C2–C5 Hydrocarbon measurements in the Netherlands 1981–1991

Measurements of C₂–C₅ hydrocarbons on an hourly basis at the TNO site in Delft from 1982 to 1984 and at Moerdijk over the period 1981–1991 are presented. In combination with meteorological data (wind direction and wind speed) the Delft and Moerdijk series are evaluated to identify source categories, annual variations, background concentrations and trends. The C₂–C₅ hydrocarbon concentrations at Delft and Moerdijk are determined mainly by emission characteristics and meteorological dispersion; the dominant sources are relatively nearby and atmospheric degradation is not of much importance. Under conditions of high wind speed the concentrations measured at Moerdijk in the marine sector are close to the Atlantic background concentrations in winter and somewhat above this in summer. The continental background concentrations are higher than the marine background concentrations by a factor of almost two. The annual variation of acetylene is more pronounced than that of the other hydrocarbons, most likely due to a different seasonal variation in acetylene emissions. The annual variation of propene is smoother, indicating stronger sources in summer than in winter. This feature of propene is observed in continental as well as in marine sectors. The observations show that at Moerdijk C₂–C₄ concentrations measured in Rijnmond sector have decreased considerably since the early 1980s, corresponding with changes in emissions in that area. Averaged over all wind directions the trend of all species is downward, but for acetylene the trend is significant at a 95% confidence interval. The acetylene concentrations show an annual downward trend of 3% during the 1980s, supporting other estimates of decreasing hydrocarbon emissions from traffic over this period at the same rate.     

Partitioning of formaldehyde between air and ice at −35°C to −5°C

The equilibrium partitioning of formaldehyde (HCHO) between air and snow was studied in a series of laboratory experiments conducted at −5°C, −15°C, and −35°C, in order to understand how partitioning of HCHO between air and polar snow varies with temperature, and thus seasonally on the ice sheet. Measured partitioning coefficients were 56, 93, and 245 mol l⁻¹ atm⁻¹ for −5°C, −15°C and −35°C, respectively, showing a similar trend as the values previously estimated from field observations. Estimates of the pseudo-first-order rate coefficient for air–snow exchange for the same three temperatures were 4.1×10⁻⁴, 1.1×10⁻⁴, and 1.1×10⁻⁵ s⁻¹, respectively. This implies a time scale for air–snow equilibration of the order of hours to days for HCHO accumulated at or near the ice–air interface on snow grains. Comparing the current laboratory partitioning coefficients with those estimated from measurements of air and freshly fallen snow in Greenland during summer demonstrates that the snow is supersaturated and should degas HCHO to the surrounding air. During this degassing, polar snow should be a significant source of HCHO to the lower troposphere.     

C919飞机边线噪声级预测算法

为了新飞机试飞前能获得飞机边线噪声级,缩短新飞机噪声合格审定周期,对飞机边线有效感觉噪声级预测方法进行了研究,利用飞机相关物理参数及声压公式建立了完整的飞机边界噪声级预测算法。以波音、空客、CRJ系列飞机为例,验证该算法的有效性。控制飞机单一物理参数变化,分析各参数对飞机边线有效感觉边界噪声值的影响等级,提出降低飞机边线有效感觉噪声值的建议。将该算法应用于预测C919飞机边线噪声值,阐明了该算法在飞机噪声适航审定工作中的重要作用。     

应用于维生素C凝结水处理反渗透膜清洗策略

针对沈阳某药厂维生素C生产工艺中凝结水产量大、处理成本高和杂质复杂等问题,提出了采用反渗透技术对工艺凝结水进行处理。在前期确定的最优操作条件基础上持续运行,研究了运行临界通量、清洗时机和清洗方式等工艺条件。结果表明,在本工艺条件下,反渗透膜系统的临界通量介于1.1 L/(m2.min)到1.2 L/(m2.min)之间,斜率变点分析法确定的可逆膜污染周期为10 d;加强型清洗策略EFM(enhanced flux maintenance)的操作是针对不可逆膜污染的一种有效清洗方式,EFM持续30 min为宜,NaClO和NaOH都是有机污染的有效清洗剂,膜的平均恢复率分别为85.4%和81.6%,显示出实际应用的可行性,具有推广价值。     

Pd/rGO/C电极催化还原硝酸盐

采用化学还原与电沉积方法制备了钯和石墨烯复合膜碳纸(Pd/r GO/C)电极。以制备的Pd/r GO/C电极为阴极,通过电化学还原法处理水中硝酸盐。结果表明,与碳纸(C)、石墨烯修饰碳纸(r GO/C)、钯修饰碳纸(Pd/C)电极相比,Pd/r GO/C电极对于硝酸盐还原具有更高的电催化活性及N2选择性。Pd和r GO具有良好的协同催化还原硝酸盐作用。当外加电压由-0.75 V降至-1.0 V时,Pd/r GO/C电极还原速率k值由0.001 min-1快速提高至0.061 min-1。中性条件更利于Pd/r GO/C电极还原硝酸盐及N2生成。同时,Pd/r GO/C电极对浓度区间为6.8~22.6 mg(NO-3-N)/L硝酸盐催化还原效率较高,且反应液中未检测到金属Pd,无二次污染。     

反渗透膜处理维生素C凝结水的最优工艺条件

针对维生素C生产工艺中产生的凝结水产量大、处理成本高、存储运输困难和营养物质含量偏低等问题，采用反渗透技术对VC凝结水进行处理。实验建立小试规模反渗透膜处理装置，采用无量纲化多元回归分析方法，分析了操作条件指标与渗透水评价指标两套指标体系之间的关系，定量评价了各个操作条件指标对渗透水评价指标的整体影响程度，并在此基础上研究了最佳操作条件的工艺参数。结果表明：建立的无量纲化多元回归分析方法切实有效，在正交实验设计水平范围内，压力、pH和回流比均是多目标系统的影响因子，操作条件指标对渗透水评价指标的整体影响程度大小顺序为：压力〉pH〉回流比〉温度，且各自影响程度所占比例分别为43．02％、29．01％、25．07％和2．89％。各个操作因子对多指标系统的影响是独立的。在只考虑系统收益而不考虑膜污染的情况下，最佳操作条件分别为：温度r=30．65，压力P=1．5MPa，回流比r=0．78，pH=7．475。     

Production of OH radicals from the reactions of C4–C6 internal alkenes and styrenes with ozone in the gas phase

OH formation from the ozonolysis reactions of seven internal alkenes with 4–6 carbons, styrene, trans-β-methyl styrene, and α-methyl styrene was studied using complementary techniques. A small-ratio relative-rate technique in which small quantities of OH tracers are added to monitor OH formation yields provided the following results: trans-2-butene, 0.64±0.12; cis-2-butene, 0.33±0.05; trans-2-pentene, 0.46±0.08; cis-2-pentene, 0.29±0.06; trans-3-hexene, 0.53±0.08; cis-3-hexene, 0.36±0.07; and 2-methyl-2-butene, 0.98±0.24. For styrene, trans-β-methyl styrene, and α-methyl styrene, OH yields of 0.07±0.04, 0.22±0.09, and 0.23±0.12 were measured, respectively. A second method, which monitors product formation from the OH reaction with 2-butanol was used to derive OH formation yields from 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene, 2-methyl-2-butene and cis-2-pentene, and provided yields of 0.91±0.14, 0.80±0.12, and 0.27±0.07, respectively. The results are briefly discussed in terms of the relationship between structures of these alkenes and OH formation.     

基于C模式的京津冀经济发展与环境负荷研究

为分析京津冀地区经济发展、环境负荷的发展状况及其与循环经济发展C模式目标值的符合度,将京津冀2005—2015年经济增长与环境负荷的变化同C模式目标值进行比较,结果表明,在经济水平超预期发展的前提下,能源消费和二氧化碳排放的增速均超过了目标值。预测发现,延续现有发展模式,能源消费总量与2050年的绝对脱钩目标存在3.5亿t(以标准煤计)的差距,二氧化碳排放量与绝对脱钩目标存在2.6亿t的差距。为实现脱钩,建议京津冀地区采取综合措施,完善产业结构并协同提升产业技术水平,提高能效,降低能源强度。同时,大力发展可再生能源替代不可再生能源,使2050年可再生能源消费占比达到60.0%。     

C1O2治理医院污水性能参数的研究

研究了C1O2作为消毒剂在去除医院污水中总大肠菌群数(CFU)时的性能参数。实验结果表明，C1O2加入量为5—8mg／L、温度为20—30℃、接触时间为30—60min、pH为7．8—8．5、填科为组合型，是C1O2去除CFU的最优参数，可使污水中CFU降至500个/L，达到国家一级排放标准(GB8978—1996)。同时，分析了各参数对CFU去除率的影响。     

Fe/Cu/C微电解深度处理钻井废水

以某油井钻井废水经高效混凝+吸附过滤处理后的出水为研究对象,采用Fe/Cu/C微电解对钻井废水进行深度处理研究。结果表明,Fe/Cu/C微电解的最佳工艺条件为:Fe/Cu/C质量比为7∶3∶10,Fe/Cu/C投加量为1 000 g/L,pH为3.0,气水比为54∶1,反应时间为180 min;Fe/Cu/C微电解对钻井废水深度处理的效能十分显著,在最佳工艺条件下,废水COD质量浓度由428.63 mg/L降至98.32 mg/L,COD去除率达到77.06%。     

环境香烟烟雾使儿童体内的维生素C水平下降

Puerto Rico大学研究人员发现，即使是极低剂量的环境香烟烟雾暴露，也会明显降低儿童体内的抗坏血酸盐（抗氧化剂维生素C的一种形式）浓度。和维生素C摄入水平相当的未受暴露儿童相比，在家中受到环境香烟烟雾暴露的儿童，血浆抗坏血酸盐浓度平均要低3．2μmoL／L（大约低于吸烟者的1／4）。     

C/N比对好氧颗粒污泥性能的影响

在SBR内接种活性污泥,研究了进水C/N比对好氧颗粒污泥的影响。结果表明,在高C/N比的条件下污泥不易快速颗粒化,沉降性能差,低C/N比有利于反应器内微生物的积累,MLSS最高可达8 740 mg/L,然而过低的C/N比将导致颗粒粒径增加,结构疏松以致解体,丝状微生物过度繁殖,不利于系统的稳定。对有机物的去除受进水C/N比的影响不明显,颗粒初步形成后对COD的去除率基本维持在87%左右;在C/N比为6.67～2.86之间时,除磷效果较好,平均去除率稳定在80%以上,而C/N比过高或过低,污泥颗粒化程度差,体系内缺乏除磷所需的微观环境,不利于磷的去除;进水C/N比对NH4＋-N的去除效果影响明显,C/N比为10时,好氧颗粒污泥具有良好的脱氮效果,NH4＋-N的平均去除率达90.59%,但低C/N比能抑制硝化菌和反硝化菌的活性,当进水C/N比由5降低至2时,反应器对NH4＋-N的去除率由65.23%下降到38.77%。     

Some aspects of air pollution in Córdoba,Argentina

Córdoba, as well as many other Latin American cities, is facing problems concerning air pollution. The increase in the number of cars, the poor control on emissions and the little use of catalytic converters, produce a great amount of toxic gases and particulate. Many cities have started air quality measurement programs being the size of the network strongly dependent on the available funds. In 1995, Córdoba started a measurement campaign with two mobile stations. A major part of the city has been characterized, mostly the city center and the suburban zone. Lack of data at the prevailing wind direction is the major shortcoming, but this is mainly a political decision. In this work, we review the air quality measurements performed, and we attempt to explain the causes for the low ozone values found.     

PTFE/C三相电极氧阴极还原法生产过氧化氢

设计了隔膜体系电解槽,制作了聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)/碳黑三相气体扩散电极,系统研究了隔膜、电流密度、电极间距、初始溶液酸度、电解质、空气量和时间等因素对过氧化氢累积产生浓度和电流效率的影响。结果表明,在有隔膜体系,电流密度为70 m A/cm2,电极间距为1 cm,初始p H=0.5,电解质为0.10 mol/L Na2SO4溶液,空气量为40 m L/min的条件下,电解时间1 h时过氧化氢累积浓度最高可至20 096.05 mg/L,此时对应的电流效率为63.37%。在确定的最佳条件下,进行电解液循环实验,1 h时电流效率升高到98.4%,12 h之后,过氧化氢累积浓度为46 042.43 mg/L。实验原位产生的高浓度酸性过氧化氢溶液可以直接应用于Fenton试剂。     

A PLP–LIF kinetic study of the atmospheric reactivity of a series of C4–C7 saturated and unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes with OH

Absolute rate coefficients for the reaction of OH radical with a series of saturated and unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes were measured with the pulsed laser photolysis/laser-induced fluorescence technique at room temperature and as a function of total pressure (p_T=100–400 Torr). No pressure dependence of the rate coefficients was observed. The weighted average values obtained, k_OH±2σ, in units of 10⁻¹¹ cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹, were 2.88±0.26 for n-butanal, 2.48±0.24 for n-pentanal, 2.60±0.21 for n-hexanal, 2.96±0.23 for n-heptanal, 3.51±0.71 for crotonaldehyde, 2.35±0.32 for trans-2-pentenal, 2.95±0.45 for trans-2-hexenal and 2.45±0.30 for trans-2-heptenal, respectively. The results are compared with previous data when available and with the corresponding coefficients for the reactions with NO₃ and O₃. The dominant tropospheric chemical loss process for these aliphatic aldehydes is the daytime reaction with OH, except in the case of trans-2-heptenal where the estimated lifetime for the reaction with NO₃ radical is smaller than the corresponding value for the OH reaction.     

硫铁矿烧渣催化类Fenton法深度处理维生素C废水

采用硫铁矿烧渣协同Fe2+催化H2O2的类Fenton法深度处理维生素C制药废水,通过正交实验考察FeSO4投加量、H2O2投加量、搅拌反应时间、曝气时间等因素对低浓度难降解有机物去除的影响程度,并结合单因素实验确定最佳反应条件。结果表明:(1)正交实验中,各因素对催化氧化反应效果的影响程度依次为H2O2投加量搅拌反应时间曝气时间FeSO4投加量;(2)单因素实验中,最佳反应条件为烧渣投加量10g/L、H2O2投加量4.9mmol/L、FeSO4投加量3.9mmol/L、搅拌反应时间20min、曝气时间20min、絮凝沉淀部分聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)投加量5mg/L。在此条件下,COD去除率最高达63.21%。     

复合菌种协同发酵混合酒糟最佳C/N的测定

通过测定混合酒糟发酵液初始碳源氮源的含量及复合菌种协同发酵后发发酵液中碳源氮源残留含量，计算复合菌种对碳源氮源的利用率或转化率，研究了最佳C／N的新测定法，同时对细胞干重法作了改进，发酵试验条件为：100mL混合酒糟培养液中接种量10％，温度30．0℃，转速170r/min，摇床培养48h，通过正交试验得绝干菌体质量高达14.693g/L，碳利用率是高灰98．13％，氮转化率最高达78．14％，最佳C／N比为5．1。     

A/O系统处理低C/N奶牛场废水中的抗生素

为处理奶牛场废水中常检出抗生素,考察了小试规模缺氧/好氧(A/O)系统对低C/N奶牛场废水中常规污染物和抗生素的处理效果。当进水COD、总氮、氨氮和总磷分别在1 242～4 350、830～1 367、818～1 291和6～12 mg·L~(-1), A池和O池水力停留时间(HRT)分别为3～4 d和2.05～5.4 d时,系统出水COD400 mg·L~(-1)、氨氮10 mg·L~(-1)、总氮去除率为40%～60%(无外加碳源)、总磷基本没有去除;通过调节硝化液回流比(1.0∶1～1.3∶1)可在进水COD/总氮≥3.1时实现碱度的自给自足;对11种磺胺类和8种β-内酰胺类抗生素研究发现,共检出9种磺胺类和1种β-内酰胺类抗生素(总浓度为5.89～17.31μg·L~(-1)),系统对抗生素的总去除率大于93%;先后2次向进水中人为添加8种磺胺类抗生素(每种浓度先后为50μg·L~(-1)和200μg·L~(-1))不会影响系统运行的稳定性,且抗生素的总去除率大于90%,A池和O池的抗生素去除率分别为15.0%～34.2%和69.1%～91.4%;在O池中的HRT降低50%时,系统对抗生素的总去除率基本不变。除甲氧苄啶外,其余7种磺胺类抗生素主要在O池中均得到去除,这与其分子结构中的S—N键有关。以上结果对奶牛场废水处理后还田具有重要的参考价值。     

Fe/C内电解法处理二硝基重氮酚废水实验研究

采用Fe/C内电解法处理DDNP废水,研究了该方法在酸性和碱性条件下对DDNP废水的处理效果,并考察了pH值、反应时间及铁碳比对处理效果的影响。结果表明:Fe/C内电解法可有效去除DDNP废水中由硝基苯类物质引起的COD、S2-、SS和色度,在最佳酸性实验条件下,COD、S2-、SS和色度的去除率分别为85.65%、91.6%、100%和99.63%。在最佳碱性实验条件下,COD、S2-、SS和色度的去除率分别为90.13%、99.73%、100%和99.63%。