含盐量对好氧颗粒污泥稳定性及微生物组成的影响

研究了不同含盐量(以NaCl质量分数计)对好氧颗粒污泥稳定性及微生物组成的影响.扫描电镜观察发现,高含盐量(5.0%)与低含盐量(1.0%和2.5%)下好氧颗粒污泥微生物的组成有较大的差异.低含盐量下好氧颗粒污泥的微生物以细菌(杆菌和球菌)为主;高含盐量下易出现大量的丝状菌,并形成白色和黑色的丝状颗粒污泥,而且丝状颗粒污泥在短期内(1个月左右)仍具有较好的沉降性能和密实性.但这些丝状颗粒污泥在实验后期易变得大而疏松,最终导致反应器运行失败.因此,维持丝状颗粒污泥的密实成长并抑制其发散成长成为控制好氧颗粒污泥稳定运行的关键,尚需进一步研究.     

丝状菌污泥膨胀及其致密过程中菌丝体演替规律

为了探索丝状菌的致密途径、解决丝状菌污泥膨胀的难题,从丝状菌的自身特点及外部条件出发研究了其在污泥膨胀及致密过程中菌丝体的演替规律。研究发现,致密生长的大絮体对丝状菌的种类是有选择性的,那些丝体较弯曲、丝体强度较大、贮存能力强的菌丝体更利于形成聚集态生长。另外,研究表明,不同种类丝状菌的生长势和存贮能力不同,对底物的利用上亦存在着竞争关系。实验中存在的几个菌种对PHB颗粒的存贮能力由高到低依次为:Nostocoida limicolaⅡ、Type 1851、Type 0701、Type 021N型菌体。     

连续流传统活性污泥系统中好氧颗粒污泥的培养

采用西安市第四污水处理厂A2/O系统中的絮体污泥为接种污泥,在连续流传统活性污泥系统中进行了好氧颗粒污泥的培养研究。当系统温度为25～27℃、沉淀时间为2 h、溶解氧为4.2 mg/L、搅拌速度为240 r/min时,系统可培养出粒径为0.5～1.5 mm的颗粒污泥,扫描电镜结果显示,颗粒污泥主要由球状菌和杆状菌组成,此外还存在少量的丝状菌。实验结果表明,相对于反应器的形式和沉淀时间,水力剪切力和接种污泥中的丝状菌对好氧颗粒污泥形成的影响更大,胞外多糖的产生对好氧颗粒污泥的形成也起着至关重要的作用。     

密集生长条件下丝状菌结构分析

从丝状菌结构入手,控制条件使丝状菌致密生长是控制丝状菌污泥膨胀的一种新思路。提出了"节点密度"的概念,以表征菌丝体之间的缠绕特征。研究发现,丝状菌菌丝体的节点密度及其网眼的椭圆度与SVI分别呈正相关和负相关性。另外,实验过程中丝状菌密集生长形成质量较大的丝状菌絮体,该絮体具有良好的泥水分离效果和较低的SVI值。但丝状菌大絮体会造成反应器中局部溶氧不均,降低传质效率,进而导致大絮体解体,且氨氮去除率不高。关于丝状菌大絮体如何形成且长时间稳定存在的问题,还有待于进一步研究。     

厌氧序批式反应器中丝状颗粒污泥的形成

以葡萄糖为基质,研究浮动盖式ASBR中颗粒污泥的形成。实验结果表明,污泥在120 d时完全颗粒化,颗粒污泥具有良好的沉降性能(25 m/h)及良好的产甲烷活性,甲酸、乙酸、丙酸及丁酸最大代谢活性分别达到0.216、0.825、0.237和0.796 g COD/(g VSS.d)。电镜扫描(SEM)发现,整个污泥结构均一,均由丝状菌构成。     

好氧颗粒污泥法处理石化废水

实验以吉林石化污水处理厂初沉池出水为原水在SBR中培养好氧颗粒污泥。实验初期,依次以比例为40%、60%的含石化废水的培养液进行培养,于第15天SBR中出现颗粒污泥,此后直接采用石化废水培养,同时逐步缩短沉降时间,第27天起反应器出水稳定,COD去除率达到89%,TN、NH3-N和TP去除率分别达到56%、86%和90%。采用此方法培养的颗粒污泥平均粒径约为1.3 mm,外表棕黄色,颗粒表面粗糙,在扫描电子显微镜(SEM)下观察到好氧颗粒污泥主要由杆状菌和丝状菌组成,颗粒内部存在若干孔隙。研究结果表明,在SBR中通过逐步增加石化废水进水比例,缩短沉降时间可以快速培养出好氧颗粒污泥,好氧颗粒污泥处理石化废水效果良好。     

新型序批式生物膜反应器中污泥膨胀的研究

利用自主设计的新型序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR),处理高浓度有机废水时,出现了污泥膨胀问题。通过对污泥膨胀的影响和诱因分析,总结出预防及恢复措施。结果表明,污泥膨胀导致COD、TN去除率分别从92.91%和81.44%下降到79.14%和54.40%;经鉴定丝状菌性污泥膨胀中丝状菌疑似镰刀霉;低温和进水有机负荷高是导致污泥膨胀的主要诱因;经35 d的调整恢复,新型SBBR恢复了有机物去除能力和一定的脱氮能力,间接反映出其稳定性在遭受破坏后的恢复能力较强。     

丝状菌污泥膨胀的影响因素与控制

本文系统地介绍了近一、二十年来国际上关于丝状菌污泥膨胀的最新研究成果。从丝状菌的种类与特性、丝状菌污泥膨胀的机理、引起污泥膨胀的污水性质和运行条件等方面全面地论述了污泥膨胀的影响因素与控制方法,通过对国内外污泥膨胀研究现状与存在问题的分析,提出了该课题今后的研究方向。     

改善气液传质效率实现丝状菌膨胀污泥控制的方法

为了研究活性污泥系统中丝状菌的存在与污泥气液传质的关系,实验测量了不同絮体结构丝状菌污泥对体积溶氧传质系数(kLa)的影响,并考察了改善气液传质效率对控制丝状菌膨胀的影响。实验结果表明,丝状菌对气液传质的影响主要取决于丝状菌的沉淀性能而不是丝状菌的数量。在由于溶氧不足导致丝状菌膨胀的条件下,可以通过改善丝状菌絮体结构提高系统的气液传质效率,即通过絮体结构调控消除溶氧不足的外在条件,从而实现了控制丝状菌膨胀的目的。研究成果以改善丝状菌结构为手段,从微生物本身出发提高系统曝气效果,为控制丝状菌膨胀提供了新的思路。     

好氧颗粒污泥形成与运行稳定性的影响因素试验分析

用普通絮状污泥作为接种污泥,用SBR作为反应器,分析了高径比、污泥容积负荷以及营养比例(BOD5:N:P)等因素对好氧颗粒污泥形成的影响.试验结果表明,高径比对好氧颗粒污泥的形成有直接关系;污泥容积负荷越高、碳氮比正常、磷源缺乏越易诱导好氧颗粒污泥的骨架丝状菌的生长,可以促进好氧颗粒污泥的提前形成,但是越易引起粘性膨胀的出现.在高径比为38;6,污泥容积负荷为1.67 kg/(m3·d).BOD5:N:P为100:5:1,沉淀时同为2 h时,其好氧颗粒污泥形成时间为17个周期,成熟时间为23个周期,粒径为2～3 mm,平均污泥沉降比(SV)为29.0%,对模拟废水COD的平均去除率达94.3%.     

The influence of storage on the morphology and physiology of phthalic acid-degrading aerobic granules

The precultured aerobic granules with special degradabilities could be used as a feasible bioseed for enhancement of aerobic granulation systems. In practice, the storage stability, physicochemical characteristics, and recovering efficiency of granules are crucial for a long-distance transportation and successful application. In this study, phthalic acid (PA)-degrading aerobic granules were cultivated and stored for 8 wk at 4 °C. The granular size, settling ability as well as structure integrity was found stable during the storage period. It was observed that the upper 1/3 part of granules stored in the reagent bottle turned to black color, while the lower 2/3 part granules did not significantly change color (brown–yellow) after the 8-wk storage. The black and brown–yellow color PA-degrading granules were manually separated and re-inoculated into two identical sequencing batch reactors for reviving the PA degradation capability. After a 7 d operation, both black and yellow granules restored their activities to the levels before storage, in terms of total organic carbon removal efficiency (100%), specific oxygen uptake rate (59 mg g VSS⁻¹ h⁻¹), and adenosine triphosphate content (0.016 mg g VSS⁻¹). This study demonstrated that aerobic granules grown on a complex substrate could tolerate storage conditions and rapidly restored their bioactivities toward the target pollutant. The results also shed the light on the future application of precultured aerobic granules with unique functions for biodegradation and bioremediation purpose.     

Natural resistance of rose petals to microbial attack

Petals of red, yellow and white roses (Rosa damascene Mill.) of the family Rosaceae were extracted with (1:1) methylene chloride/methanol and tested for their antimicrobial activities against four species of Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus aureus), five species of Gram-negative bacteria (Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens) and five species of fungi (Penicillium notatum, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Fusarium oxysporum). All of the crude extracts showed a wide range of antimicrobial activities according to the tested organism and rose's type. Micrococcus luteus was found to be the most susceptible bacteria to all crude extracts. Red and yellow petal extracts showed much higher antibacterial activity than the white petals extract. Bacillus subtilis was found to be the least susceptible to all extracts. The fungus, Penicillium notatum was found to be the most susceptible with white petal extract being the most effective. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Fusarium oxysporum were the least susceptible to all extracts. White roses extract showed much higher antifungal activities against Penicillium notatum than red or yellow roses, therefore, it was subjected to several bioassay guided chromatographic fractionations and purification to isolate the active chemical(s) responsible for the antifungal activity. Chemical structure of the isolated antifungal compounds were identified by spectroscopy techniques and found to be a γ-sitosterol and (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid. Antibacterial activity of the various types of rose extracts were due to complex mixtures of organic compounds which are still under chemical investigation and will be published later.     

Identification of surfactants emerged in aerobic granulation

In this study, aerobic granules were cultivated in sequencing batch reactors with activated sludge as the seed. The reactors were operated for 12 h per cycle with the organic loading rate (OLR) increasing in double stepwise from 0.5 to 4.0 g COD L⁻¹ d⁻¹. Within the 40 d running, black granules with regular and smooth morphology were cultivated, which had high wet density and high settling velocity. During the granulation process, foams emerged and disappeared in the reactor, coinciding with the proliferation of filamentous microorganisms in the granules, implying that surfactants might exist and play an important role in the granulation. Using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, the surfactants were identified as homologous compounds of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with molecular weights ranging mainly from 100 to 500 Da. Their general formulas were proposed as HO-[CH₂-CH₂-O]_n-H. The source of PEG still needs further investigation.     

Growth and physiological responses of Pennisetum sp. to cadmium stress under three different soils

Pennisetum sp. was employed as a model species to detect the growth and physiological response to cadmium (Cd) stress at different Cd concentrations (0, 20, 50, and 100 mg kg⁻¹) in three types of soils (yellow brown soil, yellow soil, and red soil). Results showed that the growth of Pennisetum sp. was not significantly influenced by Cd in 20 mg kg⁻¹, but significantly inhibited at higher Cd concentrations in three types of soils. Besides, the higher Cd concentrations, the lower root, stem, and leaf biomass. With Cd concentration of soil increasing, Cd content of root, stem, and leaf increased. Compared with no Cd, high Cd concentrations (50 and 100 mg kg⁻¹) induced the physiological indices (photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate) and biochemical indices (nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, and glutamate synthase activities) decreasing, but the concentration of NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ increasing. The activity of antioxidative enzymes (SOD, POD, and CAT) was disrupted and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) increasing. Pennisetum sp. could protect cells from damage and maintain normal physiological metabolism via increasing the production of soluble sugar and soluble protein, but soluble proteins and soluble sugars were limited in high concentrations of Cd (50 and 100 mg kg⁻¹). Moreover, the growth and physiological response to Cd are different in the three types of soils. The growth of Pennisetum sp. in yellow brown soil was better than that in other two soils, and the gas exchange rate, antioxidant enzyme activity, and nitrogen metabolism in yellow soil and red soil were more affected by Cd stress than that in yellow brown soil. Overall, Pennisetum sp. had certain tolerance and biosorption ability to Cd in different Cd concentrations and different types of soil. Hence, Pennisetum sp. was a suitable choice for Cd remediation, especially in yellow brown soil.

     

污泥膨胀形成机理及控制措施研究现状和进展

污泥膨胀现象在全球污水处理厂普遍存在,已成为制约活性污泥工艺发展的重大难题之一.本文总结了丝状细菌研究现状;重点阐述了当前引起污泥膨胀的主要机理;说明了基于这些机理的选择器控制理论;给出了主要的选择器类型.对当前关于污泥膨胀的研究进展和方向,分别从微生物和数学模型2个方面进行了讨论,最后,提出了一系列亟待解决的问题.     

污泥膨胀形成机理及控制措施研究现状和进展

污泥膨胀现象在全球污水处理厂普遍存在,已成为制约活性污泥工艺发展的重大难题之一.本文总结了丝状细菌研究现状;重点阐述了当前引起污泥膨胀的主要机理;说明了基于这些机理的选择器控制理论;给出了主要的选择器类型.对当前关于污泥膨胀的研究进展和方向,分别从微生物和数学模型2个方面进行了讨论,最后,提出了一系列亟待解决的问题.     

Formation and instability of aerobic granules under high organic loading conditions

The cultivation and instability of aerobic granular sludge in a sequencing batch reactor under high loading conditions were investigated. Compact bacteria-dominated aerobic granules with a mean diameter of 1 mm were formed at a chemical oxygen demand (COD) loading rate of 6.0 kg m(-3) d(-1) within 30 d. However, the compact bacteria-dominated aerobic granules were not stable and transited to large-sized filamentous ones gradually. With the formation of bacteria-dominated granules, the hydrophobicity and specific gravity of the sludge increased. When the granules were transited to filamentous ones, the hydrophobicity and specific gravity decreased. Both granules had a high COD removal efficiency, excellent settling ability and showed a clear, regular round-shaped outline. After the filamentous granules reached a diameter of 16 mm, due to the mass transfer limitation and the possible presence of anaerobes in the inner part of the granules, they began to disintegrate and be washed out of the reactor, follow by failure of the reactor.     

污泥膨胀状态下原生动物群落结构分析

系统研究了丝状菌膨胀与非丝状菌膨胀2种典型污泥状态下原生动物的群落结构特征及其演变规律。伴随丝状菌的大量增殖，原生动物总量相应减少，匍匐型纤毛虫及有壳类肉足虫数量迅速上升，占据明显的优势地位，典型原生动物为斜管虫（Chilodonella sp.）、小轮毛虫（Trochilia minuta）以及匣壳虫（Centropyxis sp.）；非丝状菌污泥膨胀对原生动物总量及种群结构影响较小，伴随粘性菌胶团的大量出现，各功能类群的比例变化较小，但原生动物总量持续增加，其中菌食性纤毛虫呈线性增加，典型原生动物为钟虫（Vorticella sp.）。