新型电解槽处理含氰镀铜废水

阐述了一种自行设计的带提升机构的新电解槽的结构特点和原理，经试验选出其最佳条件为：ｔ＝１４ｍｉｎ，Ｉ＝２．８Ａ，废水中盐投加量３０ｇ／Ｌ，药剂用量５０ｍｇ／Ｌ。废水从原来含氰化物２８．７５ｍｇ／Ｌ，含铜量３４．８３ｍｇ／Ｌ，降为含氰０．４５ｍｇ／Ｌ，含铜０．２５ｍｇ／Ｌ，去除率和回收率分别为９８．４３％和８８．５８％。     

废渣中氰化物对地下水污染影响的试验研究

通过模拟淋溶试验，研究了含氰废渣中氰化物对地下水污染的可能性。结果表明，含氰废渣中氰化物可被天然降水淋溶，对地下水产生污染。新排放矿渣初次淋溶液总氰化物浓度可达１０４．８５ｍｇ／Ｌ，易释放氰化物浓度可达６１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ，总氰化物浸出量为３６．８ｍｇ／ｋｇ矿渣，易释放氰化物浸出量为１８．７ｍｇ／ｋｇ矿渣；新排放矿渣经曝晒处理后，初次淋溶液总氰化物和易释放氰化物和易释放氰化物浓度可分别降至３１．２９ｍ     

玉米芯粉处理含汞废水的研究

通过模拟试验探讨了经活化后的玉米芯粉吸附汞的效果及其主要技术参数，结果表明，玉米芯粉对汞的吸附平衡时间为１００ｍｉｎ，最大吸附量为０．９８５ｍｇ／ｇ，工作吸附量（穿透点）为０．４００ｍｇ／ｇ，该吸附剂容易洗脱与再生，且使用寿命长，最佳洗脱液为０．１％的稀硝酸溶液，吸附剂使用２０次后，效果仍较好，二级吸附对泵的去除率高达９９．７５％，出水浓度为０．０２５ｍｇ／Ｌ，可以使含Ｈｇ＾２＋１０．００ｍｇ／Ｌ     

含氰废水加压水解脱氰

加压水解脱氰是去除难降解的含氰废水中氰化物的有效方法之一．尽管在理论上脱氰后出水［ＣＮ－］可以小于０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ，但是，生产上达到该指标有相当难度．为此，我公司经过十来年的研究和生产探索，至１９９４年实现达标，目前反应出水［ＣＮ－］在０．３５ｍｇ／Ｌ左右．根据大量文献资料和生产数据，对脱氰反应影响因素和生产工艺参数进行理论和实践分析，找到了优化的参数搭配．     

补充碳源对厌氧生物处理2,4,6-三氯酚的影响

利用半连续投料的驯化方法对３种不同来源的生物污泥厌氧降解２,４,６－三氯酚（２,４,６－ＴＣＰ）过程中补充碳源的影响进行了研究。结果表明,经过５０～６０ｄ的驯化,取自有机化工厂和造纸七厂的２种污泥的比降解速度（氯酚／ＳＳ）分别达到了０．６ｍｇ／（ｇ·ｄ）和０．２ｍｇ／（ｇ·ｄ）,而取自北京啤酒厂ＵＡＳＢ反应器的污泥的比解速率只有０．０３ｍｇ／（ｇ·ｄ）～０．０５ｍｇ／（ｇ·ｄ）。补充碳源对北京啤酒     

含镍氰复杂废水处理的实验室研究

本文研究处理用硫酸酸化脱氰、再用氢氧化钠除镍含镍氰复杂废水的效果。以工厂废水及实验室所配溶液试验均取得良好效果，可使原料水氰化物从１５０ｍｇ／Ｌ降到８ｍｇ／Ｌ，从镍５０ｍｇ／Ｌ降到４ｍｇ／Ｌ以下。     

升流式厌氧污泥床处理含五氯酚废水工艺的研究

研究升流式厌氧污泥反应器（ＵＡＳＢ）在中温条件下处理含五氯酚（ＰＣＰ）模拟废水时工艺特点及ＰＣＰ降解机理,结果表明：处理啤酒废水的厌氧颗粒污泥为接种物（ＶＳＳ接种量约１５ｇ／Ｌ）,运行温度为３５±１℃,水力停留时间２０－２４ｈ,进水ＣＯＤ浓度为２５００－２８００ｍｌ／Ｌ;进水ＰＣＰ浓度岂１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ上各至８．０ｍｇ／Ｌ条件下,１２０ｄ左右完成启动,ＰＣＰ和ＣＯＤ去除率分别为９４％及８６％以上,高     

我国不同类型稀土矿区环境卫生学调查──矿区农民自然生活环境和头发中稀土水平

对我国有代表性的３种类型稀土矿区内农民自然生活环境（耕地土壤、饮用井水、天然植物和植物性食物）和头发中稀土含量进行了卫生学调查研究,初步了解了其稀土暴露、吸收和蓄积水平。结果表明：稀土矿区内,除耕地土壤中稀土含量（６８０—１２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ）明显高于对照地区、某些天然植物有富积稀土（１６．８—５７．２μｇ／ｇ）的能力外,浅井水（２．６—２１．０μｇ／Ｌ）、粮食＜（０．０５—３．１５μｇ／ｇ）和蔬菜（０．０６—１．８２μｇ／ｇ）中稀土含量仅是稍高于对照地区趋势;矿区农民平均每人每日稀土经日摄入量估计值〔（４９８．３—１７０８．１μｇ／（ｄ·人）］与相应对照点基本一致;仅江西轻稀土矿观察点［（６５９．４μｇ／（ｄ·人）］稍高于对照点［４９８．３μｇ／（ｄ·人）］。江西２矿区内农民发中稀土含量（０．５３—１５．０２μｇ／ｇ）均显著高于本地区对照点以及山东稀土矿区内农民发稀土水平（＜０．２０—１．１２μｇ／ｇ,Ｐ＜０．０５）,并接近或超过山东稀土矿矿工水平（０．４３—８．７６μｇ／ｇ,Ｐ＜０．０５）,但其平均每人每日稀土经日摄入量明显低于山东矿区农民摄入水平［１７０８．ｌμｇ／（ｄ·人）］。江西离子吸附型稀土矿区内     

海带生物吸附含铜废水的试验

利用海带作为生物吸附材料对含Ｃｕ＾２＋废水处理进行了研究。０．２ｇ颗粒直径为０．１８～０．４２ｍｍ的海带粉末，在１００ｍＬ Ｃｕ＾２＋浓度为１００ｍｇ／Ｌ、ｐＨ为３．０～６．０溶液，吸附容量Ｑｍａｘ为４１．５～６０．０ｍｇ／ｇ，Ｃｕ＾２＋的去除率为８３．９％～８９．３％。ｐＨ值是影响吸附的主要因素，最佳吸附ｐＨ值为３．０～６．０。     

石棉摩擦材料废弃物制吸附剂对染料的吸附研究

以石棉摩擦材料加工废弃物为材料制得的吸附剂,在色度５０００倍溶液中对阳离子黄Ｘ－５ＧＬ的静态吸附量为１５９．６８ｍｇ／ｇ,在色度５００倍的溶液中对阳离子艳蓝ＲＬ的静态吸附量为７９．６８ｍｇ／ｇ;对毛纺厂腈纶染缸废水的处理量可达２８０ｍｌ／ｇ,对活性染料亦有较好的吸附效果,吸附饱和吸附剂可通过后处理实现资源化。     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.