than for the bare-soil plots, which indicate that overland flow in alfalfa plots had retarded and was blocked, and the flow energy along the runoff path had gradually dissipated. Finally, the ability to erode and transport sediment had decreased.     

内蒙古呼伦贝尔南部沙带植被恢复进程中土壤理化特性变化

为了解呼伦贝尔沙漠人工植被恢复进程对土壤理化性状的改善效应,论文选取呼伦贝尔沙地人工和自然状态下植被恢复的2个系列、7种样地类型开展研究。结果显示：1）随植被恢复年份的增加及流动沙丘向固定沙丘的演进,地上植被生物量、盖度显著增加;2）2个系列样地土壤有机C含量均随植被的发展而显著增加,土壤上层显著高于中、下层;3）土壤全N、全P含量表现出与土壤有机C基本一致的同向变化规律,土壤全K含量在各样地间、各土壤层间基本相当;4）土壤速效养分含量一定程度上也出现增加,但总体上表现出较大的波动性。人工植被恢复1~3 a内,土壤养分含量与流动沙丘基本相当,但当恢复到5 a以上后,地上植被的发展对土壤特性的改良呈现出较为显著的正效应,沙漠化逆转程度显著提高。然而,拥有更高植被盖度及生物量的8 a人工植被恢复样地,有机C、全N等含量却显著低于自然状态下的固定沙丘样地,可见,当地人工植被恢复的同时,更应注重自然植被的保护。