温度对淀粉酶强化污泥为燃料微生物燃料电池的影响

采用单室无膜悬浮阴极微生物燃料电池(MFC),对比分析了温度变化对淀粉酶强化剩余污泥为燃料的MFC(ESMFC)产电特性和污泥减量化效果的影响.研究表明,在40℃时ESMFC最大功率密度相对于参照组(投加等量失活酶系统)功率密度输出增加最大,为94%;此时CE也最大,为9.2%。这主要是由于在此温度下淀粉酶对系统的促进作用更明显。在45℃时,ESMFC系统中污泥减量化效果最好.当运行温度为45℃时,ESMFC中TCOD去除率为87.2%,投加等量失活淀粉酶的ESMFC中TCOD去除率为55.7%;ESMFC中VSS/TSS从原泥中的67.34%下降到28.07%,对照组则下降到45.61%。此研究对投加淀粉酶的ESMFC实际应用具有一定指导意义。     

不同酶强化污泥为燃料微生物燃料电池特性对比分析

采用单室无膜悬浮阴极微生物燃料电池(MFC),对比分析了蛋白酶和淀粉酶强化剩余污泥为燃料的MFC(ESMFC)产电特性、酶特性和污泥减量化效果。研究表明,投加蛋白酶的ESMFC最大功率密度比对照组增加106.2%,投加淀粉酶时ESMFC最大功率密度比对照组增加48%。蛋白酶作用主要体现在投加后的前12小时,而淀粉酶作用时间则较长,为投加后的前144小时,但在运行前期,由于高温作用,导致系统内的酶活性较强,投加的淀粉酶作用则不明显。投加蛋白酶的系统内TCOD、TSS和VSS去除率分别为82%、65%和85%,而投加淀粉酶的系统内TCOD、TSS和VSS去除率分别达到86%、67%和88%。此研究对于ESMFC中外加酶的选择具有一定意义。     

垃圾渗滤液-沉积污泥微生物燃料电池的产电性能

采用单室沉积型微生物燃料电池(SMFC)处理垃圾渗滤液与沉积污泥,考察电池的产电性能及污染物去除效果。SMFC输出电压呈周期性变化趋势,最大输出电压251 m V,最大功率密度为10.35 mW·m~(-2),功率密度随电流的增加先增大后减小,燃料电池内阻为2 653Ω。COD、氨氮去除率分别达96.18%和80.60%。SMFC的平均输出电压随污染物的降解呈波浪型上升趋势。MLSS、MLVSS去除率分别为24.40%和30.32%。实验结束后,MLVSS/MLSS的比值由0.70降至0.65,在SMFC产电过程中,污泥中的有机物得到有效降解。因此,SMFC可实现污水净化、污泥减量及产电一体化的效果。     

不同运行条件对微生物燃料电池产电性能的影响

以双室微生物燃料电池为研究对象,改变活性污泥MLSS值、营养物质的量、营养物质种类、温度等运行条件,测量24 h内COD值、细菌数目和电压值,进而研究不同运行条件对微生物燃料电池运行初期产电性能的影响。结果表明:在其他同等条件下,只改变MLSS值时,MLSS值越大,产电性能愈佳,只改变葡萄糖浓度时,当葡萄糖浓度为60 mg/m L时,产电性能最佳,最大电压和功率密度可达224.8 m V和505 m W/m3,只改变营养物质种类时,当加入低糖和C源营养物质时,产电性能较佳,只改变运行温度,当温度为37℃时,产电性能最佳,最大电压和功率密度可达231.5 m V和535 m W/m3;改变上述条件时,细菌数目与MFC的产电性能呈显著正相关关系。     

厌氧污泥和Geobacter sulfurreducens接种MFC的产电性能及其修复Cd污染土壤研究

利用混合菌种(厌氧污泥)和单一菌种(Geobacter sulfurreducens)以不同接种方式搭建单室土壤微生物燃料电池(MFC)反应器,考察不同MFC的产电性能及其对Cd污染土壤的修复效果。结果表明,将混合菌种集中接种于阳极碳毡表面的MFC1运行效果最佳,其在2d即可完成启动,输出电压稳定在0.225V左右,最大功率密度为35.00MW/m2,内阻为515.5Ω。土壤修复效果与MFC产电性能相关,MFC1产电性能最佳,因此土壤修复效果最好,稳定运行30d后阴极Cd富集率最高,达19.02%     

光合产电微生物群落构建及光照培养对其产电性能的影响

采用淡水沉积物为接种来源,培养出光合产电微生物群落。将其与藻阴极联用组建了完整的光合作用微生物燃料电池时,功率密度达到(157.5±3.1)m W/m2。采用循环伏安法及电化学阻抗谱对该群落的电化学性能进行了测试。PCR-DGGE及紫外可见吸收光谱分析显示,该群落含有Ectothiorhodospiraceae科及Chloroflexi门不产氧光合细菌、产电菌Arcobacter butzleri、发酵细菌及其他细菌。对该群落进行长期黑暗培养或长期光照培养时,其产电性能均得到了提高,但功率密度测试显示,光照培养微生物燃料电池最大功率密度为(180.1±8.7)m W/m2,高于黑暗培养的微生物燃料电池(160.7±11.4)m W/m2。电化学测试也显示,光照培养的阳极产电性能优于黑暗培养的阳极。     

剩余污泥微生物燃料电池的产电性能及有机物降解与阳极生物分析

构建了以二沉池剩余污泥厌氧发酵上清液为阳极底物的微生物燃料电池(MFC),考察了电池的产电性能、污染物去除效率及阳极微生物种群特征。结果表明,厌氧发酵污泥MFC作为污泥资源化的一种新途径,具有可行性。在厌氧发酵的预处理条件下,MFC体系稳定运行期间输出电压最高可达0.65 V,最大功率密度达86.89 m W·m~(-2),库伦效率为(5.12±0.5)%;与此同时TCOD去除率为(50.6±3.5)%。污泥在厌氧发酵阶段产生大量挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs),它们作为产电微生物易于摄取的阳极底物,能够促进污泥中有机质的去除,进而提高污泥MFC的产电效果。由阳极微生物群落结构可推断:产电和非产电细菌具有协同作用,共同维持MFC的稳定运行。     

微生物燃料电池降解邻苯二甲酸酯及同步产电特性

构建双室微生物燃料电池(MFC)装置,研究了分别以乙酸钠(NaAc)作单一燃料和乙酸钠+邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)作混合燃料条件下,MFC的产电性能及其对邻苯二甲酸酯的去除效果。结果显示,微生物燃料电池对邻苯二甲酸酯类废水的化学需氧量(COD)的总去除率可达89%~94%,对邻苯二甲酸酯的去除率均在70%以上。以2 g·L~(-1)NaAc+10 mg·L~(-1)PAEs作混合燃料时,MFC获得最大(面积)功率密度58.78 mW·m~(-2),电池内阻213.50Ω。实验结果表明,MFC能够利用高浓度邻苯二甲酸酯作燃料在实现高效降解的同时稳定地向外输出电能这为环境激素类难降解有机物的高效低耗处理提供了一种新的研究思路。     

人工湿地型微生物燃料电池处理啤酒生产废水

采用人工湿地型微生物燃料电池处理啤酒生产废水,考察了啤酒生产废水中不同COD浓度条件下(475、1 968、5 640 mg·L~(-1))人工湿地型微生物燃料电池对COD和氨氮的去除效果,评估了在此过程中微生物燃料电池的产电性能。研究表明,当COD浓度为1 968 mg·L~(-1)时,人工湿地型微生物燃料电池对COD的去除率最高,达到93.5%;氨氮去除率随COD起始的增加而增加,当进水浓度为5 640 mg·L~(-1)时,氨氮去除率达到70.8%。对产电性能而言,当进水COD浓度为1 968 mg·L~(-1)时,人工湿地型微生物燃料电池产电量最高,其最大电压、功率密度和电流密度分别达到280 mV、24.2 mW·m~(-2)和220 mA·m~(-2)。利用人工湿地型微生物燃料电池处理啤酒生产废水具有一定的可行性,在处理污染物的同时产电,弥补了处理过程中的能源消耗,对废物资源化具有很好的应用前景。     

高盐废水MFCs不同阴极电子受体产电及微生物群落分析

为探查不同电子受体产电性能及对阳极微生物群落的影响,研究了3种电子受体(铁氰化钾、曝气阴极、过硫酸钾),构建了双室榨菜废水微生物燃料电池系统(microbial fuel cells,MFCs),实现了污水处理和能量回收的双重目的,探讨了不同电子受体(铁氰化钾、曝气阴极、过硫酸钾)对榨菜废水MFCs产电性能及阳极微生物群落的影响。结果表明:在产电性能方面,当过硫酸钾作为阴极电子受体时,电池输出电压、库仑效率、功率密度均优于另外2种常用阴极电子受体(铁氰化钾和氧气);在500Ω的外接电阻间歇运行的条件下,其输出电压、库仑效率、功率密度分别为802 mV、(33±1.6)%、697 mW·m~(-2)。阳极生物16S rRNA基因测序分析表明,水解发酵菌为榨菜废水微生物燃料电池阳极核心菌群,铁氰化钾、氧气和过硫酸钾MFCs阳极微生物菌群相对丰度分别为64.3%、63.6%和75.51%,包括Lentimicrobium、Synergistaceae、Sphaerochaeta、Anaerolineaceae、Draconibacteriacea菌属。阴极电子受体不同的MFCs的阳极微生物群落核心菌群类似,但是丰度有所不同。势差较大的电子受体(过硫酸钾)微生物群落多样性和丰富度较高,产电和污染物去除效果较好。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.